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If UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. II 



THE PEOPLE'S 

POCKEX.^I>ICTIONARy 



OF THE 



HOLY BIBLE; 



AN 



EVERY DAY COMPANION 



FOR 



TEACHERS AND READERS OF THE SCRIPTURES. 



By JAMES P. BOYD, L.B., A.M. 






PUBLISHED BY 



ZIEGLER & McCURDY, 

Philadelphia, Pa. ; Cincinnati, O. ; Chicago, III. ; 

St. Louis, Mo., and Springfield, Mass. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by 

ZIEGLER & McCURDY, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, I). C. 



PREFACE. 1^13 



This work is designed for popular, every day use. It is of sudi 
size as to be perfectly companionable, and it need never be beyond 
reach. That it will prove a desirable friend to teachers, students 
and habitual readers of the Scriptures, we are fully persuaded. 

Though small, it nevertheless contains as large a list of words as, 
for instance, the ponderous, costly and exhaustive work of Dr. 
Smith. In this respect it is as complete as any Bible "Dictionary 
that can be found. 

The definitions and historical notices are necessarily condensed. 
But this work has been done in such a manner as to preserve the 
essence of what is known respecting Bible persons, places and 
things. To many — a vast majority of readers and students — this 
presentation of kernels, separated from the bewildering accumula- 
tions of learning, and the chaff of conflicting speculations, will be 
welcomed as a happy relief. 

A novel feature of this Dictionary, and one common to no other, 
is the interpretations of the words, placed in parentheses just after 
them. The original or associate ideas in the languages whence the 
words are derived are thus presented, and in many instances they 
afford a far better definition than could otherwise be framed. That 
they are sometimes worthless for mere defining purposes, has led 
some interpreters to underrate their general importance; yet even 
these creep back to them and settle down upon them, when they 
find nothing else left to cling to : on the principle, be it charitably 
supposed, that havens are only friendly in doubtful weather or 
absolute storm. 

Another prominent and wholly exceptional feature of this Dic- 
tionary IS the division and accentuation of the words, with a view 
of accomplishing their easy pronunciation in conformity with the 
best analogies and usages, and the rules that prevail in classic lan- 
guages. There is no pronunciation so murdered as that of Bible 
f)roper names. The fact that the pronunciation of the Hebrew is 
ost, should not prevent — does it not rather favor — us coming to- 
gether on some standard. The one here presented is believed to 
be the best. It corresponds, except in one or two unimportant par- 
ticulars, with that laid down by Professor Wheeler, and is at once 
easy and natural to English speaking people. 

In the preparation of this volume we have availed ourselves of 
the learning and researches of Dr. William Smith, Dr. Edward 
Robinson, Rev. John Brown, Professors Eadie, Bost and Kitto, 
and others of lesser note, but equally sound authority. 

There are three books which ought to be found in every house- 
hold — the Bible, an English Dictionary, and a Bible Dictionary. 
Possession of the latter by every family, and even every member 
thereof, becomes possible with the publication of this volume. 

The references to illustrations are to those found in the People's 
Standard Edition of the Holy Bible. While these references make 
the Dictionary a neat companion volume to that Bible, they do not 
in any way impair its independent use or merit. J. P. B. 



POCKET DICTIONARY 

OF 

THE BIBLE 



A. 



A'A-LAR. [Addan.] 

AA'RON (a teacher), Son of Amram and Jochebed, and elder bro- 
ther of Moses and Miriam (Num. xxvi, 59). A Levite, History 
commences with Ex. iv, 14. Interpreter and " Mouth " of Moses. 
Consecrated by Moses to the new office of high-priesthood, Ex. 
xxix, and Lev. viii. Died on Mt. Hor, Num. xx, 28, Suc- 
ceeded in priesthood by his son Eleazar. Office continued in his 
line till time of Eli. Restored to house of Eleazar by Solomon. 
For Tomb, j^^ Ills. No. 114. 

AB, The eleventh month of the Jewish civil year, and fifth of their 
sacred ; corresponding to parts of July and August. 

AB'A-CUC, 2 Esdr. i, 40. [Habakkuk.] 

A-BAD'DON ('Destroyer), The Hebrew equivalent of ApoIIyon in 
Greek. King of the Locusts, Rev. ix, 11. 

AB'A-DI'AS, I Esdr. viii, 35. [Obadiah.] 

A-BAG'THA (father of the wine-press). One of the seven eunuchs in 
the court of Ahasuerus, Esth. i, 10. 

AB'A-NA (made of stone), A river of Damascus, preferred by Naa- 
man to Jordan, 2 Kings v, 12. »Same as modern Barada. 

AB'A-RIM (passages). Mountains or highlands of Moab, east of and 
facing Jordan. The chief peak was Nebo, Deut. xxxii, 49 ; 
Num. xxxiii, 48. 

ABBA (father), Chaldaic form of Hebrew AB. Applied to God by 
Christ and Paul, Mark xiv, 36; Rom. viii, 15 ; Gal. iv, 6. 

AB'DA (servant), i. Father of Adoniram, i Kings iv, 6. 2. Son 
of Shammua, Neh. xi, 17; same as Obadiah in i Chron. ix, 16. 

AB'DE-EL (cloud), Father of Shelemiah, Jer. xxxvi, 26. 

AB'DI (my servant), i. A Merarite, grandfather of Ethan the Singer, 
and father of Kish, i Chron. vi, 44. 2. A son of Elam, Ezra x, 26. 

AB'DI-AS, 2'Esdr. i, 39. [Obadiah.] 



6 ABI 

AB'DI-EL (servant of God), A Gadite of Bashan in time of Jotham, 

king of Judah, i Chron. v, 15. 
AB'DON i^cloud of Judgment), i. A judge of Israel, Judg. xii, 13- 

15. 2. Son of Shashak, I Chron. viii,23. 3. Grandson of Gibeon, 

1 Chron. viii, 30. 4. Son of Micah in Josiah's time, 2 Chron. 

xxxiv, 2.0. 5. A city in tribe of Asher, given to Gershonites, 

Josh, xxi, 30/ 
A-.BED'NE-GO (servant of light), Chaldean name of Azariah, one 

of the three friends of Daniel, saved from the fiery furnace, Dan. iii. 
A'BEL (vapor), Adam's second son. Murdered by his brother 

Cain, Gen. iv, 1-16. The first Martyr, Matt, xxiii, 35. 
A'BEL (mourning), i. A city in the north of Palestine, 2 Sam. xx, 

19.T 2. Ab$t-mizraim, the mourning of Egypt.: The flopr of Atad 

where Jose|)h and his brethren mourned Jacob ; east of Jordan, 

Gen. 1. II. 3. Abel^hit-tim, "meadow of the acacias," in Moab ; 

Israel's last camping place. Num. xxxiii, 49. 4. Abel-me-holah, 

** meadow of the dance," situate in Jordan valley, i Kings, iv, 12. 

5. Abel-ceramin, ** the^plain of vineyards," east of Jordan, Judg. 

xi, 33. 6. " Great Abel," in field of Joshua, i Sam. vi, 18. 
A'BEZ (egg), A town of Issachar, Josh, xix, 20. 
A'BI (my father). Mother of King Hezekiah, 2 Kings xviii, 2; and 

daughter of Zachariah, Isa. viii, 2. 
A-BI'A, A-BFAH, and A-BFJAH. 1. Son of Becher, i Chron. vii, 

8. 2. Wife of Hezron, i Chron. ii, 24. 3. Second son of Sa.muel, 

and judge with Joel, i Sam. viii, 2. 4. Son of Rehoboam, i Chron. 

iii, 10. 5. Chief of the 8th of the 24 courses of priests, Luke i, 5. 
A'BI-AL'BON (intelligent father). [Abiel.] 
A-BI'A-SAPH (consuming father), Head of a Korhite family, Ex. 

vi, 24. Written E-BI'A-SAPH in i Chron. vi, 23 & 37. 
A-BI'A-THAR (excellent father), High priest, fourth in descent 

from Eli, of the line of Ithamar, younger son of Aaron. Escaped 

the slaughter ordered by Saul. A great friend of David. For 

history see i Sam. xxii, to i Kings iii. Deposed by Solomon. 
A'BIB (green fruits), The first month of the Jewish year, Ex. xii, »i 

Corresponds to part of iMarch and April. Called also Nisan. 
A-BPDAH, or A-BPDA (father of knowledge). Son of Midian, 

Gen. XXV, 4 ; i Chron. i, 33. 
AB'I-DAN (father of judgment). Chief of the tribe of Benjamin at 

Exode, Num. i, 11 ; ii, 22 ; vii, 60-65 ; x, 24. 
A-BI'EL (God my Father), i. Grandfather of Saul, i Sam. ix, i. 

2. One of David's generals, i Chron. xi, 32. 
A'BI-E'ZER (father of help). 1.^ Eldest son of Gilead and head of 

the leading family in the tribe o^Manasseh, Josh, xvii, 2. In Num. 

xxvi, 30, the name is Jeezer. 2. One of David's generals, 2 Sam. 

xxiii, 27. 
ABT-GAIL (the father's joy), i. Wife of Nabal of Carmel, and 

afterwards of David, i Sam. xxv, 14, etc. 2. A sister of David, 

and wife of Jether the Ishmaelite, and mother of Ama.sa, i Chron. 
■ ii, 17. 
AB-I-HATL (father of strength). 1. Father of Zuriel, Num. iii, 35. 

2. Wife of Abishur, i Chron. ii, 29. 3. Son of Hurl, i Chron. v, 

14. 4. Wife of Rehoboam, 2 Chron. xi, 18. 5. Father of Esther, 

Esth. ii, 15. 



mm _f 

A-BrHU (he is my father), Second son bf Aaron. Guilty wifli '^a- 
dab and consumed, Num. iii, 2 ; Ex. vi, 23 ; Lev. vi, 9-12. 

A-BI'HUD (father of praised, Son of Bela, i Chron. viii, 3. 

A-BrjAH and A-BI'JAM (the Lord is my father), i. SonofReho- 
boam, and his successor to the throne. Reign b. c. 959-956. A 
wicked king, i Kings xiv ; 2 Chron. xii. 2. Son of Jeroboam, 
king of Israel: Died young, i Kings xiv. 3. Descendant of 
Eleazar, i Chron. xxiv, 10. To the priestly course named Abijah 
belonged Zacharias, father of John the Baptist, Luke i, v. 4. A 
priest who entered the covenant with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 7. 

ABT-LE'NE 'father of mourning), A Syrian tettarchy, whose capi- 
tal was Abila, Luke iii, i. West from Damascus. 

A-BIM'A-EL (father sent from God), A descendant of Jekta*^, 
Gen. x, 28. ' ' 

A-BLAPE-LECH (father of a king)., i. A line of Philistine kings, 
like the Pharaohs and Caesars. Kings of Gerar, Gen. xx, xxi, and 
xxvi, I. 2. Gideon's son byTiis Shechemite concubine, Judg. viii-, 
31, and 2 Sam. xi, 21. 3. Son of Abiathar in time of David, 

1 Chron. xviii, 16. Called Ahimelech in 2 Sam. viii, 16. 
A-BIN'A-DAB (father of willingness), i. A Levite of Kirjath- 
- ' jearim, in whose house the ark was kept for twenty years, i Sam-. 
-■ vii, 1-2. 2. Second son of Jesse, i Sam. xvi, 8. 3. Son of Saul, 
-• «lain at GHboa, i Sam. xxxi, 2. 4. Father of one of the twelve 

■chief officers of Solomon, i Kings iv, 11. 
A-BIN'0-AM (father of beauty). Father of Barak, Judg. iv, 6-12. 
A-BI'RAM (high father), i. A Reubenite, co-conspirator witli 
- Korah, Num. xvi. 2. Eldest son of Hiel, i Kings xvi, 34, amd 
"'Josh, vi, 26: Written Abiron in Ecclus. xiv, 18. 
AB-I-SE'Lor AB-I-SHU, A son of Phinehas, 2 Esdr. i, 2. Written 

Abisum in i Esdr. viii, 2. 
ABT-S HAG (ignorance of the father), A Shunnamite concubine In 

David's harem, i Kings i, 1-4, and i Kings ii, 13, etc. 
A-BISH'A-I (the present of my father). Eldest son of Zeruiah, 

David's sister, and brother of Joab. Next to Joab, the greatest 

general in David's army, and his firm friend and companion, 

2 Sam. iii, 30; xx, 6-10; xxiii, 18. 

A-BISH'A-LOM (father of peace). Father-in-law of King Reho- 

boam, I Kings xv, 2-10, called Absalom in 2 Chron. xi, 20-21. 
AB'I-SHUR (father of uprightness). Son of Shammai, 2 Chron. 

ii, 28. 
AB'I-TAL (father of dew), One of David's wives, 2 Sam. iii, 4. 
AB'I-TUB (fatherof goodness^ SonofShaharaim, i Chron. viii, 11. 
A-BFUD (father of praise). Descendant of Zorobabel, probably 

grandson, in the line of Christ, Matt, i, 13. 
AB-LU'TION. [Purification.] 
AB'NER (father of light), i. Son of Ner, and first cousin of Saul, 

I Chron. i.x, 36. Commander-in-chief of Saul's armies, i Sam. 

xiv, 51. Afterwards the rival of David, but finally reconciled ^o 

him. 2. Father of Jaasiel, a Beniamite, i Chron. xxvii, 21. 
ABOMINATION OF DESOLATION. Referred to Dan. ix, 27, 

etc., as the desecration of the Temple at Jerusalem by the Romans. 
A'BRA-HAM and A'BRAM ^father of a multitude). Son of Terah, 

an inhabitant of Ur in Chaldee. Founder of the Jewish nation. 



8 ACH 

Migrated westward to Canaan, thence to Egypt and back to 
Canaan, where he settled finally. History in Gen. xii to xxvi. 
Name changed from Abram to Abraham, on renewal of covenant 
that his seed should inherit. Gen. xvi. Abraham's Oak, see Ills. 
No. 369. 

AB'SA-LOM (father of peace), i. Third son of David by Maachah. 
Rebelled against his father ; of splendid appearance, 1 Sam. x, 23. 
Anointed king at Jerusalem, 2 Sam. xix, 10. Defeated in battle 
at Gilead and killed by Joab. For Tomb, see Ills. No. 364. 2. 
The father of Mattathias, i Mace, xi, 70. 

AB'SA-LON, An ambassador with John to Lysias, 2 Mace, xi, 17. 

A-BU'BUS, Son-in-lawof Simon Maccabeus, i Mace, xvi, 11-15. 

AC'A-TAN, Same as HAKKATAN, i Esdr. viii, 38. 

AC'CAD (a vessel), A city built by Nimrod in Mesopotamia, Gen. 
X. 10. 

AC'CA-RON.' [EcKRON.] 

AC'CHO (pressed together). The Ptolemais of the New Testament. 
Now Acre. An important seaport on the Syrian coast, 30 miles 
south of Tyre, Judg. i, 31 ; Acts xxi, 7. See Ills. No. 39, 

AC'COS, Grandfather of Eupolemus, 1 Mace, viii, 17. 

A-CEL'DA-MA (field of blood), A field near Jerusalem, purchased 
with the betrayal money of Jesus, and so called from the violent 
death of Judas therein. Acts i, 19. But in Matt, xvii, 8, bought 
by the priests with the money as a potter's field. Modern name 
Hakeddamn. 

A-CHATA (ya) (trouble). Originally a narrow strip of country on 
the north coast of Peloponnesus, but in New Testament times it 
included all Peloponnesus and the islands, z". e. Achaia and Mace- 
donia were used to designate the whole of Greece, Acts xviii, 12. 
GalHo v*as proconsul of Achaia in Paul's time. 

A-CHAT-CUS (sorrowing). An Achaian friend of Paul, i Chron. 
xvi, 17. 

A'CHAN, also A'CHAR (he that troubleth). An Israelite of the 
tribe of Judah, who secreted some of the spoils of Jericho, and 
thereby Drought on the armies the misfortune of Ai. He was 
stoned to death, with his family, in a valley which was afterwards 
called Achor, " valley of trouble," Josh, vii, 16-22. 

A'CHAZ (one that takes), same as Ahaz, king of Judah, Matt. i. 9. 

ACH'BOR (a rat), i. An Edomifa, father of King Baal-hanan, 
Gen. xxxvi, 38-30. 2. A contemporary of Josiah, 2 Kings xxii, 
12-14 \ called Abaon in 2 Chron. xxxiv, 20. 

A'CHI-ACH'A-RUS, Chief minister of Esarhaddon in Nineveh. 
Supposed to be identical with Mordecai, Tobit i, 21. 

.A-CHI'AS, A progenitor of Esdras, 2 Esdr. i, 2. 

A'CHIM (preparing). Son of Sadoc. Fifth before Joseph in the 
Jine of our Lo%i. In Hebrew jfachin, short form of Jehoiachin, 
" the Lord will establish." 

A'CHI-OR, A general in the army of Holofernes, Jud. v, vii, xiii, xiv. 

A'CHISH (it is so), A PhiUstine king of Gath, to whom David 
twice fled for safety, i Sam. xxi, 10-13; i Sam. xxvi, 2. Identical 
with Abimelech in Psalm xxxiv. 

ACHT-TOB, also A'HI-TUB, A priest in genealogy of Esdras, 
I Esdr. viii, 2. 



ADI 9 

ACH'ME-THA (brother of death). [Ecbatana.] See Ills. No. 129, 

A'CHOR, valley of. See Achan. 

ACH SAH and ACH SA (adorned). Daughter of Caleb. Married 
her uncle, Othniel, Josh, xv, 15-19. 

ACH'SAPH (^poison), A city in territory of Asher; originally a seat 
of the Canaanite kings, Josh, xi, i ; xii, 20. 

AGH'ZIB vliar), Acity of Judah; supposed to be same as Chezib 
and Chozeba, Josh, xv, 44. Also a town of Asher, north of Acre, 
Josh, xix, 29. 

AC I-PHA. [Hakupha.] i Esdr. v, 31. 

AC'I-THO, Jud. viii, i. Compare 2 Esdr. i, i. 

ACTS of the Apostles. Luke's history of the Apostles. 

A-CU'A. [Akkub.] I Esdr. v, 30. 

A'CUB. [Bakbuk.J I Esdr. v, 31. 

AD'A-DAH (witness of the assembly), A city in the south of Judah, 
Josh. XV, 22. 

A'DAH (assembly), i. Lamech's first wife, fifth from Cain, Gen. 
iv, 19. 2. One of the three wives of Esau, and progenitress of the 
Edoraites, Gen. xxxvi, 2. Called Bashemath in Gen. xxvi, 34. 

AD-A-FAH (witness), i. A Judean, maternal grandfather of King 
Josiah, 2 Kings, xxii, i. 2. A Levite, i Chron. vi, 41. Called 
Iddo in I Chron. v, 21. 3, A Benjamite, i Chron. viii, 21. 4. A 
priest of Jehoram, i Chron. ix, 12. 5. Ancestor of Maaseiah, 
2 Chron. xxiii, i. 6. A descendant of Bani, Ezra x, 29; and x, 
39. 7. A Judean of the line of Pharez, Neh. xi, 5. 

AD-A-LFA (one that draws water), Fifth son of Haman, Esth. ix, 8. 

AD'AM (earthy, red). The first man. The creation of the sixth 
day. Gen. i, 26, etc. ; ii, iii, iv, v, vi. 

AD'AM, A city of Reuben, on the Jordan, Josh, iii, 16. 

AD'A-MAH (red earth), A fenced city of Naphtali, Josh, xix, 30. 

AD'A-MANT, A stone of excessive hardness ; in Jer. xvii, i, trans- 
lated diamond. Chiefly used metaphorically. 

AD'A-MI. [Adamah.] 

A'DAR (high), i. A boundary town between Edom and Judah, 
Josh. XV, 3. 2. The twelfth month of the Jewish calendar, corre- 
sponding to parts of February and March. 

AD'A-SA, A place in Judea, i Mace, vii, 40-45. 

AD'BE-EL (vapor). Son of Ishmael, Gen. xxv, 13. 

AD'DAN, A place from which some of the Jews returned who could 
not show their nativity, Ezra ii, 59. Same as Addon and Aalar 
in Neh. vii, 61. 

AD'DAR, Son of Bela, i Chron. viii, 3. 

AD'DER, Used in the Scriptures for any poisonous snake known to 
the Jews, of which there were five or six species. See Ills. No. 44-2. 

AD'DI (adorned). Son of Cosam, in the Lord's genealogy, Luke 
iii, 28. 

ADDO. [Iddo.] 

ADDON. [Addan.1 

AD'DUS. I. Son of the servant of Solomon, i Esd. v, 34. 2. A 
priest in time of Ezra, whose family were deposed, i Esd. v, 38. 

A'DER or E DER, A Benjamite, 1 Chron. viii, 15. 

AD'I-DA, A town of lower Judah, i Mace, xii, 38. 

A'DI-EL (witness), i.. A descendant of Shimsi, i Chron. iv, 36. 



r«o ADR 

2. A priest, I Chron. ix, 12, 3. Ancestor of David's treasurer, 
I Chron. xxvii, 25. 

A'DIN ((Jainty), Head of large family, which rerurned from the cap- 
tivity with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 15. 

AD I-NA, A Reubenite, and one of David's captains beyond Jor- 
dan, I Chron. xi, 42. 

AD I-NO, One of David's mighty men, 2 Sam. xxiii, 8. [Jasho- 

BEAM.l 

ADI-NUS. rjAMiN.] 

AD'I-THA'IM (testimonies), A town of Judah, Josh, xv, 36. 

AD'JU-RA'TION, Solemn chargmg under oath or the penalty of a 
curse, Josh, vi, 26. 

AD'LA-I (my witness). Ancestor of Shaphat, one of David's over- 
seers, I Chron. xxvii, 29. 

AP'MAH (^bloody), One of the cities of the plain. Gen. x, 19; 
xiv, 2-8. 

AD'MA-THA (cloud of death), A Persian prince, Esth. i, 14. 

AD'NA, Father of a Jewish family who returned with Ezra, Ezra 
X, 30. Also a priest, of the time of Joiakim, Neh. xii, 15. 

AD'NAH (rest), A deserter from Saul and one of David's captaia^, 

1 Chron. xii, 20. Also a captain over 300,000 in Jehoshaphat's 
army, 2 Chron. xvii, 14. 

A-DON I-BE ZEK (lord of Bezek), King of Bezek, vanquished and 

tortured by the tribe of Judah, Judg. i, 3-7. 
AD O-NI JAH (the lord is my master), i. Fourth son of David 
.^ ,by Haggith, 2 Sam. iii, 4, and rival of Solomon for the throne of 
j.jjhis father. Afterwards put to death by king Solomon. 2. A Levite, 

2 Chron. xvii, 8. 3. Same as Adonikam, Neh. x, 16. 
A-DON'I-KAM (the Lord is raised). His sons returned to Jerusa- 
lem with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 13. Called Adonijah in Neh. x, 16. 

AD-O-NI'RAM (lord of might). Chief receiver of tribute under 
David, Solomon, and Rehoboam, 2 Sam. xx, 24 ; i Kings iv, 6; 
xii, 18. Same as Adoram and Hadoram-. 

A-DON'I-ZE'DEK (lord of justice), The Amorite king who formed 
a league against Joshua at Gibeon. He and his confederates were 
slain, Josh, x, 1-27. 

ADOPTION, Acceptance into the family of another's child as an 
own child. This relationship suggested to Paul's mind the use of 
the word as he applied it to regenerated and believing Jews and 
Gentiles. . . 

AD'O-RA'IM, A-DO'RA, and A'DOR (strength of the sea), A 
city of Judah, built by Rehoboam, 2 Chron. xi, 9. ; A 

A-DO'RAM. [Adoniram and Hadoram.] ; A 

ADORATION, Act of paying honors to God. They consist of 
bending the knee, inclining the head, raising the hands, falling 
prostrate on face or back, etc.. Gen. xvii, 3 ; Matt, xxviii, 9. See 
Ills. Nos. 333, 334. 

A-DRAM'ME-LECH (fire-god), i. An idol introduced into Sa- 
maria and worshipped with the cruel rites of Molech, 2 Kings 
xvii, 31. 2. A son of Sennacherib, and one of the murderers of 
his father, 2 Kings, xix, 37; 2 Chron. xxxii, 21. 

AD'RA-MYT'TI-UM (court of death), A seaport-town of /Eolis in 
Asia, Acts xvi, 7. Paul's voyage was made in a ship of Adramyt- 
tium. Acts xxvii, 2. Modem name, Adramyti, 



AGU fi 

A'DRI-A, In the Apostolic age the gulf of Venice and circumjacent 
Mediterranean were known as the Adria, or Adriatic sea, and 
probably the whole of the Mediterranean, eastward from Sicily 
was included, Acts xxvii, 17. 

A'DRI-EL (flock, of God), Son-in-law of Saul, i Sam. xviii, 19. 
His children were surrendered' to the Gibeonites by David, 2 Sam. 
xxi, 8. By mistake called sons of Michal in 2 Sam. xxi. 

A-DU EL, An ancestor of Tobit, Tob. i, i. 

A-DUL'LAM (testimony). In Apocrypha called Odollam. A city 
of Judah, Josh, xv, 35. Seat of the Canaanite king, and of great 
antiquity, Gen. xxxviii, i, 12, 20. Fortified by Jews on their re- 
turn. Near it was the celebrated cave m which David found 
shelter, i Sam. xxii, i ; 2 Sam. xxiii, 13. 

A-DUL'LAM-ITE, A native of Adullam, Gen. xxxviii, 1, 12, 20. 

ADUL'TERV, The crime of unchastity. Punished by fire. Gen. 

xxxviii, 24. By stoning, Deut. xxii, 22-24. Now applied to the 

crime of incontinence on the part of married persons only. 

94.-DUM MIM (the going up to), A pass over against Gilgal which 

r. marked the boundary of Benjamin, Josh, xv, 7. This pasli is the 

scene of the parable of the Good Samaritan. . ' 

^-Dl AS, probably a corruption of Eliah, i Esdr. ix, «7,' '^'- 

iE-NE'AS, A i>aralytic at Ly-dda, healed by Peter, Acts ix, 33, 34. 

iE NON (springs), A place where John baptized, west of Jordan, 
John iii, 23. 

-AG'A-BA, I Esdr. v, 30. [Hagab.] 

AG'A-BUS (locust), A prophet of tHe Apostolic age who predicted 
famine throughout the world in the reign of -Claudius, Acts 3d, 28, 
and xxi, 10. 

A^'GAG (floor), A general title applied to the kings of Amaiek, Ntiift. 
xxiv, 7; I Sam. xv, 8, 9, 20, 32 ; Esth. iii, i, 10. 

A'GAR, and AG'A-RENES. [Hagar.] 

,AG'ATE, Named from Achates in Sicily. A species of quartz. One 

r^ of the precious stones. It was the second stone in the third row 
of the high-priest's breastplate, Ex. xxviii, 19. 

A'GEE (a valley). Father of Shammah, one of David's mighty men, 
2 Sam. xxiii, 11. 

AG-GE'US. [Haggai.] i Esdr. vi, i. ' A 

AG'Ri-CULT'URE (a^er, field, and cultura, cultivation). The 
patriarchs led a pastoral life. After the conquest of Canaan agrr- 
culture developed and became the source of the chief wealth of the 
Jews. The land was meted and bounded, Deut. xix, 14. The 
year was divided into agricultural seasons, " Sowing time," "Un- 
ripe time," "Cold season," "Harvest time," " Summer," and 
" Sultry season." The soil was very fertile and the climate 
genial. The grains grown were wheat, barley, rye, and millet, 
while the vine, olive, and fig were cared for. In the horticultural 
line were produced beans, fitches, peas, lettuce, endive, leek, gar- 
lic, onions, melons, cucumbers, cabbage, etc. The implements 
were the plough, harrow (Job xxxi, 40), and hoe; but these were 
crude. See Ills. Nos. 263-269, 286. 

A.-GRIP*PA (who causes pain at birth). [Herod. 1 

A'GUR (stranger). Son of J^keh, an unknown Hebrew author or 
compiler of Prov. xxx. 



12 AHI 

A'HAB (uncle), i. Son of Omri, and seventh king of Israel. 

Reigned b'. c. 919-896. One of the most noted characters in Bible 

history. An idolater through the influence of his wife, Jezebel, 

1 Kings xviii ; xxii ; 2 Chron. xviii. 2. A lying prophet, burned 

by Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. xxix, 21. 
A-HAR'AH, A^HER^ and A-HI'RAM (smUing brother). Third 

son of Benjamin, i Chron. viii, i. 
A-HAR'HEL (another's host), An obscure name in the genealogy 

of Judah. Identified with Hur, 1 Chron. iv, 8. 
A-HAS'A-I, A priest, Neh. xi, 13. Called Jahzcrah in i Chron. 

ix, 12. 
A-HAS'BA-I (trusting in me), Father of Eliphelet, one of David's 

thirty-seven captains, 2 Sam. xxiii, 34. Written Eliphal in 

1 Chron. xi, 35. 

A-HAS'U-E'RUS (prince), i. A king of Media, Dan. ix, i. Sup- 
posed to be same as Cyaxares of profane history, whose son, 
Astyages, was Darius. 2. A Persian king, Ezr. iv, 6 ; v, 5, sup- 
posed to be identical with Cambyses. 3. Another Persian king 
whose history is written in the book of Esther. Answers to the 
Xerxes of Herodotus and profane writers. 

A-HA'VA (generation), A now unknown place on the Euphrates 
where Ezra collected the Jewish exiles for the second return expe- 
dition to Jerusalem, Ezra viii, 15, 21. 

A'HAZ (one that takes), i. Son of Jotham, and eleventh king of 
Judah, reigned b. c. 741-726. A weak minded prince and an 
idolater. His reign was a succession of disasters to his kingdom, 

2 Kings xvi ; 2 Chron. xxviii. 2. A son of Micah, i Chron. viii, 
35, 36 : ix, 42. 

A'HA-ZI'AH (seizure), i. Eighth king of Israel, b. c. 896-895, 
son of Ahab and Jezebel. A weak and foolish idolater, i Kings 
xxii, 49-53. 2, Fifth king of Judah, nephew of preceding Ahaziah, 
Called Azariah in 2 Chron. xxii, 6, and Jehoahaz in 2 (i;hron. xxi, 
17. Killed in the rebellion of Jehu. Reign b. c. 884, 2 Kings 
viii, 26. 

AH'BAN, Son of Abishur, i Chron. ii, 29. 

A'HER, A doubtful title in genealogy of Benjamin, 1 Chron. vii, 12. 

A'HI (my brother), A Gadite chief of Bashan, i Chron. v, 15. Also 
a member of the tribe of Asher, i Chron. vii, 34. 

A-HI'AH, or A-HI'JAH (brother of the Lord), i. Great grandson 
of Eli, and priest in Shiloh, i Sam. xiv, 3-18. Probably same as 
Ahimelech. 2. One of Solomon's princes, i Kings iv, 3. 3. A 
prophet of Shiloh, i Kings xiv, 2, in days of Solomon and Jero- 
boam. His prophecies are in i Kings xi, 31-39, and i Kings xiv 
6-16. 4. Father of Baasha, i Kings xv, 27. 5. Name of several 
other characters, as in i Chron. ii,25; viii, 7; x, 36; xxvi, 20; 
Neh. X, 26. 

A-HI'AM (mother's brother), One of David's thirty captains, 
2 Sam, xxiii, 33. 

A-HPAN (brother of wine), A member of the family of Shemidah, 
a Manassite, i Chron. vii, 19. 

A'HI-E'ZER (brother of assistance), A chieftain of Dan, Num. i, 12. 
Also a chief of archers under David, 1 Chron. xii, 13. 

A-HPHUD (brother of vanity), A prince of the tribe of Asher, 



AHL r3 

Num. xxxiv, 27. Also a chieftain of tribe of Benjamin, 1 Chron. 
viii, 7. • 

A-HTKAM (brother who raises), Son of Shaphan the scribe. An 
important officer in the court of Josiah and Jehoiakim. Protected 
the prophet Jeremiah, 2 Kings xxii, 12-14 r J^f- xxvi, 24. 

A-HI'LUD (^brother born), i. Father of Jehoshaphat, the recorder 
of David's and Solomon's reign, 2 Sam. viii, 16. 2. Father of 
Baana. Probably same as foregoing, i Kings iv, 12. 

A-HIM'A-AZ (brother in council), i. Father-in-law of Saul, i Sam. 
xiv, 50. 2. Son of Zadok, the high-priest of David's reign. 
Though never a priest himself he fills a conspicuous part during 
the rebellion of Absalom, and is the first to break the defeat of his 
son to the father, David, 2 Sam. xviii, 19-33. 3. A son-in-law of 
Solomon, i Kings iv, 15. 

A-HTMAN (brother of the right hand), i. One of the giant Ana- 
kim of Hebron, seen by Caleb and his spies. Num. xiii, 22, 23. 
Slain by Judah, Judg. i, 10. 2. A gate-keeper of Levi, i Chron. 
ix, 17. 

A-HIM'E-LECH (my brother is king), i. High-priest at Nob in 
the time of Saul, i Sam. xxii, 11,12. One of those murdered by 
Saul. Likely same as Ahiah or Ahijah. 2. A companion of 
David. Probably Abimelech, i Sam. xxvi, 6. 

A-HI'MOTH {brother of death), A Leviteof David's time, i Chron. 
vi, 25. Written Mahath in Luke iii, 26. 

A-HIN'A-DAB (willing brother). Son of Iddo, royal purveyor to 
Solomon, x Kings iv, 14. 

A-HIN'O-AM (brother of motion), i. Daughter of Ahimaaz, and 
wife of Saul, i Sam. xiv, 50. 2. One of David's wives, and 
mother of Amnon, i Sam. xxv, 43 ; xxvii, 3 ; xxx, 5. 

A-HI'O (his brother), i. Son of Abinadab, who accompanied the 
ark when taken from his father's house, 2 Sam. vi, 3, 4. 2. A 
Benjamite, son of Beriah, i Chron. viii, 14. 3. Son of Jehiel, 
I Chron. viii, 31. 

A-HI'RA (brother shepherd), Chief of the tribe of Naphtali, after 
Exode, Num. i, 15. 

A-HI'RAM, A Benjamite, and founder of the Ahiramites, Num. 
xxvi, 38. Probably same as Ehi and Rosh, in Gen. xlvi, 21. 

A-HIS'A-MACH (brother of strength). A Danite father of Aholiab, 
one of the tabernacle architects, Ex. xxxi, 6. 

A-HISH'A-HAR, A great grandson of Benjamin, i Chron. vii, 10. 

A-HI'SHAR (brother of a prince), AcontroUer of Solomon's house- 
hold, I Kings iv, 6. 

A-HITH'0-PHEL (brother of folly), A most trusted counsellor of 
David, but afterwards a co-conspirator with Absalom, 2 Sam. xvi, 
23. David's grief at his treachery foijnd vent in the Messianic 
prophecies, Ps. xli, 9 ; Iv, 12-14, He hanged himself, 2 Sam. xvi, 
21 ; xvii, 1-23. 

A-HI'TUB (brother of goodness), i. Father of Ahimelech, and 
elder brother of Ichabod, I Sam. xiv, 3 ; xxii,9-ii. 2. Father of 
Zadok, the high -priest, 1 Chron. vi, 7, S. 3. A personage now be- 
lieved to be spurious in i Chron. vi, 11, 12. 

AH'LAB (of milk or fat), A city of Asher from which the Canaanites 
were driven, Judg. i, ^i. Supposed to have been in the \\i\\ 
country^ north-west of Sea of Galilee. ^ 



AKA 



AH -LA I, Daughter of Sheshan, given by her father to his slave 
Jarna as wiie, whence sprang the Jerahmeelites, among whom 
were Zabad, pne of Daviti's chie.tains, i Chron ii -^i-c • 

XI, 41. . > O OD » 

^'Jl^ u^? ^^^l""^ brother). Son of Bela, i Chron. viii, 4. Called 
Ahiah in i Chron. viii^ 7. 

^'^^'l^^^ ^^'^ tabernacle), A harlot used by Ezekiel as the sym- 
bol of Samana, Ezek.xxiii, 4, 5, 36 44 ^ 

^-^2^:-^^ ^tent of the father), A Danite skilled in weaving and 
embroidery, and oneot the architects of the tabeTnacle. £x xxxv 
: 31-35. * ' 

^'^^u'^'i?^^ ^"^y ^^^' ^ ^^'■^^^ "^^d ^y Ezekiel as symbol of 

Judah, Ezek. xxm, 4, II, 22,36, 44. ^ 

A'-HO-LIB A-]\IAH (my tabernacle is exalted). The second of the 
three wives ot Esau, Gen. xxxvi, 2, 25, called Judith in Gen 
XXVI 34. Her married name was applied to a district (Ahohb- 
amaii) in Arabia Petrea. . , 

A-HU_MA-I (meadow of waters), A descendant of Judah alkl-tifead 
ot a family ot Zorathites, i Chron. iv 12 •'■-■,, ;_ 

A-HU^ZAMorA-HUZZAM (possessing vision). Son df Ashur. 
tounder ot Tekoa, i Chron. iv, 6. 

A-HUZ ZATH, A friend of Abimelech, who accompanied hite at 
his interview with Isaac, Gen. xxvi, 26. : ' * 

^'h ^-Jt^TH, and HA I (heap of ruins), i. An ancient and royal 
<^i^y otL^v^^n, lounded before Abraham's visit, Gen. xii 8 • lying 
east of Bethel, Josh, vii, 2; viii, 9 ; utterly destroyed by Joshua's 
army, Josh, vii, 3-5 ; chapters viii to xii, q. Probably the pro- 
vince of Ai IS meant in Ezr. ii, 28, and Isa. x, 28. 2. An Am- 
monite city of Heshbon, Jer. xlix, 3. • . 

A- PAH (Vulture), i. An ancestor of the wives of Esau, i Chrtm 
1, 40; Called Ajah in Gen. xxxvi, 24. 2. Father of Rizpah. 
baul s concubine, 3 Sam. lii, 7. 

A-PJA, Neh. xi, 31. Probable variation of Ai. 

AIJ A-LON ( AjAiON] (place of deer), i . A city originally allotted 
to JJan, Josh, xix, 42. It was a border city, and hence is spoken 
of as in Ephraim (i Chron. vi, 69), Judah, and Benjamin (i Sam 

XIV, 31). See also Josh, x, 12. 2. The burial place of Elon in 
Zebnion, Judg. xii, 12. 

AIJ'-E-LETH SHA'HAR (the hind of the dawn), Occurs only in 
connection with Ps. xxii, variously interpreted. Some sayit 
means a musical instrument, some make it denote the argument of 
the Psalm. It probably designates the tune to which the Psalm 
was to be sung— the tune of the ** Morning Hind," or " Hind of 
the Dawn." 

ATN (an eye). 1. A spring and landmark on eastern boundary' of 
. Palestine, Num. xxxiv, n. 2. A southern city of Judah, Josh. 

XV, 32. Called Ashan in i Chron. vi. Ain also appears frequendy 
in composition in the form of £n, as in En-gedi etc 

A-PRUS, A servant of the Temple, i Esd. v. 31 
A'JAH, rAi.XH.l Gen. xxxvi, 24. 
AJA-LON, Tosh. X, 12. [Aijalon.] 

A'KAN, A Horite chieftain, Gen. xx'xvi, 27. Written Jakan in 
I Chron. 1, 42. ; . : . 



ALr, 15 

^ — .^ — ^^ — — I — ■ ^ 

AK'KUB (foot-print), i. A descendant of Zerubbabel, i Chron. 
lii, 24. 2. A gate-keeper of the Temple, i Chron. ix, 17. 3. A 
Levite who assisted Ezra in expounding the law, Neh. viii, 7. 
Called Jacubus in i Esd. ix, 48. 

A-KRAB'BIM (the going up, in sense of a pass>, A pass, forming 
the south boundary of Judea, Josh, xv, 3. Called Akrabattine or 
Arrabattine in i Mace, v, 3. ' 

AL'A-BAS-TER, a variety of sulphate of lime (plaster of Paris), 
capable of being cut into boxes and vases, and carved into or- 
naments. Much prized by ancients as receptacles for oint- 
ments. Matt, xxvi, 7; Mark xiv, 3; Luke vii, 37. 6>^ Ills. Nos. 
289-300. 

AL'A-METH, properly Ale-meth (hiding). Grandson of Benjamin, 
I Chron. vii, 8. 

A-LAM'ME-LECH (king's oak), A locality in Asher, Josh. 
xix, 26. 

AL'A-MOTH, Ps. xlvi ; r Chron. xv, 20. Meaning doubtful. Per- 
haps a musical instrument or melody. 

AL'CI-MUS (valiant). High-priest and successor of Menelaus, 
I Mace, vii, 14, 5 A 

AL'E-MA, A city of Gilead in time of Maccabees, i Mace, v, 26; 

AL'E-METH.. i. Descendant of Jonathan, son of Saul, i Chron. 
viii, 36. 2. A city of the priests in Benjamin, i Chron. vi, 60. 

AL'EX-AN'DER (one who defends men), i. King of Macedon, 
surnamed " the Great," son of King Philip, born b. g. 356. Suc- 
ceeded to throne, b. c. 336. Subdued Western Asia, fought th© 
battle of Issus and opened the gates to the East, b. c. 333. Con- 
quered E^pt, B. c. 332. Founded Alexandria, b. c. 331. Con- 
solidated his Persian conquests and chose Babylon as capital, r. c. 

-"■32^. Died in the East, perhaps at Babylon, b. c. 323. This man 
and his conquests were minutely prefigured in Dan. viii, 21; xi, 
3; viii, 5-7. 2. Alexander Balas, son of Antiochus iv. Usurped 
Syrian throne, b. c. 152, i Mace, x, and xi. His coins are still 
preserved, see Ills. No. 488. 3. Son of Simon, Mark xv, 21. 4. 
A kinsman of Annas the high-priest. Acts iv, 6. 5. A Jewish 
convert of Ephesus, Acts xix, 33. 6. An Ephesian Christian re- 
probated by Paul, I Tim. i, 20. Probably same as the copper- 
smith in 2 Tim. iv, 14. 

AL'EX-AN^DRI-A, properly Alexandrea, The capital of Egypt. 
Founded by Alexander the Great, b. c. 332. Arose to be one oi the 
most populous and powerful of cities. Noted for its commerce,^ 
its libraries, and architecture. Conspicuous*in early ecclesiastical 
history. Acts vi, 9; xviii, 24. 6"^^ Ills. No. 91. 

AL'GUM, or AL'MUG, Former in 2 Chron. ii, 8 ; latter in i Kings 
X, II, 12. Perhaps the red sandal-wood of India and Ceylon. 

A-LI'AH. [Alvah.] 

A-LI'AN. [Alvan.] 

AL-LE-LUT-A Upraise ye Jehovah"), Rev. xix, i. J^roperly Halle- 
lujah, as found in the margin of Ps. cv, cvi, etc. Psalms thus 
designated were doubtless used in the temple service of the He- 
brews. 

AL'LOM, A'MI, A'MON, Descendants of one of Solomon's 
servants, i Esdr. v, 34; Ezr. ii,.57; Neh. vii, 59. 



i6 AMA 

AL'LON. 1. A prince of Simeon, i Chron. iv, 37. 2. A city of 
Naphtali. Properly Elon, Josh, xix, 33. 

AL'LON-BACH'UTH (oak of weeping). The tree under which 
Rebekah's nurse was buried, Gen. xxxv, 8. 

AL-MO'DAD (measure of God), Progenitor of an Arab tribe, first in 
descent from Jocktan, Gen. x, 26 ; i Chron. i, 20. 

AL'MON, [Alemeth. ) Josh, xxi, 18. 

AL'MON-DIB'LA-THA'IM (hidden in a duster of fig-trees), One 
of the last stopping places of the Israelites, Num. xxxiii, 46, 47. 

AL'MOND and AL'MOND TREE (to be wakeful). An early 
flowering, and nut-bearing tree of the East. Height twelve to four- 
teen feet, Gen. xliii, 11 ; Ex. xxv, 33, 34, and many other places. 
See Ills. No. 375. 

ALMS (pity, mercy). In the shape of tithes, almsgiving was en- 
joined by the Mosaic law. Lev. xix, 9. Every third year the 
tithe was shared with the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless and 
the widow, Deut. xiv, 28. Receptacles for the taking of alms for 
education of poor children were fixed in the temple, Mark xii, 41. 
Alms-giving exhorted. Acts xi, 13 ; Rom. xv, 25-27. 

AL'OES, A costly and sweet-smelling wood. Num. xxiv, 6; John 
xix, 39. Tree grows 120 feet high. 

A'LOTH, The ninth commissary district of Solomon, 1 Kings iv, 16. 

AL'PHA, The first letter of the Greek alphabet, Rev. xxii, 13. 

AL'PHA-BET, For ancient alphabets and writings, see Ills. Nos. 
457 to 469. 

AL-PH/E'US (chief). Father of the Apostle James the Less, Matt. 
X, 3. Called Clopas in John xix, 25. 

AL-TA-NE'US, Sonof Hashum, i Esdr. ix, 33. Same as Mattenai 
in Ezra x, 33. 

AL'TAR, Originally a simple memorial pile. Gen. viii, 20. After- 
wards used to lay the sacrifices upon, Ex. xvii, 15, 16. See Ex. 
XX, 24 as to materials ; and as to form see Ills. Nos. 336, 343. 

AL-TAS'CHITH (destroy not), Probably a tune to which a Psalm 
was to be sung, Ps. Ivii, Iviii, lix. 

A'LUSH, The last station but one of the Israelites on their route to 
Sinai, Num. xxxiii, 13, 14. 

AL'VAH (his rising up), A duke of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 40. Writ- 
ten Aliah, in i Chron. i, 51. 

AL'VAN, A Horite, Gen, xxxvi, 23. Written Alian, in i Chron. 
i, 40. 

A'MAD (people of witness), An unknown place in Asher, Josh, 
xix, 26. 

A-MAD'A-THA, Esth. xvi, 10, 17. [Hammedatha.] 

A'MAL, Son of Helem, i Chron. vii, 35. 

AM'A-LEK (that licks up). Grandson of Esau, and chieftain of the 
Edomites, Gen. xxxvi, 12. 

AM'A-LEK-ITES (people that lick up), Nomads of the wilderness 
of Sinai. Probably of Persian origin, as they are spoken of in 
Gen. xiv, 7, before the era of Amalek, Num. xiii, 29. 

A'MAM, A city in the south of Judah, Josh, xv, 26. 

A'MAN (mother), Tob. xiv, 2 ; Esth. x, 7. [Haman.] 

AM'A-NA (integrity), Probably a mount 01 Ante-Lebanon, Cant, 
iv, 8. 



AMM 17 



AM'A-RI'AH (the Lord says). i. Father of Ahitub, i Chron. vi, 
7. 2. A high-priest, fifth from Zadok, 2 Chron. xix, 11. 3. The 
head of the house of the Kohathites, i Chron. xxiii, 19. 4, Head 
of one of the twenty-four courses of priests, i Chron. xxiv, 14. 5. 
A son of Baai, in time of Ezra, Ezra x, 42. 6. A priest who re- 
turned with Zerubbabel, Neh. x, 3. 

AM'A-SA (sparing the people), i. Nephew of David, 2 Sam. xvii, 
25. Rebelled with Absalom, and defeated by Joab, 2 Sam. xviii, 
6. Reconciled to David, 2 Sam. xix, 13, and killed by Joab, xx, 
ID. 2, A prince of Ephraim, 2 Chron. xxviii, 12. 

A-MAS'A-I, A priest in time of Nehemiah, Neh. xi, 13. Probably 
same as Maasiai in i Chron. ix, 12. 

A-MASH'A-I, Captain of 200,000 warriors in time of Jehoshaphat, 
2 Chron. xvii, 16, 

AM-A-THE'IS, I Esdr. ix, 29. [Athlai.] 

AM'A-THIS, A country to the north of Palestine, 1 Mace, xii, 25. 

AM'A-ZFAH (strength of the Lord), i. Son of Joash and eighth 
king of Judah, b. c. 837-809. Warred with Joash, king of Israel, 
and defeated. Murdered at Lachish, 2 Chron. xxv, 27. 2. A de- 
scendant of Simeon, i Chron. iv, 34. 3. A Levite, 1 Chron. vi, 
45. 4. Idolatrous priest of Bethel, Amos vii, 10, 12, 14. 

AM'BER, Ezek. i, 4, 27; viii, 2. Perhaps a metal, but if not, then 
the common yellow resin, now used for ornaments. 

A'MEN (true), A final word used to fix the stamp of truth upon an 
assertion just made, Isa. Ixv, 16. 

AM'E-THYST, A precious stone of a bluish violet color, used in 
the third row of the high-priest's breastplate, Ex. xxviii, 19. 

A-MIT'TAI (fearing). The father of Jonah, Jon. i, 1. 

AM'-MAH (his people). The hill to which Joab pursued Abner, 
2 Sam. ii, 24. 

AM'MI (my people). Applied figuratively to the Israelites. 

AM-MIDT-OI, A family who returned with Zerubbabel, 1 Esdras, 
V, 20. 

AM'MI-EL (people of God). 1, The spy selected by Moses firom 
Dan, Num. xiii, 12. 2. Father of Machir, 2 Sam. ix, 4, 5. 3. 
Son of^David's prime minister, i Chron. iii, 5, called Eliam in 
2 Sam. xi, 3. 4. A doorkeeper of the temple, i Chron. xxvi, 5. 

AM-MTHUD (people of praise), i. Father of the chief of Ephraim 
at the time of the Exode, Num. i, 10, 2. A Simeonite at the 
time of the partition of Canaan, Num. xxxiv, 20. 3. A Naphta- 
line at the same time, Num. xxxiv, 2&. 4. Father of Talmai, 
king of Geshur, 2 Sam. xiii, 37. 5. A descendant of Pharez, 
I Chron. ix, 4. 

AM-MIN'A-DAB (my people is liberal), i. A prince of the tribe 
of Judah, and one of the ancestors of Christ, Num. i, 7, 2. Chief 
of the sons of Uzziel, i Chron. xv, 10-12. 3. In i Chron. vi, 22, 
Izhar is called by mistake Amminadab. Written Amminadib in 
Cant, vi, 12. 

AM'MI-SHAD'DA-I (people of the Almig:hty), Father of the prince 
of the tribe of Dan at the E.xode, Num. i, 12. 

AM-MIZ'A-BAD (dowry of the people). Commander of the third 
division of David's army, i Chron. xxvii, 6. 

AM'MON, AM'MONITES (people). Descendants of Ben-Ammi, 



^Sl ANA 



son of Lot by his younger daughter. Gen. xix, 38. Most probablf- 
nomads. Intensely hated by Israel. Often mentioned in ScriD- 
ture as an incursive and cruel race. Their divinity was Moloch or 

AM'NON (faithful). I Eldest son of David. Murdered by his half- 
brother, Absalom, 2 Sam. xiii, x-29. 2. Son of Shimon, i Chron" 
IV, 20. 

A'MOK (a valley), A priest who returned with Zerubbabel. Neh 
xu., 7, 20. ■ 

A'MON (faithful) I. An Egyptian god, Nah. iii, 8. The Greeks 
Identified this god with their Zeus, or Jupiter, and cafled it Jupiter- 
Ammon See Ills. No 97. 2. A king of Judah, son and succes- 
sor of Manasseh. b. c. 642-640. A shameless idolater. Killed in 
a conspiracy. For picture of his reign see Zeph. i, 4; iii, 0-4 „ 

aIx'^"'^?^^^-^''^ Samaria in reign of Ahab, i Kings xxii, 26 V 

AM U-KllLb (mountaineers). One of the nations which possessed 
Canaan before the conquest by the Israelites, Num. xiii 20 • 
I bam. xxiii, 29 ; Num. xxi, 21, etc * 

A'MOS (weighty). I. A prophet of God. Native of Tekoa in 
Judah, six miles south of Jerusalem, Amos i, 1; viii' «»- *t 

A Jr.!^^'^^^^ ^^°"' ^- ^- S^S' ^"""g Uzziah's reign. " f-i t ;7* 

AAT o?rio^^"?>'^^^'i'^'" °^'^^ prophet Isaiah, Isa. i, t.' ' ' - '. 

AM-FHIF O-LIb (A city surrounded by the river— Strymon) A 
city of Macedonia, thirty-three miles from Philippi, and three 
from the sea, Acts xvii, i. Fi^ , «* u 

f ^f;o¥Ar^^^• ^ fr^^^^.'^f Paurs at Rome, Rom. xvi, 8. 

AM RAM (An exalted people), i. A Levite, and father of Moses, 

Aaron, and Miriam Ex. vi, 18-20. 2. One of Bani's sons, Ezri 

X. 34. 3. AdescendantofSeir, I Chron. i 41 
AM RA-PHEL (speaking of secrets), In doubt. Perhaps a Hamite 

kirvg who joined Chedorlaomer in his expedition against Sodom 

and the cities of the plain, Gen. xiv. 
AM'U-LETS (something worn). Belts or ornaments of any kiiKl 

inscribed with mystic characters, and supposed to protect the per! 

son against the power of evil enchantment. Much worn by the 

Jews, but not classed as jewelry, Isa. iii, 20. See 'ills Nos 

177-193- * * 

'?'/%?}> ^"^'^^'y^' ^".^P*^'* of Ethan the minstrel, i Chron. vi. 46 

?,^^%^'7^) ^''^^ V' ^u^"^^- ^^^^" of Judah, whence Joshua 
cut off the Anakims, Josh, xi, 21. j «* 

ANA-EL, Tobit's brother, Tobit i, 21 

A'NAH (one who answers), A prince of his tribe in the wilderness 

ot Hor, Gen. xxxvi, 2-25. 
AN'A-HA'RATH (dryness), A boundary between Issachar and 

Manasseh, Josh, xix, 19. 
AN'A-PAH I A priest assisting Ezra, Neh. viii, 4. 2. A co-cove- 

nanter with Nehemi ih, Neh. x, 22. > 4 ^ 

A'NAK (collar,. iAnakim.J 
^q^^^'^f ¥' ^ '■g''^ of giants in the southern part of Canaan, called 

Sons of Anak Sons o> Arba and Sons of Anakim, Num. xiii, 22, 
A xfi\ ,;^V^x'' ?^- Extirpated by Caleb, Josh, xv, 14. 

»nU r^'"'""^^^''- ' ^ ^^^'■^''^ people,.whose sctdements are 

unknowni Gen. X, 13. d i i /: ' 't/; L 



i^N>7 .4^ 

A-NAM'E-LECH (answer). An idol worshipped in Samaria^with 
the cruel rites ot Molech. It represented the female power of the 
Sun, 2 Kings xvii, 31. 

A'NAN, A co-covenanter with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 26. 

A-NA'NI (cloud) A descendant of the royal Jud'ean' line through 
Zerubbabel, i Chron. iii, 24. 

AN-A-NI'AH. I. An assistant of Nehemiah, Neh. iii, 23 2 A 
city of Benjamin, Neh. xi, 23. 

AN'A-NPAS (cloud of the Lord). 1. Written in five different ways 
in I Esdras, and no doubt applied to as many different persons 
I Esdr. IX. 2. A high-priest appointed by Herod, a. d. 48, Acts 
xxui 2-5. 3. Husband of Sapphira, the circumstances of whose 
death are narrated in Acts v, i-u. 4. A Jewish disciple at 
Damascus who comforted Paul at the time of his conversion Acts 

IX, 10-17 » xxii, 12. ' ' 
A-NAN'IEL, Progenitor of Tobit, Tob. i, i. 

A'NATH, Father of Shamgar, Judg. iii, 31. 

AN-ATH'E-MA (lit., a votive offering, or vow), Originally a vow 

as in Num. xxi, 2, Judg. xi, 31. Afterwards in New Testament 

a curse, Rom. ix, 3 ; i Cor. xii, 3 ; xvi, 22. 
AN'A-THOTH (song, poverty), i. See 1 Chron. vii, 8, and Neh 

X, 19. 2. A Levitical city situate in the boundaries of Benjamin 
four miles north of Jerusalem, Isa. x, 30; Josh, xxi, 18. Its ruins 
nave lately been discovered. 

AN'DREW (a strong man). An apostle of Christ, John i;4o- Matt 
^I'J' ^^^o^^^^ of Simon Peter. Supposed to have been cruci- 
hed at Patrae in Achaia. An apochryphal book, called " The Acts 
of Andrew" is traditionally mentioned. 

AN-DRO-NPCUS (excelling other men), i. Viceroy of Antioch 
under Antiochus Epiphanes. On account of the murder of the 
high-prrest Onias, he was recalled, degraded, and executed 
2 iviacc: IV, 31-38. 2. Another officer of Antiochus at Garizim' 
2 Mace, v, 23. 3. A Roman Christian, friend of Paul. Roja' 
xvi, 7, ' • 

A'NEM or EN-GAN'NIM, A Levitical city in the tribe of Issachar 
I Chron. vi, 13. ' 

"^'■^^A^' A^- ^ ^^^y °^ Manasseh, west of Jordan, 1 Chron vi 70 
2. An Amorite chief of Hebron who aided Abraham Gen' 
XIV, X3, 24. ^ 

'^^■^■J^u^'^?'^'^^ ^"^ AN-E-TOTH'ITE, An inhabitant of 
Anatnoth, 2 bam. xxui, 27. 

AN'GEL, A " messenger of God." 
A'NI-AM, Son of Shemidah, i Chron. vii, 19. 
'^^'^J^if ^A^'^^ ^" ^^^ mountains of Judah, Josh, xv, 50. 
.AJNISE A plant indigenous to Eg>'pt, producing aromatic seeds, 
with which tithes were paid. Matt, xxiii, 23. 

c rn I^ ^ '' tinkling ornament about the feet," Isa. iii, i6-?o. 

See Ills. Nos. 154-160. - 

AN'NA (gracious) i. Wife of Tobit, Tob. i, 9. 2. A prophetess 
A ^/J.^'*"^^^^"^' of *^^ t"be of Asher, Luke ii, 36 
AN'NA-AS. [Senaah.] i Esdr. v, 23 
AN'NAS (who answers), i. i Esdr. ix, 32. Same as Harim, Ezra 

X, 31. 2. A Jewish kigh-priest, a. d. 7, whose son-in-law was 



20 ANT 

Caiaphas. The mention of these names in John xviii, 13, would 
imply that Cajaphas was priest and Annas president of the Sanhe- 
drim. 

A-NOINT'ING (smearing or rubbing). Anointing the head with oil 
was a common practice among Eastern nations (Deut. xxviii, 40; 
Ruth iii, 3), either as a mark of respect, or as a method of .induc- 
tion into office. Priests were anointed to office, Ex. xl, 15 ; Num. 
iii, 3. Kings were set apart and inducted by anointing, i Sam. 
ix, 16; X, I. Christ was anointed with the Holy Ghost, Isa. Ixi, 
I : Luke iv, 18. See Ills. No. 344. 

ANT (contraction of Emmet), Twice referred to in the Old Testa- 
ment, Prov. vi, 6, and xxx, 25. The text implies ignorance on 
the part of Solomon of the fact that the ant does not store food for 
winter, but lies dormant in cold weather. 

AN'TE-LOPE (Greek, flower-eyed). The word translated "fallow- 
deer," as well as the untranslated word :pygarg (white crouped) 
in Deut. xiv, 5, imply a species of Antelope, for description oi 
which see Ills. Nos. 415, 436. 

ANTI-CHRIST, Found only in the writings of John. The false 
Christ, false teacher, doctrinaire ^ against whom, in the form of 
Docetae and Gnostics the Apostle is supposed to have aimed his 
first Epistle. 

AN'TI-OCH (speedy as a chariot), i. Capital of the Greek kings 
of Syria. Situate where the mountains of Lebanon join Taurus. 
Next after Jerusalem the most noted city in the history of the 
Apostolic Church. The first Gentile church was founded there. 
Acts xi, 20, 21. Disciples first called Christians there. Acts xi, 
26. The city was founded b. c. 300, by Seleucus Nicator, and 
was of vast population, and singular beauty of architecture. See 
Ills. Nos. 25, 26. 2. A city of Pisidia, founded also by Nicator, 
Acts xiii, 14, It was the starting point of direful persecution 
which followed Paul throughout Asia Minor, Acts xiv. See Ills. 
No. 24. 

AN-TPO-CHUS. I. A messenger sent by Jonathan to the Romans, 
I Mace, xii, 16. 2. King, of Syria. Successor to his father, Anti- 
ochus Soter, b. c. 261. Sumamed Theus or God. Prefigured as 
** King of the North" in Dan. xi, 6, etc. 3. Antiochus III, 
called the Great, b. c. 223, Dan. xi, 14-19. 4- Antiochus IV, 
called Epiphanes (the illustrious), b. c. 188, Dan. xi, 21-34. For 
minute history see i Mace. For coi^i of his reign, see Ills. No. 
489. 5. Antiochus V, Eupator (of noble descent), son and suc- 
cessor of former, b. c. 164, i Mace, vi, 19. 6. for Antiochus VI 
and VII, see also i Mace, xii to xvi. 

AN'TI-PAS (against all), A martyr, and probably Bishop of Per- 
gamos, Rev. ii, 13. Also a surname for one of the Herods. 

AN-TIP'A-TER (against the father). Son of Jason, and ambassador 
to Lacedemon, i Mace, xii, 16. 

AN-TIP'A-TRIS, Ancient Capharsaba, rebuilt by Herod, and 
named in honor of his father, Antipater. Situate thirty-four miles 
north-west of Jerusalem, Acts xxiii, 31. 

AN-TO'NI-A, Fortress Antonia, built by Herod on north-west side 
of the Temple at Jerusalem, Acts xxi, 31-40. 

AN-TO-THTJAH, A son of Jehoram, i Chron. viii, 24. 



APP 21 

A'NUB, A descendant of Judah, i Chron. iv, 8. 

A'NUS. [Bani.] I Esdr. ix, 48. 

AP-A'ME, Daughter of Bartacus, i Esdr. iv, 29. 

A-PEL'LES (exclusion), A friend of Paul ; by tradition bishop of 
Smyrna, Rom. xvi, 10. 

APES, I Kings x, 22 ; 2 Chron. ix, 21, show them to be an article 
of merchandise. 

A-PHAR'SACH-ITES (rending), A-PHAR'SATH-CHITES, 
and A-PHAR'SITES, Assyrian nomads led by one Asnapper, 
Ezra iv, 9 ; v, 6. 

A'PHEK (a stream, or tenacity), i. A royal city of the Canaanites, 
Josh. xi«, 18. 2. A city in the extreme north of Asher, Josh, xix, 
30. 3. A place near, and north-west of Jerusalem, i Sam. iv, i. 
4. Another encampment of the Philistines, where Saul was de- 
feated and killed, i Sam. xxix, i. 5. A walled city between 
Syria and Israel, i Kings xx, 26. 

A-PHE'KAH. [Aphek.J Josh, xv, 53. 

A-PHER'E-MA, A governor of Judea under Demetrius Soter, 
I Mace, xi, 34. 

A-PHER'RA, A son of one of Solomon's servants, who returned 
with Zerubbabel, i Esdr. v, 34. 

A-PHI'A, A forefather of King Saul, i Sam. ix, i. 

A'PHIK. [Aphek.] Judg. i, 31. 

APH'RAH, The house of an uncertain place mentioned in Mic. 
i. 10. 

APH'SES, Chief of the 18th and 24th courses of the Temple service, 
I Chron. xxiv, 15. 

A-POC'A-LYPSE (uncovered), A term applied to the Revelation 
of John. 

A-POC'RY-PHA (hidden or spurious), A term applied to the un- 
canonical books of the Bible. 

AP'OL-LO'NI-A (destruction), A city of Macedonia, visited by 
Paul, Acts xvii, i. 

AP'OL-LO'NI-US (destroying), i. Son of Thrasseas, governor of 
Caelo-Syria, and a bitter enemy of the Jews, 2 Mace, iv, 4, 2, 
A general under Antiochus Epiphanes, defeated and slain by Judas 
Maccabeus, b. c. 166, i Mace, iii, 10-12. 3, Another Syrian 
officer, probably identical with former, 2 Mace, iv, 21. 4. Another 
Syrian general, 2 Mace, xii, 2. 5. A native of Sogdiana, a general 
under Nicator, defeated by Jonathan, b. c. 147, i Mace, x, 69-87. 

AP'OL-LOPH'A-NES, A Syrian, slain by Judas Maccabeus at 
Gazara, 2 Mace, x, 37. 

A-POL'LOS (who destroys"), A learned Jew and Christian convert 
of Alexandria, more perfectly taught in Ephesus by Priscilla and 
Aquila. Became a preacher and firm friend of Paul, Acts xviii, 27 ; 
xix, I ; I Cor. iii, 6. 

A-POL'LY-ON (destroyer), In usage synonymous with Abaddon, 
** angel of the bottomless pit." Described as King of the Locusts 
which arose from the smoke of the bottomless pit. Job xxvi, 6 ; 
Prov. XV, II ; Rev. ix, 11. 

A-POS'TLE (one sent forth\ The official name of the twelve set 
apart by Jesus to preach the Word. In later times any one com- 
missioned to preach the Gospel, Luke xxii, 28 ; Matt, v, vii, xxiii. 

AP'PA-IM (face). Son of Nadab, i Chron. ii, 30-31. 



22 ARA 

AP'PLE-TREE, Much diversity of opinion exists as to whether the 
Hebrew word translated apple is susceptible of that meaning. 
Some construe it as a citron, pomegranate, or other sweet and 
fragrant fruit. The word is used in a figurative sense, as in Cant, 
ii, 3 ; Prov. xxv, ii. 

AP'PHIA (Afii-a) (productive). Probably the wife of Philemon, 
Philemon 2. 

AP'PHUS (Af'fus) (the wary), Surname of Jonathan Maccabeus, 
I Mace, ii, 5. 

AP'I-I-FO'RUM, A town on the Appian Way, forty-three miles 
from Rome, Acts xxviii, 13. ^ 

AQ'UI-LA (eagle), A Jewish convert, native of Pontus, banished 
from Rome, found at Corinth by Paul, Acts xviii, 2 ; removed to 
Ephesus, there taught ApoUos, afterwards returned to Rome, 

1 Cor. xvi, 19; Rom. xvi, 3, etc. 

AR (awakening), A chief place of Moab, Isa. xv, i. Galled Are- 
opolis and Rabbath-Moab, in Num. xxi, 28. Used as type of the 
Moabites in Deut. ii, 9, 18, 29. 

A'RA (cursing). The head of the family ot Asherites, i Chron. 
vii, 38. 

A'RAB (multiplying), A city of Hebron in Judah, Josh, xv, 52. 

AR'A-BAH (barren), This term in the Hebrew was used to desig- 
nate the valley of the Jordan, the, Dead Sea, and the unusual de- 
pression which extends south through Arabia to the Red Sea, 
Josh, xviii, 18. 

A-RA'BI-A (wild and desert), A country known in Old Testament 
as the " East Country," Gen. xxv, 6, and ** Land of the Sons of 
the East," Gen. xxix, 1. In after times the signification narrowed 
to that section between Palestine and the Reel Sea. It was divided 
into ** Arabia Proper," meaning the southern or peninsula portion, 
*' Northern Arabia," the desert portion skirting Syria, and 
** Western Arabia," now known as Arabia Petrea. Arabia was 
the home of most of the nomadic races mentioned in the Bible. 
See Ills. No. 229. 

A'RAD (a wild ass, dragon), i. A Benjamite who drove out the 
inhabitants of Gath, i Chron. viii, 15. 2. A royal city of the 
Canaanites, Josh, xii, 14. 

AR'A-DUS-. [Arvad.] i Mace, xv, 23. 

A'RAH (a way), i. An Asherite, i Chron. vii, 39. 2. Head of a 
large family who returned with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 5. Written 
Ares in i Esdr. v, 10. 

A'RAM (highness). The high country or plateau north of Palestine, 
corresponding in part to Syria, Gen. xxiv, 10; xxv, 20; xxviii. 

2 ; Num. xxiii, 7. The word is generally trdmpounded with some 
other of special designation. 

A'RAN (an ark), Brother of Uz, Gen. xxxvi, 28. 

AR'A-RAT (curse of trembling). The resting place of the Ark, 
Gen. viii, 4. A high mountain of Armenia (17,260 feet), rising 
directly from the plain of Araxes ; at present the corner stone be- 
tween Russia, Turkey, and Persia. See Ills. No. 120, 

A-RAU'NAH (ark, song), A variously written name in Old Testa- 
ment. Perhaps one of the royal race of Jebusites, 2 Sam. xxiv, 
18-24. 



ARI 23 

AR'BA (four), A forefather of Anak or the Anakim, Josh, xiv, 

15; XV, 13; xxi, II. 
AR-BAT'TIS, A district in Palestine, perhaps identical witli Ara- 

battine, i Mace, v, 23. 
AR-BE'LA, A town in Galilee, i Mace, ix, 2. 
AR'BITE, A native of Arab, 2 Sam. xxiii, 35. 
AR-CHE-LA'US (prince of the people). One of the sons of Herod 

the Great, and after the death of his father, ethnarch of Idumea, 

Judea and Samaria. Deposed and banished by his brothers. 

Matt, ii, 22. 
ARCH'E-Ry (use of the arcus or bow). The children of Benjamin 

were noted for their use of the bow, Judg. xix, xx, xxi. 
AR'CHE-VITEB, Probably the inhabitants of Erech, Ezra iv, 9. 
AR-CHIP'PUS (chief of the stables), A Christian teacher of Colos- 

sae, and " fellow soldier " with Paul, Col iv, 17; Philemon 2. 
AR CHITE, Probably same as Archevite, 2 Sam. xv, 32 ; Josh. 

xvi, 2. 
AR'CHI-TECT'URE (chief builder), See Ills. Nos. 107, 109, as to 

tent styles ; Nos. 133, 134, 139, 144, as to house styles. 
ARC-TU'RUS (gathering together, but in the Greek, "the bear"), 

The word probably refers to the constellation Ursa Major, 

commonly known as the "Great Bear," or " Charles Wain," 

though Arcturus is now a star of the first magnitude in the constel- 
lation Bootes. 
ARD (one that commands), Gen. xlvi, 21 ; Num. xxvi, 40. [Addar.] 
AR'DATH, A field, 2 Esdr. ix, 26. 
AR'DON (ruling). Son of Caleb, i Chron. ii, 18. 
A-RE'LI, A son of Gad (Num. xxvi, 17), whose descendants are 

called Arelites, 
AR-E-OP'A-GITE, A member of the court of Areopagus, Acts 

xvii, 34. .^\ ' 

AR-E-OPA-GUS. [Mars Hill.] See lUs. No. 32. 
A'RES, I Esdr. v, 10. [Arah 2.] 
AR'E-TAS (Greek, areias, excellence), A name common to several 

Arab chiefs or kings ; one of which is mentioned in 2 Mace, v, 8, 

and another by Paul, 2 Cor. xi, 32. The latter was father-in-law 

of Herod Antipas. 
A-RE'US (manhood), A Lacedaemonian king whose letter to the 

high-priest Onias is recorded in i Mace, xii, 20-23. 
AR'GOB (turf), i. A tract of country east of Jordan, in Bashan 

of Og. It was a Commissary district of Solomon. It is rocky and 

forbidding, but is rich in the ruins of ancient cities, Deut, iii,4, 13, 

14; I Kings iv, 13. 2. A Giieadite officer, probably governor of 

Argob, 2 Kings xv, 25, 
A'RI-A-RA'THES, Mithridates IV, king of Cappadocia, b. c. 163- 

130; I Macc.'xv, 22. 
A-RIDA-I, Ninth son of Haman, Esth. ix, 9. 
A-RIDA-THA, Sixth son of Haman, Esth. ix, 8. 
A-RI'EH (the lion), A prince under Pekahiah, king of Israel, put to 

death by the conspirator Pekah, 2 Kings xv, 25. 
A'RI-EL (altar, light, or lion ot God), i. One of Ezra^s chief men, 
"i.Ezra viii, 16. 2. The city of Jebus-Salem, Jerusalem, " Lion" or 

"Hearth of Ood/' Is. xxix, i, 2. _,. 



24 ART 

AR'I-MA-THiE'A (lion dead to the Lord), A city of Judea, Luke 
xxiii, 51 ; Matt, xxvii, 57. Doubtless the Ramah of i Sam. i, i. 
See Ills. No. 56. 

A'RI-OCH ilong, tall). 1. King of EUasar, and ally of Chedor- 
laomer, Gen. xiv, i. 2. Captain of Nebuchadnezzar's body guard, 
Dan. ii, 14. 3. King of the Elymeans, Judg. i, 7. 

A-RIS'A-I, Eighth son of Haman, Esth. ix, 9. 

AR'IS-TAR'CHUS (the best prince), A Thessalonian, companion 
of Paul on many of his missionary journeys. Acts xix, 29 ; xx, 4. 

AR'IS-TO-BU'LUS (good counselor), i. A Jewish priest, repre- 
sentative of the Egyptian Jews, and author of a dissertation upon 
the Pentateuch, 2 Mace, i, 10. 2. Perhaps one of the seventy dis- 
ciples resident at Rome, Rom. xvi, 10. 

ARK (chest). The vessel in which Noah and his family, and a pair 
of each of the animals of earth were saved from the flood. Gen. vi, 
vii, viii. 

ARK OF THE COVENANT, The first piece of Tabernacle 
furniture, described in Ex. xxv. Its object was to contain invio- 
late the^ivine autograph of the two tables of the covenant. See 
Ills. No. 340. 

ARKTTE, A Canaanite family located in the north of Phoenicia, 
Gen. x, 17; I Chron. i, 15. 

AR-MA-GED'DON (hill of Megiddo), Rev. xvi, 16. A typical 
battle-field between the hosts of good and evil. 

AR-ME'NI-A, 2 Kings xix, 37. The plateau of Asia, or western 
centre of the mountain system of the continent, whence flow its 
great rivers. Designated mostly as Ararat, Jer. li, 27; Isa. 
xxxvii, 38. 

ARM'LE T, An ornament corresponding to our bracelet, 2 Sam. 
i, 10. See Ills. Nos. 151, 163-174. 

AR-MO'NI, A son of Saul, 2 Sam. xxi, 8. 

ARMS, See Ills. Nos. 285, 416, 418, 275-280. 

AR'NA, A forefather of Ezra, 2 Esdr. i, 2. 

AR'NAN, Head of a family who returned with Zerubbabel, i Chron. 
iii, 21. 

AR'NON (rejoicing), A boundary stream between Moab and the 
Amorites, Num. xxi, 13-26. 

A'ROD, Son of Gad, Num. xxvi, 17. Arodi in Gen. xlvi, 16. 

AR O-ER (heath, tamarisk). Name of several different towns in 
Palestine mentioned respectively in Deut. ii, 36; Num. xxxii, 34; 
Isa. xvii, 2 ■ I Sam. xxx, 28. 

A'ROM, A returning family of Hebrews, i Esdr. v, 16. 

AR'PAD or ARTHAD (light of redemption), A Syrian city, noted 
for its idolatry, 2 Kings, xviii, 34. 

AR-PHAX'AD (a healer), i. A son of Shem, Gen. x, 22-24. 2. A 
king of the Medes, residing at Ecbatana, Judg. i, 1-4. 

AR SA-CES, The Parthian king, Mithridates, who assumed the 
name of Arsaces f ready), i Mace, xiv, 1-3. 

AR SA-RETH, An indefinite region beyond the Euphrates, 2 Esdr. 
xiii, 45- 

AR-TAX-ERX'ES (silence of light\ Two Persian kings, the first 
of whom appears to hava been identical with the impostor and 
usurper Smcrdis, b. c. 522, Ezra iv, 7. The other was friend of 



ASH 25 

Nehemiah, and may have been that Longimanus, son of Xerxes, 
who reigned b. c. 464-425. 

AR'TE-MAS (whole, sound), A friend and companion of Paul, 
Tit. iii, 12. 

AR'U-BOTH, Third Commissary district of Solomon, including 
Sochoh, I Kings iv, 10. 

A-RU'MAH (exalted), A place near Shechem where Abimelech re- 
sided, Judg. ix, 41. 

AR'VAD, Probably an island lying off and belonging to Phoenicia, 
the men of which are mentioned as navigators, and defenders of 
Tyre, Ezek. xxvii, 8-1 1. 

AR'ZA, Keeper of King Elah's palace at Tirzah, i Kings xvi, 9. 

A SA physician"), i. Third king of Judah, b. c. 956-Q16. He fol- 
lowed the true God, added strength and splendor to his kingdom, 
and died greatly beloved, after a reign of forty -one years, i Kings 

- XV ; 2 Chron. xiv, xv. 2, A Levite, i Chron. ix, 16. 

AS-A-DI'AS, An ancestor of Baruch, Bar. i, 1. Probably same as 
Hasadiah in i Chron. iii, 20. 

AS 'A- EL, An ancestor of Tobit, Tob. i, i. 

AS'A-HEL ; creature of God), i. The fleet-footed nephew of David, 
killed by Abner whom he »vas pursuing, 2 Sam. ii, 18, etc. 2. A 
Levitical legal instructor in the reign of Jehoshaphat, 2 Chron. 
xvii, 8. 3. A Levite and tithing man in reign of Hezekiah, 2 Chron, 
xxxi, 13. 4. A priest, and father of Jonathan, in time of Ezra, Ezra 
X, 15- 

AS'A-HI'AH, A servant of King Josiah, sent to procure information 
concerning the Books of the law found by Hilkiah, 2 Kings xxii, 
12-14 ; written Asaiah in 2 Chron. xxxiv, 20. 

AS'A-FAH (the Lord hath wrought), i. A prince of the Simeonites 
in reign of Hezekiah, i Chron. iv, 36. 2. A Levite chief of the 
family of Merari in David's time, i Chron. xv, 6-1 x. 3. A de- 
scendant of Shiloni, i Chron. ix, 5. Called Maaseiah in Neh. 
xi, 5. 

AS'A-NA, 1 Esdr. v, 31. [Asnah]. 

A'SAPH (who gathers), i. A Lsvitical leader of David's choir 
(i Chron. vi, 39) and noted poet and composer, 2 Chron. xxix. 30. 
2. Ancestor of Joah, chronicler of Hezekiah's reign, and probably 
same as former, 2 Kings xviii, 18, 37. 3. Keeper of the royal 
forest under Artaxerxes, Neh. ii, 8. 4. Another conductor of the 
Temple choir, i Chron. ix, 15; Neh. xi, 17. 

A-SAR'E-EL (beatitude of God), Son of Jehaleleel, i Chron. 
iv, 16. 

AS'A-RE'LAH, A minstrel prophet of David, i Chron. xxv, 2 ; 
called Jesharelah in verse 14. 

AS'E-NATH (peril), Egyptian wife of Joseph, and mother of Ma- 
nassehand Ephraim, Gen. xli, 45-50. 

A'SER, Luke ii, 36; Rev. rii, 6. [Asher.] 

ASH, As the common Ashw'as not indigenous to Palestine, perhaps 
some species of Cedar is meant in; Isa. xliv, 14. 

A'SHAN (smoke), A city in Judah and one in Simeon were thus 
called. Josh, xv, 42 ; xix, 7. Probably identical with Ain. 

ASH'BE-A, Doubtful whether applied to a place or person, i Chron. 
iv, 21, 



26 ASN 

ASH'BEL (an old fire). Second son of Benjamin, Gen. xlvi, 21. 
ASH'DOD or A-ZO'TUS (inclination, theft;. One of the five 

Philistine cities, midway between Gaza and Joppa, and on the 

line of commerce between Palestine and Eg^'pt. It was assigned 

to Judah, but was never conquered until the time of the Maccabees, 

Josh. XV, 47 : I Sam. v, i ; Acts viii, 40. See Ills. No. 53. 
ASH'DOTH-PIS'GAH, An indefinite expression, supposed to ap- 
ply to the mountains enclosing the Dead Sea, Deut. iii, 17. 
ASHLER (happiness), i. Eighth son of Jacob by Zilpah, Gen. xxx, 

13. Written Aser in Apocrypha and New Testament. The 

boundaries and towns of the tribe are given in Josh, xix, 24-31. 

2. A boundary town of IManasseh, Josh, xvii, 7. 
ASHES, Used for purifying the unclean, Num. xix. Sprinkling 

with ashes was a method of expressmg sorrow, 2 Sam. xiii, 19 ; 

XV. 32. 
ASHT-MA (offence). A god worshipped in Samaria, 2 Kings 

xvii, 30. 
ASH'KE-LON, AS'KE-LON, Apocr., AS'CA-LON (weight, fire 

of infamy). The least important of the five cities of Philistia, 

Josh, xiii, 3 ; Judg. xiv, 19. Quite noted during the Crusades. 
ASH'KE-NAZ (afire that spreads), One of the three grandsons of 

Japhet, and type of his portion of the Japhetic race. Gen. x, 3. 

Their original seat was Armenia or Ararat, Jer. li, 27, 
ASH'NAH (change). Two towns of Judah, the one north-west, the 

Other south-west of Jerusalem, each about sixteen miles distant. 

Josh. XV, 33, 43. 
ASH'RI-EL, I Chron, vii, 14. [Asriel.] 
ASHTA-ROTH and AS'TA-ROTH (flocks, riches), A city in Ba- 

shan of Og, cast of Jordan. Noted for the worship of Ashtoreth, 

whence its name. Josh, ix, 10. 
ASH'TE-RATH-ITE, An inhabitant of Ashtaroth, i Chron. xi, 44. 
ASH'TE-ROTH-KAR-NATM (Ashtaroth of the two horns). 

Probably same as Ashtaroth, Gen. xiv, 5. 
ASH'TO-RETH, The principal female divinity of the Phoenicians. 

Same as Astairte of the Greeks and Romans, i Kings xi, 5, 33. 
ASH'UR (happy), Son of Hezron'and founder of Tekoa, 1 Chron. 

ii, 24; iv, 5. 
ASH'UR-ITES, Probably Geshurites, 2 Sam. ii, 9. 
ASH'VATH, Son of Japhlet of Asher, i Chron. vii, 33. 
A''SI-A (muddy, boggy). Only used in New Testament, and then 

not applied to the Continent, but to the western portion embracing 

the peninsula of Asia ISIinor, which was a Roman province, Acts 

ii, 9 ; Rom. xvi, 5. 
A'Sl-ARCH, Chief of Asia, governor of the Roman province in 

Asia, whose capital was Ephesus. Acts xix, 31. 
AS-'I-BI'AS, I Esdr. ix, 26. Malchijah in Ezra x, 25. 
A'SI-EL (work of God), i. Fotefather of Jehu, i Chron. iv, 35. 

2. A scribe under Esdras, 2 Esdr. xiv, 24. 
AS'KE-LON. [Ash'ke-lon.] 
AS'MO-DE'US, An evil spirit classed with Abaddon or Apollyon, 

Tob. iii, 8-17. 
AS'NAH, Hischildren.retumedwith Zerubbabel, Ezfa ii, 50. 
AS-NAP'PER (uHhappiness), Leader of the Cuthaeaits into SaTtiari^, 

Ezra iv, lo. 



ATH 27 

ASP, The original of this word impHes that the Egyptian cobra was 
meant, Deut. xxxiii, 33; Job xx, 14, 16. See Ills. No. 442. 

AS-PAL'A-THUS, A perfume or ointment, product of Khodian 
wood, Ecclus. xxiv, 15. 

AS'PA-TH A, Third son of Haman, Esth. ix, 7. 

AS'PHAR, A pool in the wilderness of Thecoe, Mace, ix, 33, 

AS'RI-EL (help of God), Great-grandson of Manasseh and founder 
of the Asri elites. Num. xxvi, 31. 

ASS, Was held in high repute in Eastern countries, and was the 
palfrey of the noble and royal. Matt, xxi, 2. See Ills. Nos. 
230, 431. 

AS-SHURIM fliers in wait), Unlocated descendants of Dedan, . 
grandson of Abraham, Gen. xxv, 3. 

AS-SI-DEANS (pious >, A sect of orthodox Jews, bound to the ex- 
ternal observance of the law, i Mace, ii, 42. 

AS 'SIR (prisoner). 1. Son of Korah, Ex. vi, 24. 2. Forefather 
of Samuel, i'*Chron. vi, 23, 37. 3. Son of Jeconiah, 1 Chron. 
iii, 17. 

AS SOS or AS'SUS (approaching), A Roman seaport in Mysia, 
Asia, on northern shore of the gulf Adramyttium, Acts xx, 13, 14. 

AS'SUR. [AssHUR.] (Assyria), Ezra iv, 2. 

AS-SYR'I-A (country of Asshur), That ancient country on the 
Tigris (Gen. ii, 14) whose capital was Nineveh, Gen. x, 11. 
Named from Asshur, son of Shem, who was worshipped as the 
chief God. At the height of its power it included Susiana, Chal- ' 
dea. Babylonia, Media, Matiene, Armenia, Assyria proper, Meso- 
potamia, Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine and Idumea. It was peopled 
originally from Babylon, by the descendants of Shem, flourished 
for over 500 years, and fell a prey to the revolting Medes in league 
with the Bablylonians, b. c. 625. Isaiah prophesied its destruction, 
Isa. X, 5-19. See also Ezek. xxxi. For manners, customs, etc., 
see Ills. No. 116-132. 

AS-TY'A-GES, Last king of the Medes, b, c. 590, Bel. and Drag. i. 

A-SUP'PIM (gatherings^. Probably store-room^ in the Temple, 

1 Chron. xxvi, 16, 17. 

A-SYN'CRI-TUS (incomparable), A friend of Paul at Rome, Rom. 

xvi, 14. 
A'TAD (a thorn). Gen. 1, 10, 11. See Abel, 2. 
AT'A-RAH (crown). Mother of Onam, 1 Chron. ii, 26. 
A-TAR'GA-TIS (opening), a Syrian goddess with a woman's body " 

and a fish's tail, whose temples were at Hierapolis and Ascalon, . 

2 Mace, xii, 26. 

AT'A-ROTH (crowns). 1. A town of Gilead, Num. xxxii, 3, 34, , 
2, A place on south boundary of Ephraim, Josh, xvi, 2, 7. 3. Per- "" 
haps the same, Josh, xviii, 13 ; i (Ilhron. ii, 54. 

A'TER (left hand). Heads of two different families returned with 
Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 42 ; Neh. vii, 21. 

A'THACH (thy time), A town in J udah frequented by David, 
I Sam. XXX, 30. 

ATH'A-I'AH (the Lord's time), A descendant of Pharez (Neh. - 
xi,4), called Uthai in i Chron. ix, 4. 

ATH'A-LPAH (time of the Lord), i. Daughter of Ahab and • 
Jezebel, and wicked wife of -King Jehoram of Judah. - She intro- 
duced the worship bfJBaal into Judah. Slain by her own guards, * 



28 AZA 

2 Kings xi, i ; 2 Chron. xxii, xxiv, 2. A son of Jehoram, 
I Chron. viii, 26. 3. A returned Jewish head of a family, Ezra 
viii, 7. 

A-THE'NI-ANS, Natives of Atliens, Acts xvii, 21. 

ATH-E-N0;BI-US (the King's friend). An envoy from King Anti^ 
ochus to Simon the high-priest, i Mace, xv, 28. 

ATH'ENS (city of Athena or Minerva), Capital ot Attica, and 
centre of Grecian learning and civilization, Acts xvii, 14-22. Paul 
founded a church at Athens. See Ills. Nos. 29, 30. 

ATH'LAI (my hour), A son of Bebai, who hearkened to Ezra, 
Ezra X, 28. Called Amatheis in i Esdr. ix, 29. 

A-TONE MENT, Day of. The day of national humiliation en- 
joined in Lev. xxiii, 26-32. 

AT'ROTH, A city of Gad, Num. xxxii, 35. 

AT'TAI (my hour), i. A grandson of Shcshan, 1 Chron. ii, 35, 36. 
2. A lion-taced warrior ot Gad who joined David in the wilder- 
ness, I Chron. xii, 11. 3. A son of King Rehoboam, 2 Chron. 
xi, 20. 

AT-TA-LFA (that increases), A coast-town of Pamphylia founded 
by Attalus Philadelphus, Acts xiv, 25. 

AT'TA-LUS (increased). The name of three kings of Pergamos, 
reigned respectively, b. c. 241-197, 159-138 (Philadelphus), 138- 
133 (Philometer), i JNtacc. xv, 22. 

AU-GUS'TUS (augmented"), First Roman emperor, nephew and 
heir of Julius Caesar. Made emperor, u. c. 27. Ruled till a. d. 
14. Died at age of seventy-six. During his reign Christ was 
born, ^.uke ii, i, etc. 

AU-RA'NUS, A riotous fellow at Jemsr.l.m, 2 Mace, iv, 40. 

A'VA or FVAH (iniquity), An Assyrian town or place, 2 Kings 
xvii, 24. 

AV'A-RAN, Surname of Eleazar, brother of Judas Maccabeus, 
I Tilacc. ii, 5. 

A'VEN (sorrow), i. An unidentified plain mentioned in Amos i, 5. 
2. Beth-aven or Bethel, Hos. x, 8. 3. Hehopolis or city of C)n, 
Ezek. XXX, 17. 

A'VIM, A'VIMS, A'VITES (wicked men). 1. A primitive people 
who pushed north into Palestine from the Desert, Deut. ii, 23. 
2. Colonists from Ava sent to people Israel, 2 Kings, xvii, 31. 

A'VITH (perverse), A city of Moab, Gen. •xxxvi, 35; i Chron. 
i, 46. 

AWL, The shape of this instrument among the Hebrews is now un- 
known, one of its uses is expressed in Ex. xxi, 6; Deut. xv, 17. 

AXE, Seven Hebrew words are translated axe. As known to them 
it was a crude weapon of iron or stone, fastened to a handle of 
wood with thongs or otherwise, Deut. xix, 5 ; 2 Kings vi, 5. See 
Ills. Nos. 270-274. 

A'ZAL, Probably a common noun. If proper, of doubtful signifi- 
cation, Zcch. xiv, 5. 

AZ'A-LI'AH (near the Lord), Father of Shaphan the scribe in 
reign of Josiah, 2 Kings xxii, 3. 

AZ'A-NFAH (hearing the Lord), Father of Jeshua the Levitc, Neh. 
X.9. 

A-ZA'PHI-ON, Likely Sophereth, i Esdr. v, 33. 



AZU 29 

AZ'A-RA, A servant of the Temple, i Esdr. v, 35. 

A-ZA'RA-EL, A Levite musician, Neh. xii, 36. 

A-ZA' RE-EL (help of God), i. A companion of David at Ziklag, 

I Chron. xii, 6. 2. A Levite musician in time of David, 1 Chron. 

XXV, 18 ; called Uzziel in xxv, 4. 3. Son of Jehoram and prince 

of Dan, I Chron. xxvii, 22, 4. Son of Bani, Ezra x, 41. 5. 

Father of Maasiai, Neh. xi, 13. 
AZ'A-RFAH (he that hears the Lord), A common Hebrew name, 

largely used in the families of the priests of the line of Eleazar. 

The principal personages to which it was applied will be found in 

I Chron. vi, 9 ; i Kings iv, 5; i Chron. ii, 8, 38, 39; i Chron. 

vi, 10, 13, 14 ; 2 Chron. xxi, 2; 2 Kings xiv, 21. 
AZ'A-RI'AS, Aname used in many places in Esdras as synonymous 

with Azariah, Uzziah, Urijah, and Ezra. 
A'ZAZ strong one), A Reubenite, father of Bela, i Chron. v, 8. 
AZ'A-ZI''AiI i^strength of the Lord), A Levite musician who played 

in the procession which brought the ark up from the house of 

Obed-edom, i Chron. xv, 21. 2. Father of Hoshea, i Chron. 

xxvii, 20. A Levite and tithing man in reign of Hezekiah, 2 Chron. 

xxxi, 13. 
AZ-BAZ'A-RETH, Probably Esarhaddon, i Esdr. v, 69, 
AZ'BUK, Father of Nehemiah, Neh. iii, 16. 
A-ZE'KAH (strength of walls). An important town of Judah, Josh. 

X, 10, II. 

A'ZEL, A descendant of Saul, i Chron. viii, 37, 38. 

A'ZEM or E'ZEM, A city first of Judah, then of Simeon, Josh, xv, 

29 ; xix, 3. 
A-ZE'TAS, A returned Hebrew family, i Esdr. v, 15. 
AZ'GAD (a strong army). Head of a very large family of returned 

Jews, Neh. vii, 17. 
A'ZI-EL, A Levite, i Chron. xv, 20, Jaaziel in verse 18. 
A-ZFZA, One of the family of Zattu, Ezra x, 27. 
AZ'MA-VETH (strong death), A Benjamite and one of David's 

mighty men, 2 Sam. xxiii, 31. 2. i Chron. viii, 36. 3. Perhaps 

same as i, i Chron. xii, 3. 4. Treasurer of David, i Chron. 

xxvii, 25. 5. Habitation of the singers in Benjamin, Neh. xii, 

29. 
AZ']MON (bone of a bone), A place on south-west boundary of the 

Holy Land, Num. xxxiv, 4, 5. 
AZ NOTH-TA'BER (Ears or summits of Tabor), On the boundary 

of Naphtali, Josh, xix, 34. 
A'ZOR (helper). Son of Eliakim, in the line of our Lord, Matt. 

i, 13, 14- 
A-ZO'TUS. fAsHDOD.T 
AZ'RI-EL (help of God), i. Head of a family of Manasseh, 

1 Chron. v, 24. 2. A Naphtalite and head of a tribe, i Chron. 

xxvii, 19. 3. Jer. xxxvi, 26. 
AZ RI-KAM (help, revenging), i. A descendant of Zerubbabel, 

I Chron. iii, 23, 2. Ancestor of Shemaiah, i Chron. ix, 14, 3. 

A descendant of Saul, i Chron. viii, 38. 4. Prefect of the palace 

to Ahaz, 2 Chron. xxviii, 7. 
A-ZU'BAH (forsaken), i. Wife of Caleb, i Chron. ii, 18, 19. 2. 

Mother of King Jehoshaphat, i Kings xxii, 42. 



30 BAG 

A'ZUR and AZ'ZUR (he that assists), i. Father of Hananiah the 
false prophet, Jer.xxviii, I. 2. Ezek. xi, i. 3. A co-covenanter 
with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 17. 

AZ'ZAH. [Gaza.] Deut. ii, 23; i Kings iv, 24. 

AZ'ZAN (their strength). Father of Pahiei, prince of the tribe of 
Issachar, Num. xxxiv, 26. 

B. 

BA'AL (master), i. A Reubenite, 1 Chron. v, 5. 2. Son of Jehiel, 
founder of Gibeon, i Chron. viii, 30. 3. The supreme male 
divinity of the Phoenicians. The Israelites were seduced to the 
worship of this god under the name of Baal-Peor — " Baal of the 
mountain," Num. xxv, 3-18 ; i Kings xvi, 31-33. His worship- 
pers offered burnt-offerings and cut themselves with knives. Iden- 
tified with Babylonian Bel and Baalzebub — "god of the fly," 
2 Kings i, 2, 3. 4. The word occurs as a prefix or suffix to many 
places in Palestine, and is indicative of their Phoenician origin. 
Josh. XV, 29 ; Num. xxxii, 38. See Ills. No. 341. 

BAAL-AH ^her idol), Josh, xv, 9, 10. 

BA'AL-ATH (rejoicing). Josh, xix, 44. 

BA'AL-ATH-BE'ER (subjected pit), Josh, xix, 8. 

BA'AL-BE'RITH (xdoX of the covenant), Judg. viii, 33. 

! AA-LIM, plural of Ba'al. 

BA'A-LIS (rejoicing). King of the Ammonites at the time of the 
destruction of Jerusalem, Jer. xl, 14. 

BA'A-NA (in affliction), i. Sonof Alihud, commissary to Solomon. 
2. Father of Zadok, assistant of Nehemiah, Neh. iii, 4. 

BAA-NAH. I. Son of Rimmon and co-murderer of Ishbosheth, 
2 Sam. iv, 2-9. 2. Father of Heled, one of David's mighty men, 
2 Sam. xxiii, 29. 3. See Baana. 4. A returned Jew, Ezra ii, 2. 

BA'A-RA (a flame), A wife of Shaharaim, descendant of Benjamin, 
I Chron. viii, 8. 

BA'A-SE'IAH (ya) (making or pressing together), A Levite and 
forefather of Asaph, i Chron. vi, 40. 

BA'A-SHA (he that seeks). Third King of Israel, b. c, 953-931. 
Conspirator against and murderer of Nadab, i Kings xv. 2710 xvi, 2. 

BA'BEL or BAB Y-LON (confusion). Capital city of Shinar or 
Chaldea. The tower of Babel (Gen xi, 4, 5) is regarded as the 
primitive site of the city. Babylon lay on both sides the Euphrates. 
Was the grandest and most populous city of early history. The 
kingdom was begun by Nimrod, Gen. x, 6-10. It fell under Per- 
sian influence, b. c. 555, and in the manner described by Jer. Ii, 
31 ; Isa. xxi, i-o ; Dan. v, 30. Babylon in Rev. xiv, 8 represents 
Rome, as an element antagonistic to the Jews. See Ills. Nos. 

BAB Y-LO'NISH GAR-MENT (Robe ofShinar), A richly em- 
broidered fur robe worn in Babylon, Josh, vii, 21 ; Gen. xxv, 25. 

BA'CA (a mulberry tree), A valley in Palestine, now identified with 
Gehenna, below Mt. Zion, Pa. Ixxxiv, 6. Compare Becai^,.2.Sa^ 



BAN 31 

BAC'CHI-DES, A noted Syrian general and governor of Mesopo- 
tamia under Antiochus Epiphanes, i Mace, vii, 8, 

BAC-CHU'RUS, One of the "holy singers," i Esdr. ix, 24. 

BACCHUS. [Dionysus.] 

BAC-CE'NOR, A captain of horse in army of Judas Maccabeus, 
2 Mace, xii, 35 

BACH'RITES, The family of Becher, Num. xxvi, 35. 

BADG'ER (Latm, blada, corn, because the animal carried away 
his winter store of corn from the fields of the peasants), An animal 
of the bear species, not found in Palestine. Hence in Ex. xxv, 
5 ; xxvi, 14, etc., some other than '* badger-skin " should be im- 
plied, perhaps the prepared skin of the seal or dolphin. 

BAG, The Hebrew words translated **bag" imply our notion of 
reticules, sacks or bags, and coffers or little chests as well. In 
former sense read 2 Kings v, 23. In latter read John xii, 6 ; xiii, 29. 

BA-GO'AS (eunuch). An attendant of Holofernes, Jud. xii, 11-15. 

BA-HU'RIM (choice, warlike), A village on the road from Jordan, 
to Jerusalem, residence of Shimei,2 Sam. xvi, 5; 2 Sam. iii, 16. 

BA^JITH (house). Refers to temple of the false gods of Moab as 
opposed to the " high places " in Isa. xv, 2. 

BAK-BAK'KAR, Descendant of Asaph, i Chron. ix, 15. 

BAK'BUK, "Children of Bakbuk" were among the restored Jews, 
Ezra ii, 51, 

BAK'BUK-I'AH, A Levite porter, Neh. xi, 17 ; xii, 25. 

BA'LAAM (ba'lam) (the ancient of the people), A Midianite pro- 
phet and man of authority, resident at Pethor. Siding with his 
peoplq he was slain in battle by the Hebrews. Though a heathen 
he seems to have been possessed of a knowledge of God, Num. 
xxi to xxv, and xxxi. 

BA'LAC (who destroys). [Balak.] 

BAL'A-DAN (one without judgment). [Merodach-Baladan.] 

BA'LAK, The Moabite king who conspired with Midian against 
Israel, and attempted to bribe Balaam, Num. xxii, xxiv ; Josh, 
xxiv, 9. 

BALD'NESS, A mark of misery, Isa.xv, 2.' Disqualification for 
the priesthood. Lev. xxi, 23. Conclusion of a Nazarite's vow, 

• Acts xviii, 18. Sign of mourning, Num. vi, 9. 
^^BALM (balsam). The " Balm of Gilead" was a plant of the terebin- 
thine family, whose leaves yielded, when crushed, a strong aro- 
matic odor, and from which were obtained the resin or balm of 
application, valued as an unguent and cosmetic. Gen. xliii, 11 ; 
Ezek. xxvii 17. 

BAL-THA'SAR, Bar. i, 11, 12. [Belshazzar.] 
'BA'MAH (an eminence), A word interpreted figuratively, Ezek. 
XX, 29. 

"BA'MOTH-BA'AL, A sanctuary of Baal in Moab, Josh, xiii, 17. 

' Same as Bamoth, Num. xxi, 19*, and Isa. xv, 2. 

BA'NI. I. One of David's captains, 2 Sam. xxiii, 36. 2. A 
forefather of Ethan, i Chron. vi, 46. 3. A man of Judah, i Chr. 
ix, 4. -4. Father of a returned famrly of Jews, Ezra ii, 10. 

BAN'QUET (a sitting). Means of social enjoyment among the He- 
brews, and part of the observance of religious festivity. The pos- 
ture was a sitting one. Gen. xxi, 8; xl, 20; Prov. ix, 2 ; Isa. 
xxviii, 1. 



32 BAS 

BAR'LEY, A well-known cereal much grown in Palestine for food, 
and frequently mentioned in the Bible, The barley harvest (Ruth 
i, 22; ii, 23; 2 Sam xxi, 9, 10) took place in March, April, and 
May, always preceding the wheat harvest. Barley bread was the 
poor man's bread, and held in low repute by the wealthy. 

BAP'TISM (dipping or bathing), The initiatory rite of the Christian 
Church, superseding circumcision, which was the initial rite of Ju- 
daism, Matt, xxviii, 19. 

BA-RABBAS ''sonof shame), A robber an^riu|^rer of Jerusalem, 
in jail at the date of the crucifixion, Mar1?^|i^'; Luke xxiii, 19. 

BAR'A-CHEL (that bows before God), father of Elihu, Job 
xxxii, 2-6. 

BAR-A-CHI'AS, Matt, xxiii, 35. [Zacharias.] 

BA'Rx\K (thunder), A Hebrew chieftain, induced by the prophetess 
Deborah to rescue Israel from the yoke of Jabin, which he did at 
Jezreel, Judg. iv, 16. 

BAR-BA'RI-AN, One not a Greek. One speaking an unknown 
tongue, I Cor. xiv, 11 ; Acts xxviii, 2-4. 

BA-RFAH, Son of Shimaiah, of the royal line of Judah, 1 Chron. 
iii, 22, 

BAR-JE'SUS (son of Jesus). [Elymas.] 

BAR-JO'NA (son of Jonah). [Peter.] 

BAR'KOS, "Children of Barkos " were among the restored He- 
brews, Ezra ii, 53. 

BAR'NA-BAS (son of prophecy), A name applied by the early 
apostles to Joseph or Joses of Cyprus, a co-worker with Paul, 
Acts iv, 36; ix, 27; xi, 19-26; xiii and xiv. 

BA-RO'DIS, A servant of Solomon, i Esdr. v, 34. 

BAR'SA-BAS (son of return). [Joseph, and Judas Barsabas.] 

BAR'TA-CUS, One of King Darius' retinue, i Esdr. iv, 29. 

BAR-THOL'O-MEW (;son that suspends the waters), One of the 
twelve apostles. Probably identical with Nathanael in John i, 45. 
Assigned to India where he was flayed alive, Matt, x, 3; Acts 

i, 13- 

BAR-TI-ME'US (son of the honorable), A blind beggar of Jericho, 
Mark x, 46, etc. 

BA'RUCH (who is blessed), i. Friend and amanuensis of Jeremiah, 
Jer. XXX vi, 4-32. Accused of favoring the Chaldaeans he and 
Jeremiah were imprisoned in Jerusalem, Jer. xliii, 3. 2. An assis- 
tant of Nehemiah in rebuilding Jerusalem, Neh. iii, 20. 3. One of 
a family of priests, Neh. x, 6. 4. A son of Perez, Neh. xi, 5. 

BA'RUCH, Book of. An apocryphal book, written probably as late 
as B. c. 160, and in the changed H«brevv of the times. Giving it 
the title of Jeremiah's amanuensis was but an attempt to establish 
its authenticity, 

BAR-ZIL'LA-I (son of contempt), i. A wealthy Gileadite who 
sheltered David, and was afterwards offered preferments at Court, 
2 Sam. xvii, 27 ; xix, 32-39. 2. Son-in-law of Saul, 2 Sam. xxi, 8. 

BAS'CA-MA, The place in Gilead where Jonathan Maccabeus was 
killed, T Mace, xiii, 23. 

BA'SHAN (in the tooth, ivory), A large country east of Jordan, 
whose king, Og, was conquered by the Israelites, Num. xxi, 33- 
35. It was assigned to the half tribe of Manasseh, Josh, xiii, 29-31. 



BEC 33 

BA'SHAN-HA'VOTH-JA'IR, Name of the province of Argob in 

Bashan after it was conquered by Jair, Deut. iii, 14. The name 

implies *' Jair's villages of Bashan." 
BASH'E-MATH (perfumed). Daughter of Ishsiael and wife of 

Esau, Gen. xxxvi, 3-13. Called Mahalath in Gen. xxviii, 9. 
BA'SIN (water vessel;. One of the smaller vessels of the Tabernacle. 

Sse Ills. No. 328. 
BAS'KET (netM'ork), Was made of twigs as at present, and used 

largely among the Jews for various purposes, Gen. xl. 16; Jer. 

xxiv, I, 2; Matt, xiv, 20. See Ills. Nos. 311-313. 
BAS'MATH, A daughter of King Solomon, i Kings iv, 15. 
BAS'TARD, Child of a forbidden marriage, and not as now, born 

out of wedlock, Deut. xxiii, 2. 
BAT (night bird). Our bat is meant in Lev. xi, 19 ; Deut. xiv, 18 ; 

Isa. ii, 20. 
BATH, BATHING, Part of the Jewish ritual of purification and 

a common sanitary precaution. Lev. xv ; xvi, 28 ; 2 Sam. xi, 2 ; 

Susan. 17. 
BATH-RAB'BIM, A gate of ancient Heshbon, Cant. vii. 4. 
BATH-SHE'BA (the seventh daughter). Wife and widow of Uriah, 

and after his death wife of King David and mother of Solomon. 

Called Bathshua in i Chron. iii, 5; 2 Sam. xi, 3, etc. 
BATH-SHU'A. [Bathsheba.] 
BATH-ZACH-A-RI'AS, A camping town of Judas Maccabeus, 

I Mace, v, 32, 33. 
BAV'A-I, An officer under Nehemiah, Neh. iii, 18. 
BAY-TREE (berry tree). Our laurel. Not indigenous in Palestine, 

and therefore some other is meant in Ps. xxxvii, 35, where the 

word translated " bay," is " native." 
BAZ'LITH, Returned Israelites, Neh. vii, 54. 
BDEL'LI-UM, Is a gum, much like glue, and very fragrant, used as 

a perfume and medicine. This description hardly applies to Gen. 

ii, 12, where a precious stone seems to be meant. 
BE-A-LI'AH (god of an idol). An adherent of David at Ziklag, 

1 Chron. xii, 5. 

BE'A-LOTH (cast under), A boundary town between Judah and 

Dan, Josh, xv, 24. 
BE'AN, The children of Bean constituted a Bedouin tribe destroyed 

by Judas Maccabeus, i Mace, v, 4. 
BEANS, Largely cultivated in Palestine and the East generally, 

2 Sam. xvii, 28; Ezek. iv, 9. 

BEAR, Found in Syria and the mo«ntains of Lebanon. Attributes 
indicated in 2 Sam. xvii, 8; Prov. xvii, 12. Also the historical 
fact that when pressed for food they forced their way far to the 
south, in 2 Kings ii, 24. See Ills. No. 429. 

BEARD, Inhabitants of Western Asia regarded the beard as a sign 
of manhood. The Egyptians shaved both head and face. Plucked 
out as a sign of mourning, Isa. 1, 6. Neglected in seasoi^ of afflic- 
tion, 2 Sam. xix, 24 ; object of grave insult, 2 Sam. x, 4 ; removed 
in case of leprosy. Lev. xiv, 9. See Ills. No. 325. 

BEB'A-I (void). Head of a large family of returned Jews, Ezra ii, 
II ; viii, II. 

BE'CHER (first-begotten). Second son of Benjamin, Gen. xlvi, 21. 



34 . BEK .^ ■ .. 

The Becher and Bacharites of Num. xxvi, 35, descendants of 
Ephraim are supposed to represent the Benjamite Becher on tke 
female side, Num. xxvi, 52-56. 

BECH-O'RATH (first-fruits). Grandson of Becher, i Sam. ix, i. 

BEC'Tl-LETH, A plain between Nineveh and CiHcia, Jud. ii,2i. 

BE'DAD (alone). Father of Hadad, king of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 35. 

BE'DAN (according to Judgment), i. A judge of Israel, probably 
identical with Jair, i Sam. xii, 11. 2, Son of Ulam, i Chron. 
vii, 17. 

BE-DE lAH (ya). One of Bani's sons, Ezra x, 35. 

BEE, Palestine abounded in bees, Deut. i, 44 ; Judg! xiv, 8 ; though 
the geilus differed from that found in this country at present. The 
practice of swarming them with whistling sounds is referred to in 
Isa. vii, 18. 

BE'EL-I'A-DA (an open idol). One of David's sons, 1 Chron. xiv, 
7. Eliada in the lists of Samuel, ; • 

BE'EL-TETH'MUS, An officer of Artaxefxes, residing in Pales- 
tine, I Esdr. ii, 16. 

BE-EL'ZE-BUB, properly BE-EL'ZE-BUL, The New Testament 
form of Baalzebub, the " fly god," or in the Jewish mind, " sove- 
reign of evil spirits." But as the correct termination, Zcbul, calls 
for a different etymology, it has been associated with Zebul, habi- 
tation, thus making the god a "prince of the power of the air," or 
the lower world. His mention is frequently in connection with 
demoniacal possession. Matt, x, 25 ; Luke xi, 15. 

BE'ER Ca well), A halting place of the Israelites, Num. xxi, 16-1.8, 
Probably the Beer-Elim, 'Svell of Elim," in Isa. xv, 8. 2. The 
place to which Jotham fled from Abimelech, Judg. ix, 21. 

BE-E'RA (a well). Son of Zophar, i Chron. vii, 37. 

BE-E'RAH, A Reiibenite prince, i Chron. v, 6. 

BE'ER-E'LIM (well of Ehm), On the southof Moab. [Beer.] 

BE-E'RI (my well), i. One of Esau's wives. Gen. xxvi, 34. 2. 
Father of the prophet Hosea, Hos. i, i. 

BE'ER-LA-H AI'ROI (the well <:)f him that liveth and seeth me). A 
woU in the south country between Kadesh and Bercd, so-named 
by Hagar, Gen. xxiv, 62. 

BE-E'ROTH (wells), i. A city of the Hivites, afterwards given to 
Benjamin, Josh, ix, 17; xviii, 25. 2. A halting place of the 
Israelites in the Desert, Deut. x, 6. 

BE'ER-SHE'BA (well of an oath, or seventh well). One of the old- 
est places in the southern part of Palestine. Spot still identified as 
Bir cs Seba, well of the Lion or seven. The well was dug by 
Abraham, and his compact with Abimelech celebrated there with 
art oath ratified by the gift of seven ewe lambs. Hence the name. 
Gen, xxi, 31-33. 

BE-ESH'TE-RAH, A city of Manasseh, beyond Jordan, and one 
of tw^given to the sons of Gershom, Josh, xxi, 27. Probably 
identical with Ashtaroth, i Chron. vi, 71. 

BE'HE-MOTH (beasts). From the poet's description he, doubtless, 
had the hippopotamus in mind, and Behemoth would be properly 
so rendered, Job xl, 15-24. See Ills. Nos. 100, 443. 

BE'KAH, Haifa shekel. The annual contribution of a Jew to the 
support of the Temple. Its value was about twenty six and a half 
cents of our currency. See Ills. No. 483. 



BEN 35 

BEL. [Baal.] 

BE'LA (destroying), i. A city of the Plain, saved by intercession 
of Lot, and afterwards called Zoar, Gen. xiv, 2. 2. A king of 
Edom at time of Exode, Gen. xxxvi, 31. 3. Eldest son of Benja- 
min, Num. xxvi, 38. Written Belah. 4. Son of Ahaz, i Chron. 
v,8. 

BE'LLAL (wicked), A common noun made the type of lust and 
lawlessness, Deut. xv, 9 ; Judg. xix, 22, and elsewhere. In New 
Testament an appellative of Satan, 2 Cor. vi, 15. 

BEL'LOWS (a bag which swells), Probably did not differ from our 
idea of same, though the blow-pipe was commonly used, Jer. vi, 
29, See Ills, No. 232. 

BELLS (A. S. bella^i, to bellow). Were of gold, as in Ex. xxviii, 
33* 34- Used as ornaments, Zech, xiv, 20. [Anklet.] 

BEL'MA-IM, A town of Samaria, between Jericho and Beth-horon, 
Jud. iv, 4. 

BEL'MEN. [Belmaim.] 

BEL-SHAZ'ZAR (master of the treasure). The last King of Baby- 

"^ Ion, ruling jointly with his father at the time of his capture and 
death at the hands of Cyrus, about b. c. 538, Dan. v. 

BEL'TE-SHAZ'ZAR (who lays up treasure in secret), The name 
given to Daniel by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, Dan. i, 'j: 

BEN (a son), A Levite appointed by David as one of the porters to 
carry the Ark, i Chron. xv, 18. 

jBE-NATAH (ya) (son of the Lord). 1. Son of Jehoiada, the chief 

X priest, I Chron, xxvii, 5; captain in the body-guard of David, 
2 Sam. viii. 18; and commander-in-chief of Solomon's army, 
I Kings ii, 35, etc. 2. One of David's thirty mighty men, i Chron. 

.. xi, 31 ; and captain of the eleventh monthly course, i Chron. 
xxvii, 14. 3. A priest and trumpeter in time of David, i Chron. 

. XY, 24" 4. A Levite and player in time of David, 1 Chron. xv, 
18-20, 5. A Levite, -2 Chron. xx, 14. 6. 2 Chron. xxxi, 13. 7. 

.V- 1 Chron. iv, 36. 8. Ezra x, 25. 9. Ezek. xi, 13. 

3BEN-AM'MI (son of my people), Son of younger daughter of Lot 
and progenitor of the Ammonites, Gen. xix, 38. 

BEN'E-BE'RAK (sons of lightning), A city in the tribe of Dan. 
The sons of Berak are supposed to have been primitive settlers 

• driven out by the Hebrews, Josh, xix, 45. 

"BEN^'E-JA'A-KAN (sons of sorrow), A desert tribe who gave their 
name to the wells of Beeroth, Num. xxxiii, 31, 32. 

BEN-E.KE;DEM (children of the East), In the English version 

. this word is usually translated children or people of the East, and, 
doubtless, originally referred to the inhabitants of the desert. 

BEN-HA'DAD (son of Hadad, or noise), i. King of Syria, capi- 
tal at Damascus, b. c. 950. Ally of Judah and enemy of Israel, 

, I Kings xx, 34, etc. 2. Son of former, Benhadad II. Warred 

! with Israel. Murdered, it is thought, by his own servants, 2 Kings 

viii, 15. Time B. c, 890. 3, Benhadad III, son and successor 

of Hazael on Syrian throne. Defeated by Joash, 2 Kings xiii, 

17, etc. Time b, c, 840. 

BEN-HATL (son of strength), A prince and teacher in Judah, 

' 2 Chron. xvii 7. 

BEN'HA'NAN (son of grace), So^ of Shimon, 1 Chron. iv^ 20. 



36 BER 

BEN'I-NU, A Levite who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah, 
Neh. X, 13. . . , 

BEN'JA-MIN (son of the right hand). The youngest of the thirteen 
of Jacob's children. Rachel died in giving him birth on the road 
from Bethel to Bethlehem, naming him Benoni" sonof mysorrow." 
This was afterwards changed by Jacob to Benjamin, ** son of the 
right hand," /. e. dexterous, but in Samaritan, " son of my old 
age," Gen. xxxv, 16-18. To the tribe of Benjamin was assigned 
the country bounded east by Jordan, west by the woods of Kirjath- 

. jearim, north by Bethel, and south by the valley of Hinnom. See 
Judg. xx,xxi, for the awful visitation upon the tribe. 2. Head of a 
family of warriors, i Chron. vii, 10. 3. A Jew mentioned in Ezra 
x, 32. 

BE'NO (his son), 1 Chron, xxiv, 26, 27. 

BEN-O'NI (son of my sorrow)j Gen. xxxv, 18. [Benjamin.] 

BEN-ZO'HETH (son of separation), i Chron. iv, 20. 

BE'ON (in affliction), Probably a contraction of Baal-meon, east of 
Jordan, Num. xxxii, 3. 

BE'QR (burning, foolish), i. Father of Bela, an early king of 
Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 32. 2. Father of Baalam, Num. xxii, 5; 
xxiv, 3; xxxi, 8. Called Bosor in New Testament. 

BE'RA (a well, declaring). King of Sodom when invaded by Che- 
dorlaomer. Gen. xiv, 2-21. 

BER'A-CHAH (blessing). An adherent of David at Ziklag, i Chron. 
xii, 3. The valley of this name was the spot where Jehoshaphat 
and his people assembled to "bless" Jehovah after his victory 
over the Moabites, 2 Chron. xx. 26. 

BER-A-CHTAH. [Berechiah.J 

BER-A-1'AH (choosing of the Lord), A chief of Benjamin, i Chron. 
viii, 21. 

BE'RE-A, A place in Judea, apparently not far from Jeruarvlem, 
I ]Macc. ix, 4. . 

BE-RE'A (heavy), i. A city of Macedonia to which Paul withdrew 
from the persecutions in 1 hessalonica, and Avhence he started for 
Athens, Acts xvii, 10-15. 2. A Syrian city, now Aleppo, 2 Mace, 
xiii, 4. 

BER'E-CHFAH (speaking well of the Lord), Different Bible per- 
sonages bore this name, mentioned respectively in i Chron. lii, 
20; Neh. iii, 4, 30; i Chron. ix, 16; xv, 17, 23; 2 Chron. xxviif, 
12 ; Zech. i, i, 7. 

BE RED (hail), i. A place in south of Palestine, Gen. xvi, 14. 
2. Descendant of Ephraim; probably Becher, i Chron. vii, 20; 
Num. xxvi, 35. 

BER-E-NLCE. [Bernice.] 

BE'RI (my son, my corn), i Chron. vii, 36. 

BE-RI'AH (fellowship, envy or evil), i. Son of Asher and pro- 
genitor of the Beriites, Gen. xlvi, 17; Num. xxvi, 44, 45. 2. Son 
of Ephraim, so called because evil had come upon his hOuse, 
I Chron. vii, 20-23. 3- A Benjamite, who with his brother drovo 
out the inhabitants of Gath, i Chron. viii, 13. 4. A Levite, 
I Chron. xxiii, 10, 11. . 

BE'RITES, A people in the north of Palestine visited by Joab m 
his pursuit of Sheba, 2 Sam. xx, 14.. . 



BET 57 

BE'RITH (covenant), The same as Baal-berith, Judg. ix, 46. 
BER-NI'CE (one that brings victory). Eldest daughter of Herod 

Agrippa I, Acts xii, i, etc. Married her uncle, Herod of Chalcis, 

and after his death became the mistress of Agrippa II and Vespa- 
sian, Acts XXV, 13 ; xxvi, 30. 
BE-RODACH-BAL'A-DAN, 2 Kings xx, 12. [Merodach- 

Baladan.] 
BE-RO THAH (of a well), A boundary town on the north of Piales- 

tine, Ezek. xlvii, 16. 
BER'O-TfiAI (wells, a cypress), A city of Zobah taken by David. 

Probably same as Berothah, 2 Sam. viii, 8. 
BER'YL (crystal), A bluish green crystal of great hardness and 
- beauty. It is hardly probable that the Hebrew word tarsAisk, 

rendered beryl in Ex. xxviii, 20 ; xxxix, 13 is rightly translated. 

In Cant, v, 14, the yellow topaz was doubtless meant. 
BE'SAI (dirty), His children were Jews restored with Zerubbabel, 

Ezra ii, 49 ; Neh. vii, 52 
BES-O-DEIAH (ya) (counsel of the Lord), An architect of the 

walls of Jerusalem, Neh. iii, 6. 
BE'SOR (glad news), A torrent bed or wady in the south of Judah, 

1 Sam. XXX, 9-21. 

pE'TAH (confidence), A city of Zobah captured by David, 2 Sam. 
. viii, 8. Written with inverted letters Tibhathin i Chron.xviii, 8. 

Perhaps Tebach, Gen. xxii, 24. 
BET'A-NE, A place south of Jerusalem and close to the Terebinth 

of Abraham, Jud. i, 9. 
BE'TEN (^bellyj, A city on the border of Asher, Josh, xix, 25. 
BETH (house), Very frequently used in combination, as Beth-eked, 

"shearing-house," 2 Kings x, 12 ; Beth-haggan, '"garden-house," 

2 Kings ix, 27; and below. See Ills, Nos. 133, 134, 139, 141, 144, 
146. 

BETH-AB'A-RA (house of confidence), A place beyond or on the 
Jordan, where John was baptizing at the time he baptized Christ. 
Probably identical with Bethbarah, the ford of Jordan. By some 
considered same as Beth-nimrah and Bethany, John i,28. ^^■^Ills. 

_ Nos. 3, 4. 

BETH-A'NATH (house of affliction), One of the fenced cities of 
NaphtaU from which tha Canaanites were not expelled, Judg. 

i, 33- 
BETH-A'NOTH, A town in the mountains of Judah, Josh, xv, 59. 
BETH'A-NY (house of song, or affliction), A village of Palestine, 

on the slope of Olivet, about four miles from Jerusalem, now called 

Lazarieh, " village of Lazarus," Mark xi, i ; Luke xix, 29. See 

Ills. No. 15. 
BETH-AR'A-BAH (house of sweet smell), One of the six cities of 

Judah situate in the valley of the; Jordan and Dead Sea, Josh, xv, 

61. Mentioned in lists of Benjamin, xviii, 22. 
BETH-A'RAM, properly BETH-HA^RAxM (house of height), A 

town of Gad east of Jordan, Josh, xiii, 27 ; Num. xxxii, 36. 
BETH-AR'BEL, By some identified with Arbela in Galilee, Hos. 

X, 14. 
BETH-A'VEN (house of vanity, or trouble), A place east of Bethel 

in the mountains of Benjamin, Josh, vii, 2 ; i Sam. xiii, 5. 



38 



BET 



BETH-AZ'MA-VETH (house of death's strength), A town of 
Benjamin, called also Azmaveth and Beth-samos, Neh. vii, 28. 

BETH-BAAL-ME'ON (idol of the house), A place in the confines 
of Reuben, east of Jordan, Josh, xiii, 17. Called Beon in Num. 
xxxii, 3 ; and Baal-meon in verse 38. 

BETH-BA'RAH (chosen, house), Probably same spot as Beth- 
abara, Judg. vii, 24. 

BETH-BA SI, A town of the Jordan valley, not far from Jericho, 
I Mace, ix, 62-64. 

BETH-BIR E-I (house of my Creator, or health), A town in the 
extreme south of Simeon, i Chron. iv, 31. Compare Beth-lebaoth, 
Josh. xix. 

BETH'CAR (house of the lamb), A place where the Israelitish pur- 
suit of the Philistines ended, i Sam. vii, 11. 

BETH-DA GON (house of a fish), A town of Judah close to Phi- 
listia. Josh, xv, 14. Also a coast-town belonging to Asher, but 
probably colonized by Philistines, Josh, xix, 27. 

BETH-DIB'LA-THA'IM (house of dry figs), A town of Moab, 
Jer. xlviii, 22. [Almon-Diblathaim.] 

BETH EL (house of God). 1. A city and holy place of central Pales- 
tine, twelve miles north of Jerusalem. Two accounts of name in Gen, 
xxviii, 19 ; xxxv, 14, 15. But consult Gen. xii, 8. Ephraim took it as 
Bethel, Judg. i, 22-26. Israelites went up to Bethel to ask coun- 
sel of God, Judg. XX, 18, 26, 31. The ark was there, Judg. xx, 
26, 28. A holy city, i Sam. vii, 16. 2. A t"bwn in the south of 
Judah, Josh, xii, 6; i Sam. xxx, 27; appears elsewhere as Chesil, 
Bethul, and Bethuel. 

BETH-E'MEK (house of deepness), A place on the border of 
Asher, Josh, xix, 27, 

BE THER (division), Figurative mountains, Cant, ii, 17. 

BETH-ES'DA (house of mercy), A pool with five porches for the 
reception of patients, close by the sheep-gate or market in Jerusa- 
lem, John v, 2. See Ills. Nos. 79, 80. 

BETH-E'ZEL (neighbor's house). Probably a place in Philistia, 
Mic. i, II. 

BETH-GA'DER (house for a mouse). Doubtful whether place 
or person, i Chron. ii, 51. Compare Geder, Josh, xii, 13. 

BETH-GA'MUL (house of recompense, or cam«l), A town of 
Moab, in the plain east of Jordan, Jer. xlviii, 23. 

BETH-HAC'CE-REM (house of the vineyard;, A beacon station 
near Tekoa, Jer. vi, i ; Neh. iii, 14. 

BETH-HA'RAN (house of grace), A fenced city east of Jordan, 
built by the Gadites, Num. xxxii, 36. Same as Beth-aram. Josh, 
xiii, 27. 

BETH-HOG'LA and HOG'LAH, Aspoton the line bctv^^een JudaH 
and Benjamin, and between Jericho and Jordan, Josh, xv, 6 ; 
xviii, 19. 

BETH-HO'RON (house of wrath), A town of Benjamin divided 
into upper and nether, on the road from Gibeon to Philistia, Josh. 
XVI, 3; I Chron. vii, 24; often fortified, i Kings ix, 17. 

BETH-JESHT-MOTH and JES'I-MOTH, A Moabite town, east 
of Jordan, and at the lower end of the valley. Josh, xii, 3 ; Ezek^ 

XXV, 9. 



BET 39 

BETH-LEB'A-OTH (house of lionesses). Josh, xix, 6. [Beth- 

BIRSI.] 

BETH'LE-HEM (house of bread), i. A town of Palestine, six 
miles south of Jerusalem. Early called Ephrath and Jj^phrata, 
Gen. XXXV, 16-19, J'^sh. xv, 59. Both Ephrata and Dethbhem in 
Ruth and Samuel. Bethlehem-Judah in Josh, xvii, 7. The birth- 
place of David and Christ, Matt, ii, 1-5 ; Luke ii, 4. See Ills. 
No. I. 2, A town in Zebulon, Josh, xix, 15. 

BETH-LO'MON, i Esdr. v, 17. [Bethlehem.] 

BETH-MA'A-CHAH, Probably a petty kingdom north of Pales- 
tine, but doubtful, 2 Sam. xx, 14, 15. 

BETH-MAR'CA-BOTH (house of chariots), A town in the south 
of Judah, Josh, xix, 5; i Chron. iv, 31. Madmannah in Josh. 
XV, 30, 31. 

BETH-ME'ON" (house of the dwelling-place). Contracted from 
Bith-baal-meon. 

BETH-NIM RAH (house of rebellion), A fenced city of Gad, east 
of Jordan, Num. xxxii, 3, 36. 

BETH-PA'LET (house of expulsion), A town in the extreme south 
of Judah, Josh, xv, 27. Beth-phelet in Neh. xi, 26. 

BETH-PAZ'ZEZ (house of division). An obscure town of Issachar, 
Josh, xix, 21. 

BETH-PE OR (house of gaping or opening), A spot east of Jordan, 

• opposite Jericho, dedicated to the god 13aal-peor, Jash. xiii, 20; 
Deut. iii, 29 ; iv, 46. 

BETH'PHA-GE fhouse of my mouth), A place on the slope of 
Olivet close to Bethany, Matt, xxi, i ; Luke xix, 29. 

BETH-PHE'LET, Neh. xi, 26. [Beth-palet.] 

BETH-RA'PHA (house of health), Son ofEshton, i Chron. iv, 12. 

BETH-RE'HOB, a petty kingdom of Aram or Syria, 2 Sam. x, 6. 
Rehob in verse 8. 

BETH-SAI-DA (house of fruits), A city of Galilee (John xii, 21) 
and Gennesareth, ]\Iark vi, 45. Situated on both banks of the 

. Jordan just before it enters the sea of Gallilee or Lake Gennesareth. 
It was the birth-place of Andrew, Peter, and Philip, and the scene 
of the miracle of the loaves and fishes, Luke ix, 10-17. ^^^ V\s. 
No. 12. 

BETH-SA'MOS, i Esdr. v, 18. [Beth-azma\^th.] 

BETH'SAN, I Mace, v, 52. [Beth-she.\n.] 

BETH'SHAN, i Sam. xxxi, 10-12. Beth-shean.] 

BETH-SHE'AN (house of ivory), A town in Issachar but a few 
miles west from the Jordan, Josh, xvii, 11. It was held by the 
Canaanites, Judg. i, 27. A commissary district of Solomon, 
I Kings iv, 12. Called Scythopalis in Medieval times. 

BETH-SHE'MESH (house of the sun), i. A boundarj' town of 
Judah close to Kirjath-jearim, allotted to the priests, Josh', xv, 
10 ; xxi, 16. Now called Ain-shems. 2. A city on the border of 
Issachar, Josh, xix, 22. 3. A fenced city of Naphtali, Josh, xix, 
38 ; Judg. i, 33. 4,. A place of idolatrous worship in Egypt, pro- 
bably Heliopolis, called Ain-Shems by the Arabs in middle ages, 
Jer. xliii, 13. 

BETH-SHIT'TAH, The Midianites were pursued by Gideon to 
this place (not located), Judg. vii, 22. 



4P BIL 

-BETH-SU'RA, i Mace, iv, 29, 61, etc. [Beth-zur] ' 'I" 'T-T 

BETH-TAP'PU-AH, A mountain-town of Judah, Josh, xv, 53 ; 

: now Teffuh, 5 miles west of Hebron. - 

BE-THJ EL (filiation of God). i. Son of Nahor, nephew of 
Abraham, and father of Rebskah, called " the Syrian," Gen. 
xxii, 22-23; xxviii, 5. 2. [Bethul.] • 

BE'THUL (house of God), A town of Simeon^ Josh, xJx, 4, Ap- 
pears as Chesil and Bethuel in Josh, xv, 30; i Chron. iv, 29. 

BE-THU'LI-A, Only in Judith and the scene of her exploits. Neat 
to Dothaim (iv, 6), and overlooked the plain of Esdraelon, vr, 
11-14. 

BETH-ZUR (house of a rock), A town of Judah (josh, xv, s^% 
founded by Maon, and fortified by Rehoboam, 2 Chron. xi, 7. 
Now Beit-zur. It commanded the southern approach to Jeru- 
salem. 

BE-TO'LI-US, I Esdr. v, 21. [Bethel.1 

BET'O-MAS THEM and BET'O-MES'THEM, A "town over 
against Esdraelon," Jud. iv, 6. 

BErO-NIM (bellies), A town on the north border of Gad^ JosJf. 
xiii, 26. . 

BEU'LAH (married), The land of Israel when married, Isa.lxii, 4. 

BE ZAI (eggs;, A family of returned Israelites, Ezra ii, 17; N^h. 
vii, 23. 

BE-ZAL'E-EL (hi the shadow of God). 1. The designer of tho 
metal, wood, and stoneworks of the Tabernacle in the wilderness^ 
Ex. xxxi, 1-6. 2. A Jew who had taken a foreign wife, Ezra x. 
30. Sesthel in i Esdras. 

BE'ZEK (lightning), i. Residence of the ** lord of Bezek " in the 
lot of Judah. 2. A place somewhere in Gilead, probably near the 
Jordan, i Sam. xi, 8. 

BE'ZER (vine branches), i. A city of Reuben, and a refuge-town 
east of Jordan, Deut. iv, 43; Josh, xx, 8. 2. One of the heads 
of the tribe of Asher, i Chron. vii, 37. 

BE ZETH, An encampment of the Bacchides after leaving Jerusa- 
lem, probably on Mount of Olives, i Mace, vii, 19. 

BI BLE (the book), A term applied not farther back than the 5th 
century to the collection of biblia or books which constitute the 
Old and New Testaments, and ever after maintained. 

BICH'RI (first-born). Ancestor of Sheba, 2 Sam. xx, i; 

BID'KAR tin pain), One of Jehu's captains, 2 Kings ix, 1^. 

filG'THA, BIG'THAN, and BIG'THA-NA (in the press), A 
eunuch or chamberlain in the court of Ahasuerus, and conspirator 
against his life, Esth. i, 10; ii, 21. 

BIG'VA-I (in my body), " Children of Bigvai " returned with 
Zeruljbabel, Ezra ii, 14 ; and doubtless the captain or pilot of 
Neh. vii, 7. 

BIK'ATH-A'VEN, Amos i, 5. [Aven.] 

BIL'DAD (old friendship). The Shuhite friend of Job, Job ii, 11. 

bIL'E-AM (the ancient of the people), A town of Manasseh given 
to the Kohathites, i Chron. vi, 70. 

BIL'GAH (ancient countenance), i. A priest in David's time^ 
head of the 15th course, i Chron. xxiv, 14. 2. A priest who re- 
turned with Zerubbabel, written Bilgai in Neh. x, 8. 



BLA 41 

BIL'HAH (who is old), i. Concubine of Jacob and mother of Dan 
and Naphtali, Gen. xxx, 3-8; i Chron. vii, 13. 2. A town of 
Simeon, called also Baalah and Balah, i Chron. iv, 29. 

BIL'HAN (who is confused), i. A Horite chief dwelling in Mt. 
Seir, Gen. xxxvi, 27. 2. A Benjanute descendant of Bela, i Chron. 
vii, 10. 

BIL'SHAN (in the tongue), A returning companion of Zerubbabel, 
Ezra ii, 2. 

BIM'HAL, A son of Japhlet of Asher, i Chron. vii, 33. 

BIN'E-A (son of the Lord), A descendant of Saul, 1 Chron. viii, 37. 

BIN-MI'I (building), Quite a common Jewish n^me after the return, 
Ezra viii, 33 ; x, 30, 38 ; Neh. vii, 15 ; x, 9. 

BIR'SHA (an evil), A king of Gomorrha, Gen. xiv, 2. 

BIRTH'RIGHT, The Jewish primogeniture embraced a double 
portion to the eldest (Deut. xxi, 15-17) and succession to the 
crown (2 Chron. xxi, 3), though Adonijah was set aside for Solo- 
mon. 

BIR'ZA-VITH, A name of doubtful import, i Chron. vii, 31. 

BISH^LAM (in peace). An officer of Artaxerxes in Palestine at the 
time of the return, Ezra iv, 7. 

BISH'OP (Greek, ^//j-4£»/i<7j^, an overseer). An officer of the Apos- 
tolic Church identical with presbyter or elder (Acts xx, 17. 18 ; 
Tit. i, 5-8), though eider had priority as to time. Their duties 
were teaching (Thess. v, 12; Tit. i, 9); general superintendence 
of the flock (i Pet. v, 2); visiting sick (James v, 14); receiving 
strangers (i Tim. iii, 2). They were invested with authority by 
the apostles. 

BI-THI'AH (daughter of the Lord), Daughter of Pharaoh and 
wife of Mered of Judah, i Chron. iv, 18. 

BITH'RON (divisions), Probably a district east of Jordan and in 
the valley, 2 Sam. ii, 29. 

BI-THYN'I-A (violent precipitation), A province of Asia Minor 
bordering on the Euxine and west of Pontus, Acts xvi, 7 ; i Pet. 
i, I. Became a Roman province in b. c. 74. Its capital was 
Nice orNicaea ; noted for the counsel against Arianism, a. d. 325. 
See Ills. No. 136. 

.BITTER- HERBS, An Egyptian custom incorporated in the Jew- 
ish rites, Ex. xii, 8. The herbs were various, such as cress, 
chicory, wild lettuce, etc. 

BIT'TERN, A wading bird of the crane or stork species, mentioned 
in Isa. xiv, 23 ; xxxiv, 11 ; Zeph. ii, 14 ; but translation much 
controverted. See Ills. No. 398. 

BIZ-JOTH'JAH (despite), A town in the south of Judah, Josh. 

XV, 28. 
PIZ'THA, A eunuch of King Ahasuerus, Esth. i, 10. 

BLAIN (blow), An inflammatory sore ; the sixth plague or visitation 
upon Egypt, Ex. ix, 9, 10. In Deut. xxviii, 27-35, called "the 
botch (blotch) of Egypt," 
BLAS'PHE-MY (injurious speaking), Speaking illy of God, Ps. 
Ixxiv, 18. Punished with stoning. Lev. xxiv, 11. The charge 
upon which Christ and St. Stephen were condemned to death. 
BLAS'TUS (that buds), A chamberlain of Herod Agrippa, Acts 
xii, 20. 



42 BRE 

BLIND'NESS (mixed, obscured). An extremely common affection 
in Eastern countries, ^latt. xii, 22 ; Lev. xix, 14. 

BLOOD i^vvhich ilows •, As reserved by God in the Scriptures it has 
the power of a sacrificial atonement, and of a curse when wantonly 
shed, Gen. ix, 4; Lev. vii, 26 ; xvii, 11-13. The nearest relative 
of a murdered person became an avenger of his blood. Num. xxxv, 
19 ; Deut. xxiv, i6. The involuntary shedder of blood might flee 
■ to a city of refuge. Num. xxxv, 22, 23 ; Deut. xix, 4-6. 

BO'AN-ER GES (.son of thunder), A name given by our Lord to 
James and John, sons of Zcbedee, in allusion to their zeal, Luke 
ix, 54; Mark ix, 38. 

BOAR. See Ills. No. 413. 

BOAZ (in strength), i. That wealthy Bethlehemite who married 
Ruth. Their great-grandson was David, and their line that of 
Christ; Jtv book of Ruth. 2. A brazen pillar in the porch of 
Solomon's Temple^ on the left; eighteen cubits high, 1 Kings vii, 
15, 21 ; 2 Chron. iii, 15. 

BOCH E-RU (first-born), Son of Azel, i Chron. viii, 38. 

BO CHIM (place of weeping), A place west of Jordan, above Gil- 
gal, Judg. ii, 1-5. 

BO'HAN (in them), A boundafy stone between Benjamin and Judah, 
Josh. XV, 6. 

BOOT' Y (capture). Within the limits of Canaan no captives were to 
be taken, Deut. xx, 14-16. Beyond, the men, women and children 
should be captured, and the men put to death. Spoil of war was 
to be equally divided, Num. xxxi, 26, 27; 2 Sam. xxx. 24, 25. 

BO'OZ, -Matt, i, 5 ; Luke lii, 32. [Doaz.] 

BOS'CATH, 2 Kings xxii, i. [Bojskath.] 

BO'SOR. I. Probably Bezer, i Mace, v, 26,36. 2. Arabic pro- 
nunciation of Beor, lather of Balaam, 2 Pet. ii, 15. 

BOS'O-RA, Perhaps Bozrah, i Mace, v, 26, 28. 

BOTCH. [Blain.J 

BOT'TLE (a little boot), Primitive bottles were either of skin or 
earth-ware, Matt, ix, 17; Jer. xix, i. See Ills. Nos. 225, 2C9-310. 

BOWL (round), Used as at present for receiving liquids, 2 Kings iv, 
40. See Basin, and Ills. No. 328. 

BC)X-TREE, Probably a species of cedar is alluded to in Isa. xH, 
19 ; Ix, 13. 

BO'ZEZ (mud), One of the two rocky projections between which 
Jonathan's army marched to attack the Philistines, i Sam. xiv, 4, 5. 

BOZ KATH (in poverty), A city in the lowlands of Judah, Josh. 
XV, 39. Boscath in 2 Kings xxii, i. 

BOZ'RAH (in tribulation^i. i. The capital of Edom, twenty-five 
miles south-east of the Dead Sea, Gen. xxxvi, 33 ; i Chron. i, 44. 
See Ills. No. 58. 2. A city of Moab mentioned in Jer. xlviii, 24. 

BRACE'LET. [Armlet.] 

BRASS (cement). The compound of copper and zinc now known 
as brass was not known to the Jews. Copper was, doubtless, 
the metal meant in Deut. viii, 9; xxxiii, 25; Job xxviii, 2. It 
was known to the ancients. Gen. iv, 22. 

BRAZEN SERPENT, See Ills. No. 112. 

BREAD (brewn, baked). Early used, Gen. xviii,6. Made of wheat, 
corn, barley, rye, fitches, and spelt ; in loaves or rolls ; leavened 



CMS 43 

or unleavened; kneading and baking similar to present usages. 

5>6' Ills. No. 335. . 

BRICK (^fragment), Made of clay mixed with stra-Wjand then burnt 

in a kiln or dried in the sun, Ex. i, 14 ; v, 7; 2 Sam. xii, 31. Stir 

Ills. No. 2-.1. 
BRIG'AN-DINE (light armor\ Coat of mail/ Jer. xlvi, 4. 
BRIM'STONlL (burn-stone), At first the gum or resin oi the gopher 

tree, and then applied to ail inflammable substances, especially the 

sulphur which abounded about the Dead Sea, Gen. xix, 24. 
BUK KI (void). I Son of Abishua and fifth from Aaron in the line 

of high-priests, i Chron. v, 31. 2. A prince of the tribe of Dan 

chosen to apportion the country, Num. xxxiv, 22. 
BUK-KI'AH (^dispensation of the Lord;, A Temple musician, 

I Chron. xxv, 4-13. 
BUL old age , Marchesvan or Bui, the eighth month of the Jews, 

corresponding to parts of October and November. -• 

BULL tbelbw, bawl,, Bullock, Isa. Ixv, 25 ; Cow^ Ezek. iv, 15; 

Oxen, Gen. xii, 16. The Hebrew word signifies to cleave or plough, 

hence a beast of draught is meant. The "wild bull" of Isa. li, 

20, and " wild o.x '* of Deut. xiv, 5, doubtless apply to a species of 

Antelope. 61?^ Ills. Nos. 411, 434. 
BU NAH ibuildingi, Son of Jerahmeel of Judah, 1 Chron. ii, 25. 
BUN'NI building me), Two Levites of this name, Neh.ix,4; xi,i5. 
BU'RI-AL, For coffins, burial rites, and tombs of Jews and Eastern 

peoples, j<?t' Ills. Nos. 353-365. 
BURNT-OFFERING. For details of this ceremonial see Lev. viii, 

IX, xiv, -xxix. 
BUT-TER, Curdled milk. Gen. xviii, 8. For Arab process of 

churning, see Ills. No. 2-9. 
BUZ -despised). Son of Milcah and Nahor, progenitor of Elihu, and 

probably setded in Arabia Deserta, Gen. xxii, 21. 
BU'ZI (my contempt). Father of Ezekiel, the prophet, Ezek. i, 3. 



C. 



CAB, A Hebrew measure, sixth of a seah and eighteenth of an 
ephah, equal to three and one-third pints of our wine, and two and 
five-sixths pmts of our corn measure, 2 Kings vi, 25. 

CAB'BON (through understanding), A town of Judah, twenty miles 

, south-west of Jerusalem, Josh. XV, 40. 

CA'BUL (dirty or displeasing!, A boundary town of Asher (Josh. 
xix, 27), and probably the district containing twenty cities, given 
by Solomon to Hiram, king of Tyre, i Kings ix. 11-14. 

CAD DIS, Surname of Joannan, eldest brother of Judas Maccabeus, 
I Mace, ii, 2. 

CA'DES, I Mace, xi, 63. [Kedesh J 

CAD'MI-EL, I Esdr. V, 26. [Kadmiel.] 

C-^'SAR (hairy, blue-eyed, cut from), Roman surname of Julius 
and Augustus, Ijut afterwards an imperial tide ending with Nero. 
In New Testament Augustus is referred to in Luke ii, i ; Tiberius 
in Luke iii, i; Claudius in Acts xi, 28; Nero in Acts xxv, 8; 
Phil, iv, 22, 



44 CAL 

CiES-A-RE'A (for Csesar), An important city on the Mediterranean 
coast of Palestine, and in line ot travel from Tyre to Egypt. An- 
ciently called Strato's Tower. Built by Herod the Great, and 
named in honor of Caesar Augustus. Political capital of Palestine. 
Residence of Philip, Acts viii, 40; and Cornelius, Acts x, xi, 
1-18. Now in ruins. 

C^S-A-RE'A PHIL-IP'PI, Called by Josephus, Panium, be- 
cause the god Pan had a sanctuary there. A city at the foot of 
Mt. Hermon, whence the most eastern branch of the Jordan flows. 
It marks the northern limits of Christ's pilgrimage on' earth. 
Built by the tetrach Philip, and named after Tiberius Csesar and 
himself Identified with Baal-gad of Old Testament. Probably 
the scene of the Configuration, Matt, xvi, 13 ; Mark viii, 27. 

CAGE, Jer. v, 27. Properly a bird trap. In Rev. xviii, 2, the 
Greek term means a prison. 

CA'IA-PHAS (ya-fas) (who seeks diligently, who vomiteth). High 
priest during Christ's ministry. Son-in-law of Annas. Appointed 
by Valerius, procurator under Tiberius, and re-appointed by Pon 
tius Pilate. Deposed by Vitellius, a. d. 36, Matt, xxvi, 3-57 
John xi, 49. 

CAIN (possession), i. Eldest son of Adam and Eve, Gen. iv, 1 
An agriculturist. In a fit of jealousy murdered his brother Abel 
Punished by banishment. Settled in Nod, and built the first city 
called Enoch, Gen. iv. The mark set upon him was probably the 
exceptional social condition of himself and progeny. 2. A city of 
Judah, Josh, xv, 57. 

CA-I'NAN (possesssor). i. Son of Enos, Gen. v, o. According to 
tradition the author of idolatry. Pronounced Cai'nan after the 
Hebrew. 2. Son of Arphaxed, Luke iii, 35, 36. Not introduced 
into Old Testament genealogies. 

CA'LAH (opportunity). An ancient city of Assyria, founded by 
Asshar, Gen. x, 11. The ruins of Nimrud are suppo.sed to mark 
its site. 

CAL'A-MOL'A-LUS, A compound of Elam, Lod, and Hadid, 
I Esdr. V, 23. 

CAL'A-MUS (a reed), The bamboo or Indian cane ; but as. used in 
the Bible, the sweet flag from which one of the sacred perfumes 
was made, Ex. xxx, 23 ; Cant, iv, 14. 

CAL'COL (nourishing), A Judean descendant of Zerah, i Chron. ii, 
6. Probably same as Chalcol. 

CAL'DRON (,hot), A domestic and ceremonial vessel for boiling 
meats, 2 Chron, xxv, 13; 1 Sam. ii, 14. 

CA'LEB (dog, crow, basket), i. Grandfather of Caleb the spy, 
I Chron. ii, 9, 18. 2. Son of Jephunneh. One of the twelve sent 
to prospect Canaan, of which number he and Joshua only re- 
mained true. Num. xiii, xiv. He chose Hebron as his seat, and 
drove the Anakim from it. Josh. xiv. 3. Caleb- Ephratah is men- 
tioned in I Chron. ii, 24, as the place where Hezron, a judge of 
Israel, died, but the text is believed to be corrupt, as there was n6 
such place. 

CALF, The golden calf made by Aaron (Ex. xxxii, 4), from ear- 
rings, was probably a gilded structure merely. Why the subject of 
Jewish idolatry took the shape of a calf may be accounted for by 



CAN 45 

their familiarity with the Egyptian worship of sacred cows and 

bulls, as Isis, Apis, etc. The prophecy of Hosca is largely di- 
rected against calf worship, Hosea viii, x, xiii, 2. 
CAL-LIS THE-NES, A partisan of Nicanor, burnt by the Jews for 

setting fire to ** the sacred portals," 2 Mace, viii, 33. 
CAL NEH (consummation), One of Nimrod's cities, on the Tigris. 

Probably Ctesiphon the winter seat of the Parthian kings. Gen. 

X, 10. 
CAL'NO, Isa. x, 9. [Cal'neh.] 

CAL'PHI, A general in Jonathan's army, i Mace, xi, 70. 
CAL'VA-RY (bare skull), Vulgate rendering of the Greek word, 

kranion^ which stands for Golgotha. Only used in Luke xxiii, 

33. See Ills. No. 22. Place of the crucifixion. 
CAxM'EL (carrier), An animal common in all Eastern countries. 

Employed largely in commerce and travel. Gen. xii, 16; 2 Chron. 

xiv, 15; Judg. vii, 12. Hair used for clothing. Matt, iii, 4. 

Flesh not used for food, Lev. xi, 4. See Ills. Nos. 417, 419, 427. 
CA'MON (his resurrection). Burial place of Jair, the judge, in 

Manasseh, beyond Jordan, Judg. x, 5. 

CAMP. rENCAMPMENTS] 

CAM'PHIRE, Now written camphor. The gum of the camphor 
tree, cultivated in the West India islands. But the word ^o/>A^r, 
translated camphire in Cant, i, 14; iv, 13, was, doubtless, the Cy- 
prus flower, much used by the ladies of the East as a perfume, 
and in decoction to stain their nails a reddish orange tinge. The 
henna of Arabian commerce. 

CA'NA (jealousy, possession^ A town of Galilee, seven miles north 
of Nazareth. Scene of Christ's first miracle, John ii, i-ii ; iv, 
46. Birth-place of Nathanael, John xxi, 2. See Ills. No. 13. 

CA'NA-AN (that humbles^ lower country), i. Fourth son of Har», 
and progenitor of the nations who peopled Palestine and the 
Mediterranean coast before the conquest by the Hebrews, Gen. x, 
6-13; I Chron. i, 8-13. 2. The Land of Canaan. The country 
between the Mediterranean and the Jordan, called Canaan or Low- 

. land in contradistinction to Gilead or the table land east of the 
Jordan. Given by God as an inheritance to the Hebrews. Called 
the Holy Land after the Captivity, Zech. ii, 13 ; and Palestine by 
the Philistines (Gen. xv, 14), who came from Africa and took pos- 
session of a small part of it. See Ills. No. 534. 

CA'NA-AN-ITES, Applied to a distinct tribe, west of the Jordan, 
and to the inhabitants of the country in general. In its general 
application it included the Hivites (Josh, xi, 3), the Canaanites 
(Num. xiii, 29), the Girgashites (Josh, xxiv, n), the Jebusites 
(Josh. XV, 8-63), the Amorites (Gen. xiv, 7), the Hittites (Num. i, 
29), the Perizzites (Gen. xiii, 7). Besides these were the Arkites, 
Arvadites, Hamathites, Anakim, Amalekites, and Rephaim. 

CAN'DA-CE (who possesses contrition), A title applied to the 
Queens of Ethiopia, a region not identical with Abyssinia, but 
anciently situated on the Upper Nile, Acts viii, 27. See Ills; No. 
106. 

CAN'DLE-STICK, The candlestick of the Tabernacle is described 
in Ex. XXV, 31-37; xxxvii, 17-24. In the Temple of Solomon's 
time ten candelabra were substituted for it, 1 Kings vii, 49. See 
Ills. No. 328. 



46 



CAR 



CANE. TCalamus.] 

CAN'KER-WORM 'cancer), The original of Joel i, 4; Nah. iii, 
15, 16, means a locust, and not the caterpillar. 

CAN'NEH, Ezek, xxvii, 23. [Calneh. j 

CANON (a straight rod, a rule). The sacred Canon; the writings 
of the Old and 2>few Testaments. First used by Amphilochiusj 
A. D. 38D, in sense oiruU in Gal. vi, 16; Phil, iii, 16. Canon of 
New Testament was ratified at third Council of Carthage, a. d. 397, 

CANT'I-CLE3 (song of songs), The Song of Solomon ; fifth of the 
poetical books of Old Testament and twenty-second in order of 
Baolcs. , 

CA-PER'NA-UM (hamlet of repentance or comfort), Chief city of 
Galilee, on north-west shore of the sea of Galilee. Christ's " own 
city," Matt, iv, 12-16 ; where he wrought mighty works, xvii, 23; 
Chief residence of the Lord and his apostles, llie doom pro- 
nounced in Matt, xi, 20-24, has been literally fulfilled. See Ills. 
N0S.8, 9. 

CAPH'AR (hamlet), A common Hebrew prefix, as in Capernaumsa 
Caphar-Nahum, village of Nahum, the comforter. 

CAPH AR-SAL'A-MA, A battle-held between the armies of Judas 
Maccabeus and Nicanor, oa the boundaries of Samaria, 1 Mace 
vii, 31. 

CA-PHEN'A-THA, A suburb of Jerusalem, repaired by Jonathan 
Maccab-ius, i Mace, xii, 37. 

CAPH TOR (^here, buckle, hand), The land of the Caphtorim, 
descendants of Mizraim, second son of Ham, Gen. x, 14; and 
progenitors of the Philistines, Deut. ii, 23 ; Jer. xlvii, 4; Amos ix, 
7. It has been located in upper Egypt, and associated with 
Coptos. 

CAP'PA-DO'CI-A, The largest province of Asia Minor; lying 
south of Pontus, and north of Syria. Largely occupied by Jews, 
and noted for its pastures and fine breeds of cattle. Peter made 
many converts in Cappadocia, Acts ii, 9 ; i Pet. i, i. 

CAP TAIN (head), A military ollicer ranking as prefect of the 
guard, Acts xxviii, 16. A mixed civil and military ofBcer, Josh. 
X, 24 ; Isa. i, 10. 

CAP-TIV I-TY (taken), Several Jewish captivities are mentioned. 
That in Egypt was brought to an end by Moses. There were six 
subjugations during the time of the Judges. After the division of 
the Empire, Israel was carried awayin part by the Assyrian king, 
Tiglath-pileser, b. c. 740, 2 Kings xv, 19. Twenty years after 
Shalmaneser carried away the remainder, and placed colonies from 
Babylon and Persia in their stead. Sennacherib (b. c. 713) carried 
away 200,000 prisoners, 2 Kings xviii, 13. Nebuchadnezzar of 
Babylon (b. c. 605-561) repeatedly invaded Judea, destroyed Jeru- 
salem and the Temple, and carried away many captives, b. c. 588. 
By decree of Cyrus, the restoration took place, Ezra i, 11 ; ii, 2 ; 
The last captivity was to Rome, a. d. 71, when Titus destroyed 
Jerusalem, and took 100,000 captives. See Ills. No. 491. 

CAR'BUN-CLE (a little coal), A beautiful gem of deep red color. 
But in Isa. hv, 12, any bright gem. In the breast-plate, Ex. xxviii, 
17; xxxix, 10, probably the emerald. 

CAR'CAS (covering of a lamb). Seventh of the seven eunuchs of 
Ahasuerus, Esth. i, 10. 



CAT 47 

CAR'CHE-MISH (a lamb), A city on the Euphrates, captured by 
an Assyrian king, Isa. x, 9, then by Necho of Egypt, 2 Chron. 
XXXV, 20. Recaptured by Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. xlvi, 2 ; b. c. 
605. 

CA-RE'AH (bald, ice). Father of Johannan, 2 Kings xxv, 23. 
Spelled elsewhere Kareah. 

CA'RIA, South-west province of Asia Minor, jutting into the 
Mediterranean, i Mace, xv, 23. 

CAR'MEL (full of corn), i. A city of Judah on the Mountain of 
Carmel, six miles south-east of Hebron. Nabal's possession, 
I Sam. x.xv, 2 ; seat of Saul's trophy, xxv, 12 ; and Uzziah's vine- 
yards, 2 Chron. xxvi, 10. 2, The bold promontory which forms 
the bay of Acre, 1500 feet high, separating Sharon from Esdra- 
elon. Familiar by histories of Elijah and Elisha, Isa. xxxv, 2 ; 
xxxiii, 9 ; 2 Kings ii, 25 ; iv, 25 ; i Kings xviii. See Ills. No. 66. 

CAR'MI (my vineyard), i. Fourth son of Reuben, and progenitor 
of the Carmites, Gen. xlvi, 9 ; i Chron. v, 3. 2. Father of Achan 
" the troubler of Israel," Josh, vii, 1-18. 

CAR'NA-IM, A city in Manasseh, beyond Jordan; taken by Judas 
Maccabeus, i Mace, v, 26-44. Identified with Ashteroth-Karnaim. 

CAR'PEN-TER (cart-wright). Among the Hebrews a general wood 
worker, chiefly a foreigner, 2 Sam. v, 11. Applied reproachfully 
to our Lord, Mark vi, 3; Matt, xiii, 55. 

CARTUS (fruit), Paul's friend at Troas, 2 Tim. iv, 13. 

CAR'RIAGE (baggage). Used in sense of baggage or burden in Isa. 
xlvi, i ; Acts xxi, 15. Only in i Sam. xvii, 20; xxvi. 5-7, is the 
word used in our sense of wagon or cart. See Ills, Nos. 242, 284. 

CAR-SHE'NA (lamb, sleeping), A Persian prince, Esth. i, 14. 

CART (carry), The cart or wagon was not much used among East- 
ern people, though mentioned in Num. vii, 3 ; Gen. xlv, 19 ; 
I Sam. vi, 7, 8. See Ills. Nos. 242, 284. 

CARVING, Carving and engraving were high arts among the 
Jews and Eastern peoples for temple and general ornamental pur- 
poses, Ex. xxxi, 5; xxxv, 33; I Kings vi, 18, 35. 

CA-SIPHTA (money). An uncertain place on road from Babylon 
to Jerusalem, Ezra viii, 17. 

CAS'LEN, I Mace, i, 54. [Chislen.] 

CAS'LTJ-HIM (hopes of life), Descendants of Mizraim, and with 
the Caphtorim, probably located in Upper Egypt, Gen. x, 14; 
1 Chron. i, 12. 

CAS'PHOR, A fortified city in "land of Galaad," i Mace. y^26. 
Probably same as Caspis; .-! • r ^ ■ 

CAS'PIS, 2 Mace, xii, 13. [Casphor.] 

CAS'SIA (Kash'aW that peels off), A component of the ** oil of 

- holy ointment," Ex. xxX, 24; Ezek. xxvii, 19. Two kinds; one, 

''-_ the senna, a purgative ; the other, a cinnamon, grown in the East 
Indies. 

CAS'TOR and POL'LUX, Two mythologic heroes ; twin sons of 
Jupiter and Leda ; patrons of sailors; translated to the heavens as 
the constellation Gemini. The figure-head of the ship on which 
Paul sailed to Rome, Acts xxviii, 11. See Ills. No. 472. 

CATS, Only in Baruch vi, 22, where the common domestic animal 
is meant ; brought from Egypt by the Hebrews. 



48 CHA 

CAT'ER-PIL'LAR (food robber), The original in i Kings viii, 37; 
2 Chron. vi, 28; Ps. Ixxviii, 46; Isa. xxxiii, 4, refers to a species 
of locust. 
CAT'TLE (chief goods). [Bull.] See Ills. No. 430. 
CAVE (hollow). The limestone formation of Palestine abounded in 
fissures and caverns, many of which were artificially enlarged as 
receptacles for treasure, and as dwelling, hiding, and burying 
places. Gen, xix, 30; xxiii, 17; i Sam. xxii, i; xxiv, 3; Matt, 
xxvii, 60. J 

CE'DAR, It grew to great girth and height on the mountains of 
. Lebanon, and its wood was much prized for its durability and 
<. beauty, Ps. xcii, 12; Ezek. xxxi, 3-6. See Ills No, 45, 
CE'DRON (black, sad), i, A town of Judea, fortified by order of 
Antiochus, i Mace, xv, 39. 2. Kidron in New Testament. The 
brook and ravine below eastern wall of Jerusalam, beyond which 
was Gethsemane, John xviii. i. See Ills. Nos. 68, 78. 
CEI'LAN, Whose sons returned with Zorobabel, i Esdr. v, 15. 
CEILING (heavens, cover), Were of cedar plank, highly orna- 
mented, I Kings vi, 9, 15 ; vii, 3 ; 2 Chron. iii, 5-9 ; after Egyptian 
and Assyrian models. 
CEN'CHREA (millet), The Eastern or Saronic harbor of Corinth, 
whence Paul sailed. Acts xviii, 18, Seat of an early church, Rom. 
xvi, I. See Ills. Nos. 40, 484. 
CEN'DE BE'US, A general of Antiochus VII, left in charge of seA 
. '. coast of Palestine, and defeated by Judas Maccabeus, i Mace, xv; 

- 38- 

CEN'SER (bum, glow), A portable vessel of the Tabernacle and 

Temple, made of copper (Num. xvi, 39) or gold (i Kings vii, 50; 

Heb.ix, 4), and used to carry the coals upon which incense was 

burned. See Ills. Nos. 328, 336. 
CEN'SUS (to value or tax). The polling or numbering of the Old 

Testament; which at first was accompanied with the tax of a 

half shekel on every man above twenty years of age, as an offer- 
ing, Ex. xxxviii, 28. • 
CEN-TU'RI-ON (captain of a hundred), A Roman officer, captain 

of a company of one hundred men, Mark xv, 39; Luke vii, i-io. 

Cornelius was a centurion. Acts x. 
-CE'PHAS (a rock or stone). The Syriac name given to Peter by 

Christ, John i, 42. Petros, in Greek, means a stone. 
CE'RAS, I Esdr. v, 29. [Keros.] 
CE'TAB, A doubtful name, found in i Esdr. v, 30, 
CHA'BRIS, A ruler of Bethulia in time of Judith, Jud. vi, 15. 
CHA'DI-AS, Her citizens returned with Zorobabel. Place unknown, 

I Esdr. V, 20. 
CHAINS (links). Used for badges, ornaments, and for confining 

prisoners. Gen. xli, 42; Dan. v, 7; Prov. i, 9; Isa. iii, 20; Judg. 

xvi, 21. 
CHAL'CE-DO-NY (from Chalcedon in Bithynia), A precious stone 

of the agate variety and of many colors. Rev. xxi, 19, 
CHAL'COL, 1 Kings iv, 31. [CalcolI. 
CHAL-DE'A (as demons or robbers), The country lying along th^ 

Euphrates, on both sides, and between it and the Tigris for a di&i 

tance of three or four hundred miles back from their mouths. But 



CHE 49 

in a general sense made to include Babylonia. The soil was Nile- 
like, and the country is now dotted, with mounds, which are the 
ruins of large cities. 

CHAL-DE'AN and CHAL'DEES, The people of the country 
having Babylon for its capital. Peculiarly that people of Chaldea 
proper, who, by the time of the Captivity, constituted the learned 
classes, the philosophers, magicians, and advisers of Babylon, and 
whose language was impressed on Babylonish literature, Dan, v, 
30; ix, 1. 

CHAM BER-LAIN (man of the chamber). The officer in charge of 
the king's chamber and wardrobe, 2 Kings xxiii, n. Mostly 
eunuchs in Babylonish and other Eastern courts, Esth. i, 10. 
Probably municipal treasurer in Rom. xvi, 23. 

CHA-ME'LE-ON (ground lion). In Lev. xi, 30, some kind of a 
lizard is meant, but whether the changeable-hued and swelling liz- 
ard-like animal known as the chameleon is doubtful. 

CHAM'OIS (sham-my) (buck), The Alpine chamois, or mountain 

. antelope, was not known in Palestine. Hence the animal men- 
tioned in Deut. xiv, 5, was, doubtless, a wild sheep or goat of the 
mountains of Lebanon, or the southern country. 

CHA'NAAN (ka*nan). Spelling of Canaan in Apocrj'pha and New 
Testament, Jud. v, 3 ; Acts vii, 11 ; xiii, 19. -' 

CHAPT-TER (head), The capital or ornamental head of a pillar, 
Ex. xxxviii, 17 ; i Kings vii, 27, 31, 38. 7 

CHAP'MEN (buyers), Merchants, 2 Chron. ix, 14. 

CHAR-A-ATH'A-LAR, i Esdr. v, 36. Corruption of Cherub, 
Addan, in Ezra ii, 59. 

CHAR'A-CA, An obscure place east of Jordan, 2 Mace, xii, 17. 

CHAR'A-SHIM (ravine of craftsmen), A settlement of Joab, a man 
of Judah, I Chron. iv, 14; Neh. xi, 35. 

CHAR'CHA-MISH, i Esdr. i, 25. CHAR'CHE-MISH, 2 Chron. 
xxxv, 20. [Carchemish.] 

CHAR'CUS, I Esdr. v, 32. [Barkos.] 

CHAR'GER, A large dish,. Num. vii, 79 ; Matt, xiv, 8. 

CHAR'I-OT (car), A vehicle of pleasure or business, Gen. xli, 43 ; 
and a weapon of war, Josh, xi, 4; Judg. iv, 3. The chariot as a. 
weapon was not favored by the Jews until the time of Solomoa, 
I Kings x, 25. See Ills, Nos. 285, 416, 418. 

CHAR'MISH, A ruler of Bethulia, Jud. vi, 15. 

CHAR'RAN, Acts vii, 2-4. [Haran.] 

CHAS'E-BA, I Esdr. v, 31. [Gazera.] 

CHE'BAR (force), A river of Chaldea, probably the Khabour, on 
which the captive Jews were located, and the seat of Ezekiel's 
visions, Ezek, i, 3 ; iii, 15. 

CHED'OR-LA'O-MER (roundness of a sheaf), King of Elam be- 
yond the Tigris, in Abraham's time. Forcing his way west he 
conquered and held tributary the cities of the Dead Sea plain. 
Capturing Lot, Abraham pursued ^nd defeated his forces. Gen. 
xiv, 1-24. 

CHEESE, Mentioned three times in Bible, and each time under a 
different name. • It was probably only the unpressed curd of m^ilk 
differently prepared, i Sam, xvii, 18; 2 Sam. xvii, 29; Job x, 
10. 



^o CHE 

CHE'LAL (as night), Ezra x, 30. :-■::•• i; ., 

. CHEL'CI-AS, Apocryphal writing of Hilkiah, Bar. i, 7. 
CHEL'LUS, A piace west of Jordan, Jud. i, 9. 
CHELUB i^basKet;, Father of Ezri, one of Da-viii's overseers 

1 Chron, xxvii, 26. * 
CHE-LU'BAI (^a.tjgether against me), A family of Judah; likely 

that of Caleb, i Chron. ii, 9. 

CHEM'A-RIMS (black ones, or burned), Fire priests, worship- 
pers of the Sun, Zeph. i, 4. "Idolatrous priests" in 2 Kings 
xxiii, 5. 

CHE'MOSH (handling). The national deity of the Moabites and 
Ammonites, Num. xxi, 29 ; Judg. xi, 24. Worship introduced 
into Jerusalem by Solomon, i Kings xi, 7. Banished by Josiah, 

2 Kings xxiii, 13. 

CHE-NA'A-NAH (broken in pieces), i. Head of a Benjamite 
House, I Chron. vii, 10. 2. Father of Zedekiah, the false piophet, 

1 Kings xxii, 11. 

CHEN'A-NI (my pillar), A Levite who assisted Ezra at the purifi- 
cation, Neh. ix, 4. 

CHEN'A-NI'AH (strength of the Lord), A Levite leader whert the 
Ark was taken back to Jerusalem, i Chron. xv, 22. ' ■ 

CHE'PHAR-HA-AM'MO-NAI, " Hamlet of the Ammonites" in 
Bienjamin. No trace of it, Josh, xviii, 24. 

CHE-PHIRAH (hamlet), C5ne of the four Gibeonite cities, near 
Ajalon, Josh, ix, 17. 

CHE'RAN (anger). Son of Dishon, the Horite duke, Qe^>, xxxvr, 
26. 

CHE'RE-AS, A general under the Maccabees. Sl?Lin at Gazara, 

2 Mace. X, 32, 37. 

CHER'ETH-IMS, Ezek. xxv, 16. [Cherethites.] 

CHER'ETH-ITES (executioners and runners), A portion of Da- 
vid's body-guard ; probably Philistines, 2 Sam. viii, i8; 2 Kings 
xi, 4 ; I Kings xiv, 27. 

CHE'RITH (cutting, slaying\ The , brook, wady, or ravine in 
which Elijah hid himself, and where he was fed by the ravens, 
I Kings xvii, 3-5. It passes Jericho and opens on the Jordan. 

CHER UB, pl.CHER'U^BIM (layingholdof), Symbolical figures, 
allied to the sphinx of Egypt and Persia. Used by the Jews to 
embody their idea of the Divine attributes. Wrought in gold or 
wood, Gen. xxxvi, 35; xxxvii, 7; had one, two, or four faces, 
Ex. xxv, 20; Ezek. x, 14 ; two, four, and six wings, 1 Kings vi, 
27; Ezek. i, 6; Rev. iv, 8. Sublimest form appears in Ezek. \ 
and x. 

CHES'A-LON, A land-mark on the north boundary, of' JHiCteih, 
Josh. XV, 10. , ■ -■ 

CHESED (destroyer, or devil), Fourth son ofNahor^ (^e%. xxii, 
22. " ' 

CHE'SIL (foolishness), A town in tHe extreme, so ^tj>; of Pales- 
tine, Josh. XV, 30. Probably a variation o'f, Ret^'l in Josh, 
xix, 4. ' ' • 

CHEST, The word translated^ 'fichest** in 2 Sjings xii, 9, 10, is 
translated ;' coffin " in Gep.,\ &^ and in ?!1 .^^er places " Ark/» 



as of the Covenant. .'.a. l-, 



vi^-lg-,^ 



CHO 51 

CHEST'NUT-TREE, In Gen. xxx, 37; Ezek. xxxi, 8, the Plane 
tree was probably meant, though the Chestnut was introduced 
from Pontus into Europe, whence it is called casianea^ from 
Kastana,:i.cityofVont\xs. 

CHE-SUL'LOTH (the loins), A town of Issachar in the Idiiis or 
on the slopes of Tabor, Josh, xix, 18. 

CHET-TFIM, I Mace, i, 1. [Chittim.] 

CHE'ZIB, Probably Achzib, Gen. xxxviii, 5. 

CHI'DON (a dart), A threshing-floor somewhere between Kirjath- 
jearim and Jerusalem, where the accident happened to the a^rk, 
and the death of Uzzah took place, i Chron. xiii, 9. Called 
Nachon in 2 Sam. vi. 

CHIL'DREN, Used in Hebrew sense to express a great vaHety 
of relations. Abs^ence of children a reproach, Gen. xvi, 2. Child- 

'*birth easy among eastern peoples. Gen. xxxv, 17. Circumcised 

'•'-'dn eighth day. Feast at weaning, Gen. xxi, 8. Instructed with 

"•'care, Deut. vi, 20-23. 

CHIL'E-AB (perfection of the father). Son of David by Abigail, 
widow of Nabal, 2 Sam. iii, 3. '\ 

CHI-LI ON (perfect), An Ephrathite, son of Elimelech and Naomi, 
Ruth i, 2-5. 

GAIL MAD (teaching). An unknown country, probably on the 
Euphrates, Ezek. xxvii, 23. 

CHIAI'HAM (like to them), A friend of David, to whom he gave 
a possession in Bethlehem, 2 Sam. xix, 37-40. 

CHIN'NE-RETH, and CHIN'NE-ROTH. i. A fortified city in 
Naphtali. Supposed to have been on the coast of the sea of 
Galilee, where Tiberias afterwards stood, and to have given its 
name to the lake or sea. Josh, xix, 35. 2. The inland sea, 

' known as *^ lake Gennesareth,"'Num. xxxiv, 11; Deut. iii, 17. 
It was an ancient Canaanite name, £ipplicd before the Jewish 
conquest. 

CHI OS (open), An island in the archipelago between Lesbos and 
Samos, now Scia; thirty miles long, and ten wide. Acts v, 15, 

CHIS'LEU (confidence). The ninth month of the Jewish calendar, 
corresponding to parts of November and December. 

CHIS'LON (hope), A prince of Benjamin, chosen as one to appor- 
tion the4and of Canaan among the tribes. Num. xxxiv, 21. 

CHIS'LOTH-TA'BOR, Josh, xix, 12. [Chesulloth.] 

CHIT'TIM, or KIT'TlM (gold, those that bruise). Descendants 

' of Javan, son of Japheth, and the lands they occupied. Identi- 
fied with the island of Cyprus and its Phoenician colonists. A 
fleet should sail t'lence. Num. xxiv, 24 ; resort of the fleets of 

r^ Tyre, Isa. xxiii, 1-12 ; in commerce with Tyre, Ezek. xxvii, 
6; Macedonia (Dan. xi, 30) was associated with Chittim. 

CHi'uN, Amos v, 26; Acts vii, 43. [Remphan.] 

CHLO'E (green herb), A Christian woman of Corinth in corre.s- 
pondence with Paul, i Cor. i, 11. 

GHO'BA'and CHO BAI, A place probably in neighborhood of 
BethuMa, Jud. iv, 4; xv, 4. 

CHO-RA'SHAN, An unknown place, the haunt of David and his 

- men, Sam. xxx, 30. 

GHO-RA'ZIN (the secret), A town of Galilee on northwest coast 



52_ CIL 

of sea of Galilee, and near to Bethsaida and Capernaum, in the 
neighborhood of the Tell-hum ruins. See Ills. Nos. 8, 9. 

CHO-ZE'BA (Hers in wait), " Men of Chozeba" were descendants 
of Judah, I Chron. iv, 22. 

CHRIST (anointed). The Greek equivalent of the Hebrew Mes- 
siah, and the official title of our Redeemer, Matt, ii, 4. 

CHRIS'TIAN (yan). Followers of Christy, First so-called at 
Antioch in Syria, a. d. 43, Acts xi, 26. The title may be re- 
garded as a specimen of Antiochian wit rather than contempt. 
Before its invention the Jews designated the followers of Christ 
Nazarenes and Galileeans by way of reproach. They called 
themselves brethren, believers, disciples, saints. 

CHRONT-CLES (''words of days," annals). Thirteenth and 
fourteenth books of Old Testament, and eighth and ninth of his- 
torical books ; originally one book, and called Paraleipomena, 
"things left out," which makes them supplements to the books 
of Kings. Compiled by Ezra to connect the period of the cap- 
tivity and after, with the history preceding it. Wherein they 
dwell more upon particulars of the building and dedication of the 
temple by Solomon than Kings, they were designed to encourage 
the returned Israelites to imitate their forefathers in rebuilding 
and beautifying the city. The history embraced in Chronicles 
covers a period of 3500 years. 

CHRYS'O-LITE (gold stone), a precious stone of gold, and green 
color. John may have referred to our topaz. Rev. xxi, 20. 

CHR YS-OPH'RA-SUS (golden leek). The chrysoprase was of gold, 
mixed with leek-green. It was made by John the tenth of the 
stones which adorned the foundation of the heavenly Jerusalem, 
Rev. xxi, 20, 

CHUB, Allies of Egypt in time of I^buchadnezzar^ and probably 
of Northern Africa, Ezek. xxx, 5. 

CHUN (making ready), A city that supplied brass to Solomon's 
temple, believed to be the same as Berothah, i Chron. xviii, 8. 

CHURCH (assembly), A congregation of religious worshippers. 
Acts vii, 38; Matt, xvi, 18. Two aspects in New Testament. 
Invisible, Heb. xii, 23; visible. Col. 1,24; i Tim. iii, 5. 
In a visible and Christian sense the gatherings, as at Rome, 
Corinth, Ephesus, etc., whose bonds were Baptism, assent to 
Apostolic doctrine, repentance by faith, fellowship, the Lord's 
Supper, public worship. In government the Apostles recognized 
as subordinate aids, deacons, evangelists, presbyters, and bish- 
ops, whose functions were identical or interchangeable. 

CHURN'ING, Prov. xxx, 33. [Butter.] See Ills. No. 239. 

CHU'SHAN-RISH'A-THA'IM (blackness of iniquities), A king 
of Mesopotamia, who made inroads on Israel for eight years, and 
was defeated by Judge Othniel, Judg. iii, 8-10. 

CHU'SI, A place mentioned in Jud. vii, 18. 

CHU'ZA (seer), Steward of Herod Antipas, Luke viii, 3. 

CI-LFCI-A (rolling), A province of Asia Minor, bordered by the 
Taurus range on the north, and Syria and the Mediterranean on 
the south. It was largely inhabited by Jews, and lay in the line 
of commerce from Syria to the west. Its chief town. Tarsus, 

, was the birthplace of Paul, Acts vi. 9. The province was visited 



CLE 53 

by Paul after his conversion, and he was ever solicitous of the 
churches he established there. Acts xv, 23, 36-41.* 

CIN'NA-MON (withered, dry). The aromatic rind of the Lajtrus 
cinnamomujn. A component of the holy anointing oil, Ex. 
XXX, 23; a perfume, Prov. vii, 17; and bark of merchandize. 
Rev. xviii, 13. Brought from East Indies by the Phoenicians 
and Arabs. 

CIN'NE-ROTH, A district of Naphtali, about the north end of 
Lake Chinnereth or Gennesareth [Chinnereth], i Kings xv, 20. 

CIR'A-MA, Jews returned with Zorobabel, i Esdr. v, 20. 

CIR-CUM-CIS'ION (cutting around). Cutting off the foreskin. 
The rite was enjoined on Abraham by God as the token of the 
covenant with his people. Gen. xvii. Performed on eighth day 
after birth, Ex. xii, 44; Lev. xii, 3; John vii, 22. Practised by 
the Ishmaelites, Arabians, and Mohammedans, though not en- 
joined by the Koran. Antagonized by Christianity, i Cor. vii, 
18; Acts XV ; Gal. v. 2. 

CIS, Acts xiii, 21. [KisH, i.] 

CrSAI, Esth. xi, 2. [KiSH, 2.] 

CIS'TERN^box, chest), Common in East, and necessary in order 
to take advantage of the long dry season. Many ruins of cisterns 
existent. Mostly dug in rock, but not infrequently in sand and 
walled, or built in shape of walled structures, as the pools of 
Bethesda and Siloam, 2 Sam. xvii, 18 ; Gen. xxxvii, 22 ; Jer. 
xxxviii, 6. See Ills. No. 75. 

CITH'ERN (guitar), A musical instrument of Chaldea, introduced 
into Palestine by the returned Jews. It varied in shape and 
number of strings. The best modern counterpart of it is our 
banjo, though the word is the same as guitar. 

CITY OF REFUGE, The six Levitical cities chosen as refuges 
for the involuntary homicide, until the death of the high-priest. 
Num. XXXV, 6-15. They were Kedesh, i Chron. v, 76; She- 
chem. Josh, xxi, 21 ; Hebron, Josh, xxi, 13 ; Beser, Deut. iv, 43 ; 
Ramoth-Gilead, Deut. iv, 43 ; Golan, Deut. iv. 43. 

CIT'RON, The fruit of this tree resembles the lemon. Both the 
tree and fruit arc indicated in the Bible in the words translated 
** apple" and **' apple-tree." 

CLAU'DA (lamentable voice), A small island near Crete, now 
called Gozzo. Paul's ship ran under the lee of it. Acts xxvii, 
12-17. 

CLAU'DI-A (lame), A female friend of Paul, probably resident at 
Rome. 

CLAU'DI-lJS C^SAR (lame), Fifth emperor (counting Julius 
Caesar as first) of Rome, a. d. 41-54. He gave Agrippa royal 
power in Judea. Banished Jews from Rome, Acts xviii, 2. 
Poisoned by his fourth wife, Ag^ippina, mother of Nero. 

CLAUDIUS FE'LIX. [Felix.] 

CLAUDIUS LYST-AS. [Lysias.1 

CLAY, Used by Hebrews for various purposes ; for making bricks, 
pottery, Isa. xii, 25 ; for sealing vessels. Job xxxviii, 14. 

CLEM'ENT (mild), A co-worker of Paul at Philippi, Phil, iv, 3. 
CLE'O-PAS (whole glory). One of the two disciples to whom 
Christ appeared while on their way to Emmaus, Luke xxiv, 18. 



54 CON^ 

CLE'O-PHAS (whole glory), Husband of Mary, called also Al- 
pheus, John' xix, 25. 

CLOUD (hillock in the air). The cloud was a prominent feature in 
Oriental imagery, Prov. xvi, 15; Isa. xviii, 4, xxv, 5; Job xxx, 
15. A miraculous token of Divine presence and protection, Ex. 
xvi, 10; Num. xii, 5. 

CNI'DUS (ni'dus) (age), The peninsula of Caria jutting into the 
Mediterranean, and the city upon it, i Mace, xv, 23; Acts 
xvii, 7. 

COAL (glow). Though several Hebrew words are translated coal, 
none other than charcoal or embers of wood seems to have been 
meant, 2 Sam. xxii, 9-13; Prov. xxv, 22. Mineral coal is how- 
ever found in the mountains of Lebanon. 

COCK, No mention of domestic poultry in Old Testament. By 
which it is inferable they were introduced into Palestine by 
Greeks or Romans at a late date. Mentioned in New Tes- 
tament, Matt, xxvi, 34; Mark xiii, 35, xiv, 30. See Ills. 
No. 390. 

COCK'A-TRICE, The basilisk, a fabled serpent supposed to 
have been born of a cock's egg, whence the name, aijd whose look 
and breath was fatal. More than probable that Isa. xiv, 29 ; 



I 



Jer. viii, 17, refer to the adder. 

:o( 



COCK'LE, In Job xxxi, 40, any noisome weed among the wheat 
or barley. 

CCEL'E-SYR'I-A and CEL'O-SYRT-A (hollow Syria), Applied 
by Greeks after Alexander's time to that part of Syria lying be- 
tween the Lebanus and Anti-Lebanus ranges, i Mace. x. 69, and 
elsewhere in Apoc. 

COFFER (basket), Only in i Sam. vi, 8, 11, 15, where it would 
seem to correspond to our wagon-box, though movable. 

COL-HO'ZEH (every prophet), A man of Judah in time of Nehe- 
miah, Neh. iii, 15. 

CO'LI-US, I Esdr. ix, 23. [Kelaiah.1 

COL'LAR fneck). An ornament, probably of gold, worn upon the 
neck, Judg. viii, 24. 

COL'LEGE (collected), A section of Jerusalem ; as we say, the 
"Latin quarter" of Paris, 2 Kings xxii, 14. 

COL'O-NY (cultivated), Philippi, to which Augustus transported 
the Italians who espoused the cause of Antony, Acts xvi, 12. 

CO-LOS'SE (punishment), A city of Phrygia on the Lycus and 
near Laodicea, Col. ii, i, iv, 13. Destroyed by earthquake a. d. 
65, but soon rebuilt. The Church there, to which PauV wrote, 
seems to have been founded by Epaphras, Col. i, 11. Now 
called Chonos. See Ills. No. 31. 

CO-LOS'SI-ANS, Epistle to, Written by Paul from Rome du- 
ring the most favored part of his first imprisonment, a. d. 61 or 
62, probably at the instigation of Epaphras and Onesimus, who 
had brought him good word of the Church founded at Colosse. 
It is an exhortation to good work, and a warning against the en- 
croachments of Gnosticism and Judaism. 

CON'A-NI'AH (strength of the Lord), A chief of the Levites in 
Josiah's time, 2 Chron. xxxv, 9. 

CON'CU-BINE (lying with). In the Jewish economy a secondary 



COR 55 

wife, not married fir o forma, but betrothed. Liable to be sent 
.away at will of husband, Gen. xxi, 14. Children did not share 
in inheritance except at father's will^ Gen. xxv, 6. The custom 
was never sanctioned by law, but its abuses regulated by it, Ex. 
xxi, 7-9; Deut. xxi, 10-14. Original marriage law restored in 
New Testament, and concubinage repudiated. Matt, xix, 5 ; i 
Gor. vii, 2. 

CO'NEY (dog-like), The rabbit in England, but the word transla- 
ted coney in Lev. xi, 5; Deut. xiv. 7; Ps. civ, 18; Prov. xxx, 
26, refers to the small, gregarious, timid, and easily tamed animal 
of Syria, Arabia, and Abyssinia, known as the Hyrax Syriacus, 
somewhat similar to the rabbit in color and habits, but heavier 
and clumsier. 

CON-GRE-GA'TION (going together), In a strict sense the He- 
brew nationality. Num. xv, 15. In a general sense collected 
Jewry, with those within her gates as settlers, Ex. xii, 19. The 
Sanhedrim afterwards represented the congregation in its parlia- 
mentary and judicial capacity. 

CO-Nl'AH (strength of the Lord). [Jhconiah.] 

CON'O-NI'AH, Treasurer of the tithes in time of Hezekiah, 2 
Chron. xxxi, 12, 13. 

CON-VO-CA'TION (called together). Peculiar to the Pentateuch, 
and applied to the " congregation," when called in a purely reli- 
gious capacity. 

CO'OS (summit), Acts xxi, i. [Cos.] 

COP'PER, So-called from Kupros, Cyprus, which supplied Greece 
and Rome. Copper is meant by the "brass" of the Bible. 
Known to antediluvians. Gen. iv, 22. Abounded in Palestine, 
Deut. viii, 9. Employed largely in temple, i Chron. xxii, 3-14. 
It is the most ductile and malleable metal after gold and silver. 
The Tyrians were the best metallurgists among the ancients., i 
Kings, vii, 14. 

COR'AL, The secretion of a marine animal called zoophytes. It 
is pure carbonate of lime, of various colors, and many beautiful 
forms. Abounds in Red Sea, and ranked with precious stones. 
Job xxviii, 18; Ezek. xxvii, 16. 

COR'BAN (offering), The thing dedicated by a vow, as in I^v. 
xxvii. But afterwards the interdiction of gifts by use of "the 
corban," a practice censured in Matt, xv, 3-9. 

COR'BE, I Esdr. v, 12. [Zaccai.] 

CO'RE, "Ecclus. xlv, 10. [KoRAH.I 

CO'RI-AN'DER (smelling like a bug), A plant found in Egypt, 
P •sia, and India, producing an aromatic seed, with carminative 
properties, Ex. xvi, 31 ; Num. xi, 7. 

CORTNTH (ornament). Anciently Ephyra, the capital of Achaia, 
seated on the isthmus between the Ionian and yEgeanseas, hence 
called " bimaris," on two seas. Western port Lechseum, eastern 
Cenchrea. Commercial situation unequalled. One of the most 
populous, wealthiest, most refined yet lewd cities of Greece or 
ancient times. Destroyed by Rome, b. c. 146. Restored by 
Caesar as a Roman colony. Paul preached there while following 
his trade, Acts xviii, i. His epistles to the Romans and Thes-.^ 
salonians were written there. Corinth is now almost deserted, ' 
See Ills. No. 34. 



56 



cou 



COR-INTH'I-ANS, Epistles to. Epistle I., written by Paul at 
Ephesus (i Cor. xvi, 8), A. d. 57, to the Christians of Corinth., 
It concerns Church organization, social practices, holy observ- 
ances, and doctrinal affairs, discussion of which was made neces- 
sary by the state of morals in that learned and idolatrous city. 
Epistle II., written a few months after the first from some point 
in Macedonia, perhaps Philippi, at the suggestion of Titus, and 
for the purpose of answering the disputes as to his right to teach 
and preach. 

COR'MO-RANT (sea raven), A greedy water bird^ about the size 
of a goose. The original of Lev. xi, 77; Deut. xiv, 17, barely 
warrants the translation " cormorant," and Isa. xxxiv, 11 ; Zeph. 
ii, 14, should be read pelican. 

CORN (kernel, grain), In Bible sense, grain of all kinds, even 
peas and beans. Egypt and Palestine very productive of corn. 
Gen. xli, 22; Ezek. xxvii, 17, 

COR-NE'LI-US (of a horn), A Roman Centurion, stationed at 
Csesarea, in Palestine. The first Gentile convert to Christianity, 
Acts x, I. Afterwards a preacher and church organizer, A<:ts 

X, II. 

COR'NER (horn, point, angle). Of the field, was not allowed to be 
wholly reaped, Lev. xix, 9. The poor were entitled to it. The 
legal "corner" for the poor was one sixtieth part of the field. 
Corner-stone of a building was, as with us, the chief stone upon 
the foundation. Applied figuratively to persons, Isa. xix, 13, 
xxviii, 16; Matt, xxi, 42. 

COR'NET (horn). The signal horn of the Jews usually made of 
the horn of a ram or ox, Lev. xxv, 9; Ezek. xxxiii, 4, 5. With 
this understanding, the word "trumpet" in the Bible would be 
better read " cornet," except when made of metal, as in Num. 
X, i-io; 2 Chron. v, 12. 

COS and CO'OS (top\ A small island of the Grecian archipelago, 
containing many Jewish inhabitants, i Mace, xv, 23. Paul 
passed a night at Cos when on his third missionary journey, 
after sailing from Miletus. Noted for its light woven fabrics and 
wines. Its capital, Scandarium, may be referred to in Acts 
xxi, I. 

CO SAM (divining), The husband of Mar>% Luke iii, 28. 

COTE (cot, cottage), The sheepfold, 2 Chron. xxxii, 28. 

COT'TAGE (cot), A rustic tent or .shelter, perhaps made of 
boughs, Isa. xxiv, 20. 

COT'TON (wool plant). From the mention of cotton garments on 
the Rosetta stone, it is thought that the several passages con- 
taining the words "white linen" and "fine linen" should be 
modified so as to admit of the possible knowledge of cotton fab- 
rics among the ancients. 

COUCH. [Bed.] See Ills. No. 146. 

COUN'CIL (called together). The great Jewish council was the 
Sanhedrim, which see. A jury of assessors to assist the Roman 
governors in Palestine, Acts xxv, 12. The assembly 'of the 
Apostles at Jerusalem, which was the first council of the Chris- 
tian Church, Acts xv. 

COUR'SES (to run), The classes or orders by which the priests 
were on duty in the temple. 



CRU 57 

COURT (inclosure), The inclosed space within the limits of an 
Oriental house, or the outer limits of the tabernacle or temple, 2 
Sam. xvii, 18. See Ills. Nos. 133-134. 

COU'THA, A servant of the temple, who returned from the cap- 
tivity, I Esdr. V, 32, 

COV'E-NANT (agreeing). In Hebrew sense an eating together as 
a seal of friendship. By covenant often a promise only is meant. 
as in Gen. ix ; Jer. xxxiii, 20, arid in similar sense. Instances 
of true covenants are those with Abraham and his seed, and with 
mankind through the atoning blood of Jesus. 

COZ (a thorn), A descendant of Judah, i Chron. iv, 8. 

COZ'BI (a liar). Daughter of Zur, chief of the Midianites, Num. 
XXV, 15. 

CRACK'NELS (which cracks). Hard brittle cakes, i Kings xiv, 3. 

CRANE, A .bird well known in Palestine, of bluish-grey color, 
some three feet in height, gregarious, partially migratory, Isa. 
xxxviii, 14; Jer. viii, 7. Sec Ills. No. 402. 

CRA^TES, A governor of the Cyprians in reign of Antiochus 
Epiphanes, 2 Mace. iv. 29. 

CRES'CENS (increasing). An assistant of Paul, said to have been 
one of the seventy'- disciples, 2 Tim. iv, 10. 

CRETE (carnal). One of the largest islands in the Grecian archi- 
pelago, some 140 miles long. Now called Candia. Originally 
peopled hy the Caphtorim, Philistines, or Phoenicians. In apos- 
tolic times its inhabitants were corrupt, Tit. i, 12, 13. Prominent 
in history of Paul's voyage to Rome, Acts xxvii, 1-12. He 
is supposed to have visited the island again (1 Tim. i, 3). 
He established a church there, and placed Titus in charge. Tit. 
i, 5- 

CRIS'PING-PINS, Irons for curiing the hair. Now crimping 
pins, Isa. iii, 22. 

CRIS'PUS (curled). President of the synagogue at Corinth. Con- 
verted by Paul, Acts xviii, 8 ; 1 Cor. i, 14. 

CROSS, A gibbet of wood of various forms. Originally regarded 
with horror, but after the vision of Constahtine as a sacred em- 
blem, John XX, 25, 27; Zech. xii, 10; Ps. xxii, 16. Figuratively 
the badge and glory of tlie Christian. 

CROWN (crow, hence anything bent like a crow's beak). In a 
general sense any head-dress or ornament for the head. Cant, iii, 
II ; Ezek. xvi, 12. In special sense, the distinguishing head- 
dress of the priest, king or queen, Ex. xxviii, 36; 2 Chron. xxiii, 
II ; Esth. ii, 17. Crown is used as a symbol of power, honor, 
and eternal life, Prov. xii, 4 ; Lam. v, 16 ; i Pet. v, 4. For va- 
rious styles of crowns, see Ills. Nos, 216-224. 

CRU-CI-FIXTON (fixing to the cross). The method of criminal 
punishment by death which existed among the Egyptians (Gen. 
xl, 19), Carthaginians, Persians (Esth. vii, 10), Assyrians, In- 
dians, Germans, Greeks, and Romans. The ignominy of the 
death made it as much dreaded as a punishment as its horrid 
and barbarous form. It is thought the Jews borrowed this 
method of punishment from the Romans. 

CRUSE (mug), A clay vessel of indefinite shape for holding liquid, 
X Sam. xxvi, IX. . 



5^- 



CYP 



CRYS'TAL (ice), A much disputed word, translated "crystal" in 
Ezek, i, 22 ; Job xxviii, 17 ; ** frost " in Gen. xxi, 40 ; and " ice " 
in Job vi, 16. If we suppose that glass was meant, all the require- 
ments of both Hebrew and Greek will be met, since glass, crystal, 
and such substan.^es resembled ice. 

CU BIT (elbow, ell). The distance from the elbow to the extremity 
of the middle finger, being one-fourth of a man's stature. Hebrew 
cubit fixed by some at twenty-one, by others at eighteen inches. 
Gen. vi, 15. 

CUCKOO ' cicczclus from its note). The word translated cuckoo in 
Lev. xi, 16; Deut. xiv, 15, is thought to mean the storm-petrel.' 
See Ills. No. 401, 

CU'CUM-BER (encumberer). Plentiful in the East, and much used 
for food among the low^r classes, Num. xi, 5. 

CUMMIN, A plant resembling fennel, whose seeds have a bitter 
taste, and aromatic flavor. They yield a stimulating oil, Isa. 
"xxviii, 25-27; Matt. xxiii,23. 

CUP (coop), A drinking vessel, made of horn, clay, or metal. De- 
signs various and borrowed from Egypt, Gen. xl, 13; xliv,. 2; 
I Kings vii, 26; i Cor. x, 16. Used figuratively in Ps. xi, 6 ; • 
Rev. xvii, 4 ; Ps. Ixxv, 8 ; Matt, xvi, 28. See Ills, Nos. 302-309, 

315-324- 

GUP-BEARER, An officer of high rank among the Persians, As- 
syrians and Egyptians ; corresponds to our butler, or keeper of 
the wine cellar, i Kings x. 5; Gen. xl, 1, 21 ; xli, 9. 

CUSH (blackness), i. That indefinite country translated Ethiopia 
in Gen. ii, 13, which was surrounded by the river Gihon, and lo- 
cated east of the Tigris. 2. Eldest son of Ham, and the country 
which his descendants peopled, chiefly Ethiopia in Africa, now 
called Abyssinia, Isa. xviii, i ; Jer. xiii, 23; Dan. xi, 43 ; but also 
Southern Arabia, whence Nimrod went to settle in Mesopotamia, 
Gen. X, 8. 

CU SHAN (blackness), Hab. iii, 7, probably the same as Chushan- 
rishathaim of Judg. iii, 8-10. 

CU'SHI (Ethiopians), A foreigner in David's army, messenger from 



Toab, 2 Sam. xviii, 21-32. 

:u 



CUTH, CUTH'AH, CUTH'ITES (burning). The land from which 
the people were introduced as colonists into Samaria by Shalmane- 
zer, and the colonists thems>;lves, 2 Kings xvii, 24-30. It was in 
Persia and beyond the Euphrates. 

CY'A-MON, A place near Carmel, overlooking the plain of Esdra- 
elon, Jud. vii, 3. 

CYM'BAL (hollow). Metallic plates, slightly concave, used as a 
musical instrument, i Chron. xiii, 8 ; xvi, 5. Of two kinds, Ps. 
cl. 5 ; such as above described, which were held one in each 
hand ; and castanets, or metallic strips, held two in each hand be- 
tween the fingers, and struck as the bones of modern minstrelsy. 

CY'PRESS (^from island of Cyprus), An evergreen of the cone- 
bearing variety, and noted for the hardness of its wood. The word 
translated "cypress " in Isa. xliv, 14, conveys no idea of the tree 
except the quality of its wood, " cypress " being identical with 
the Hebrew "gopher" in Gen. vi, 14. 

CYP'RI-AN, An inhabitant of the island of Cyprus, 2 Mace, iv, 
29. 



BAL. 59 

CY'PRUS (fairness), A large island in north-east angle of the Medi- 
terranean. Probably the " Chittim " of Ezek. xxvii, 6. Largely- 
inhabited by Jews. Extremely fertile. Inhabitants noted for 
their debauchery. Greece and Rome shipped their copper from 
Cyprus, whence kupros, copper ; also their cypress timber. Gos- 
pel introduced quite early, Acts xi, 19 ; native place of Barnabas, 
Acts xi, 20 ; XX, 16. Paul visited it. Acts xiii, 4-13. For coin, 
see Ills. No. 498. 

CY-RE NE (a wall). Capital of Cyrenaica, or Pentapolis (from its 
five cities), in northern Africa, and corresponding to Tripoli. It 
was originally a Greek city, but filled with Jews under Alexander 
and the Romans. Simon, who bore Christ's cross, was of Cyrene, 
Matt, xxvii, 32 ; Mark xv, 21. Jews of Cyrene were present at 
the Pentecost, Acts ii,io; vi, 9. Cyrenians contributed to the 
church at Antioch, Acts xi, 20. 

CY-RE NI-US (who governs), Publius Sulpitius Quirinus, governor 
of Syria, under Rome, a. d. 6. But at time mentioned in Luke ii, 
2, he was probably governor for a first term. 

CY'RUS (master). Founder of the Persian Empire, Dan. vi, 28 ; 
xi, 13; 2 Chron. xxxvi, 22, 23. Sonof Cambyses, a Persian, and 
Mandane, daughter of Astyages, king of Media. Defeated his 
father-in law, b. c. 536, and united Media to Persia. Lydia and 
Babylon both fell under his prowess. He reigned till b. c. 529 
over the consolidated empire. He proved to the Jews a guardian 
and liberator. Foretold by Isaiah, Isa. xliv, 28 ; xlv, 1-7. Daniel 
was his favorite minister. 



D, 

DAB'A-REH fthe word or thing). Incorrect spelling of Daberath, 
which Ji't?, Josh, xxi, 28. 

DAB'BA-SHETH (flowingwith honey), A boundary town of Zebu- 
Ion, Josh, xix, 11. 

DAB E-RATH uhe word, or thing), A Levitical town on bound-, 
aries of Zebulon and Issachar. Novyr Dabarieh at the foot of Ta^^ 
bor. Josh, xix, 12. '-; 

DA'BRI-A, One of the five reporters, or swift scribes, who 
recorded the visions of Esdras, 2 Esdr, xiv, 24. 

DA-CO'3I, I Esdr. v, 28. [Akkub.] 

DAD-DE US or SAD-DE'US, i Es3r. viii, 45, 46. Corruption of 
Iddo in Ezra viii, 17. 

DA'GON (fish god). National idol of the Philistines. Temples at 
Gaza and Ashdod, Judg. xvi, 21-30; i Sam. v, 5, 6. Traces of 
worship in Beth-Dagon in Judah (Josh, xv, 41) and Assher (Josh. 
xix, 27). Represented with human hands and face, and body of a 
fish, emblematic of-protection and fruitfulness among seafaring 
tribes, i Sam. v, 5. See Ills. Nos. 122, 471. 

DAI'S AN, I Esdr. v, 31. Same as Rczin in Ezra ii, 48. 

DAL'A-I'AH (poor of the Lord), A descendant of the royal line of 
Judah, I Chron. iii, 24. 

DAL'MA-NU'THA (bucket, branch), A town or place on the west 



6o bAN 

side of the sea of Galilee, near Magdela, where Jews came after 
the miracle of the loaves and fishes, Mark viii, lo. Compare Matt. 
XV, 39. 

DAL-MA'TI-A (ma'shi-a) (deceitful lamps or burned out torches), 
A province of lUyricum, fronting on the east side of the Adriatic, 
now in Turkey in Europe. Titus was sent there by Paul (2 Tim. 
iv, 10), and Paul, himself, had been near it (Rom. xv, 19). 

DAL'PHON (house of caves). Second son of Haman, Esth. ix, 7. 

DAM'A-RIS Oittle woman). An Athenian lady who embraced 
Christianity under the preaching of Paul. Supposed to have 
been the wife of Dionysius the Areopagite, Acts xvii, 34. 

DA-MAS'CUS (sack full of blood, similitude of burning), A city of 
Syria, east of Anti-Lebanus, and in the midst of a lovely and fer- 
tile plain, opening on the Desert. Very ancient, Gen. xiv, 15 . 
XV, 2. Contiguous region called " Syria of Damascus," 2 Sam. 
viii, 5. Taken by David, viii, 5, 6, and by Jeroboam, 2 Kings 
xiv, 28. Afterwards subject to Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Seleu- 
cidae and the Romans. In Paul's time much thronged by Jews. 
Scene of Paul's conversion. Acts ix, 1-27; xxii, 1-16. Always a 
commercial centre, Ezek, xxvii, 18. Called now in the East the 
" Paradise of the world." Present population, 150,000. Belongs 
to Turkey. Chief gathering place of pilgrims for Mecca. Dam- 
ask cloth and Damascus swords are noted. Still a street there 
called '* Straight," as in Acts ix, u. See Ills. No. 27. 

DAN (a judge), i. Fifth son of Jacob, and first by F.ilnah, Rachel's 
maid, Gen. xxx,6 ; xlix, 16. His tribe was second in numbers to 
Judah, Num. i, 39 ; xxvi, 43. Dan's portion of Canaan f^xjnted 
the Mediterranean, and extended from Joppa to neai« Askelon, 
though the Amorites and Philistines kept them so long from their 
fruitful possessions that a portion conquered a new territory in the 
north of Palestine, Josh. :j^ix ; Judg. xviii. The tribal name dis- 
appears in the genealogies of i Chron. 2. The city of Laish, the 
most northern landmark of Palestine. Conquered by children of 
Dan, and called Dan, Josh, xix, 47 ; Judg. xviii, 29. Laid waste 
by Benhadad, i Kings xv, 20, 3. Apparently a place in Arabia, 
in commerce with PhcEnicia, Ezek. xxvii, 19. 

DAN-JA'AN, Probably north Dan, 2 Sam. xxiv, 6. 

DANCE (Hebrew, signifies "to leap for joy"), i. Jewish dance, 
not a measured step, but a joyful leaping, Ps. xxx, 11. Religious, 
military, civil, and social occasions were celebrated by the dance, 
with or without music, Ex. xv, 20, 21 ; 2Sam. vi, 14; i Sam. 
xviii, 6, 7. See Ills. No. 227. 2. A probable musical instrument, 
resembling a tambourine, Ps. cl, 3-5. 

DAN'IEL (yel) (judgment of God), i. The fourth of the greater 
Prophets. Descended from royal line of David, Dan. 1, 3. Cap- 
tured and taken to Babylon in third year of Jehoiakim (b. c. 604), 
where he was called Belteshazzar. Rapidly rose in favor in court 
of Nebuchadnezzar, Dan. i, ii. Made a governor under Darius, 
Dan, vi, 2, and miraculously saved from the lions, vi, 10-23. Last 
vision on Tigris, in third year of Cyrus (b. c. 534^, x, 1-4. 2. 
Second son of David, by Abigail, i Chron. iii, i. Called Chileab 
in 2 Sam. iii, 3. 3. Son of Ithamar, and valued assistant of Ezra, 
Ezra viii, 2 ; Neh. x, 6. See Ills. No. 115. 



DAV 6 1 

DAN lEL, Book of, Twenty-seventh book of Old Testament, and 
fifth of the prophecies. First six chapters historical, rest prophetic. 
As a whole earliest model of apocalyptic literature. Written partly 
in Hebrew and partly in Chaldee. Most distinct of all the pro- 
phetic writings. Acknowledged in Matt, xxiv, 15 ; Luke i, 19, 26; 
Heb. XI, 33, 34. The " Song of the Three Holy Children," 
''History of Susanna," and " History of Bel and the Dragon" 
are apocryphal additions to Daniel. 

DAN'NAH (judging), A city of Judah, south of Hebron, Josh. 
XV, 49. 

DAPH'NE (bay-tree), A grove and Sanctuary of Apollo, on the 
Orontes, south-west of, and near Antioch in Syria, 2 Mace, iv, 33. 

DA'RA (generation), i Chron. ii, 6. [Darda.J 

DAR'DA (home of knowledge), One of four, famed for his wisdom, 
I Kings iv, 31. 

DARTC (from Darius, king), A Persian coin brought by the re- 
turned Jews into Palestine. It was of gold and silver, worth 
about three dollars, and twenty-five cents respectively. See Ills. 
No. 470. 

DA-RI L^S (Greek form of Persian dara, king), i. Darius the 
Mede (b. c. 559-536), Dan. xi, i; vi, i. Son of Ahasuerus, who 
must be identified with Astyages or Cyaxares I. Xenophon calls 
Darius, Cyaxares, meaning Cyaxares H. 2. Darius Hystaspes, 
king of Persia, b. c. 521-486. Removed capital to Susa. Babylon 
rebelled and was destroyed, as predicted in Jer. li, 58. Restored 
the Jews in accordance with the pohcy of Cyinis, Ezra iv, 24. 3, 
" Darius the Persian," Neh. xii, 22. Referred to Ochus, or 
Darius Nothus, on Persian throne, b. c. 424-404, and to Darius 
Codomanus, b. c. 336-330. The latter was the last king of Persia, 
and fell before the victorious Alexander. 4. AVeus, king of Lace- 
dsemon, 1 Mace, xii, 7. 

DARK'NESS (blackness), Absence of natural light, Gen. i, 2. 
State of misery, Job xviii, 6. National convulsion in absence of 
stars of state, Isa. xiii, 10 ; Acts ii, 20. State of the fallen. Matt, 
viii, 1$. Miraculous, as in Egypt, Ex. x, 21-23. Sympathetic, 
Luke xxiii, 43. 

DAR'KON (of generation), Children of, were among the " servants 
of Solomon," who returned from the captivity, Ezra ii, 56. 

DATE (like the finger), Fruit of the Palm-tree, 2 Chron. xxxi, 5. 

DA'THAN (laws of rites), A Reubenite chief, co-conspirator with 
Korah the Levite, Num. xvi ; xxvi, 9 ; Deut. xi, 6. 

DATH'E-MA, Perhaps Ramoth-Gilead, i Mace, v, 9. 

DAUGH'TER, Used indiscriminately in the Scriptures for daugh- 
ter, grand-daughter, or any female descendant however remote. 
Gen. xxiv, 48. 

DA'VID (well-beloved). Youngest son of Jesse, of Judah, born in 
Bethlehem, b. c. 1085. Anointed of God to be king. Successor 
of Saul on the throne. Renowned as an author, warrior, and 
statesman. Raised the empire to a point of grandeur it never be- 
fore attained. Life a succession of glorious and censurable deeds. 
In the struggle between his highly spiritual organization and his 
brute nature the latter conquered, and he died bequeathing to a 
son one of the grandest empires of the world, to literature its 



62 DEE 

brightest ornaments, to mankind an example to be followed by 
none with safety. His history is succinctly told in i Sam. xvi to 
I Kings ii. 

DAVID, City of, [Jerusalem.] 

DAY (shinej. The natural day of the Hebrews was from sunset to 
sunset, after the manner of the Athenians, Gen. i, 5; Lev. xxiii, 
32. The prophetic day must be frequently construed as a year. 

DAYS 'MAN, Who fixes the day and sits as umpire or moderator. 
Job ix, 33. 

DEA'CON (runner, servant, minister), A subordinate officer of the 
early Christian Church, first mentioned in Acts vi. For quaUfi- 
cations, see i Tim. iii, 8-12. In the secular workings of the 
Church, probably the equal of elders and bishops, but without 
power to teach. 

DEA'CON-ESS, A female officer of the early Church, exercising 
functions in relation to their own sex which the deacons found in- 
convenient or impossible, Rom. xvi, i, 

DEAD SEA, Not so called until the second century. In Old 
Testament " the Salt Sea," and " Sea of the Plain." 5<^<? latter. 

DE'BIR (word, oracle), i. Avery ancient city in Judah, called 
also Kirjath-sannah, "city of palm," and Kirjath-sepher, '* city 
of books," not identified, Josh, xv, 15, 49. 2. A place among the 
hills behind Jericho, Josh. XV, 7. 3. A boundary of Gad, Josh, 
xiii, 26. 4. A king of Eglon hanged by Joshua, Josh, x, 3, 23. 

DEB'0-RAH (word, bee). i. Grandmother of Tobit, written 
Debora, Tob. i, 8. 2. Nurse of Rebekah, buried at Bethel, Gen. 
XXXV, 8 ; xxiv, 59. 3. Prophetess and judge of Israel, residing at 
Mt. Ephraim, Judg. iv, 5. She was the Joan of her time, leadmg 
the armies to victjry in company with Barak. Her triumphal 
ode is recorded in Judg. v. 

DEB T'OR, When the chattels of a Hebrew would not pay his 
debts his lands might be taken or his person reduced to servitude 
until the year of Jubilee, when all bondage ceased, Lev. xxv, 29- 
34; 2 Kmgs iv, r ; Neh. v, 3-5. 

D EC'A-LOGU E (ten words),The Ten Commandments, Ex. xx, 3-17. 

DE-CAP'0-LIS vten cities). An illy defined province of Syria and 
Palestme, created by the Romans, lying on both sides of Jordan, 
but prmcipally on the east. The ten cities it contained were, 
according to Pliny, Scythopolis, Hippos, Gadera, Pella, Phila- 
d-jlphia, Gerasa, Dion, Canatha, Damascus and Raphana, Matt. 
iv, 25; Mark v, 20; vii, 31. 

DE DAN (friendship, judge). 1. Grandson of Cush, Gen. x, 7. 2. 
Son of Jokshan, son of Abraham, Gen. xxv, 3 Both these cha- 
racters were founders of tribes which dwelt in Arabia or Idumea, 
Isa. xxi, 13 ; Ezek. xxxviii, 13. 

DED^\-NIM, Isa. xxi, 13. [Dedan.] 

DED'I-CA'TION (declaration). The ceremony of devoting any 
person, place, or thing to holy purposes, Ex. xl ; i Kings viii ; 
Ezra vi. The " Feast ot Dedication" was a yearly festival in 
commemoration of the purging of the Temple when polluted by 
Antiochus Epiphanes (John x, 22). Instituted 25th of Chisleu, 
B. c. 167. 

DEER (wild animal). In Deut. xiv, 5, and i Kings iv, 23, the Fal- 



DEU 63 

low deer or bubale is meant. They were shy and rare, but their 
flesh was esteemed a great delicacy. See ILs. No. 415. 

DE-GREES, Psalms op. Fifteen psalms so called, from cxx 
to cxxxiv inclusive. No clear explanation of the title, but sup- 
posed to be pilgrim songs sung when going to Jerusalem. 

DE-HA'VITES, Probably Dahi, Persian nomads. They were 
planted in Samaria after the Captivity, Ezra iv, 9. 

DE'KAR (force),One of Solomon's commissary oflicers, i Kings iv, 9. 

DEL-A-I'AH (poor of the Lord). 1. Leader of the 23d course of 
priests in time of David, i Chron. xxiv, 18. 2. Restored Jews 
under Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 60. 3. Father of Shemaiah, Neh. vi, 
10, 4. A courtier of King Jehoiakim, Jer. xxxvi, 12. 

DELT-LAH (poor, head of hair), A woman of Sorek near Gaza. 
Probably a Philistine courtesan. She was employed lor 1100 
pieces of silver to win from Samson the secret of his strength, 
Judg. XV, xvi. 

DEL'UGE (to wash away). That miraculous flood, which visited 
the earth, b. c. 2348, on account of the sins of the inhabitants, 
and from which only eight persons escaped. Gen. vi-viii. Made 
to illustrate the longsuffering of God (2 Pet. iii, 5-7), and the sec- 
ond coming of Christ, Matt, xxiv, 38. 

DE'LUS (suddenly visible). Smallest of the Cyclades islands, in 
the ./Egean. Birth-place of Apollo, and chief seat of his worship. 
It arose suddenly from the water, i Mace, xv, 23. 

DE'MAS (popular), A friend of Paul's at Rome, Col. iv, 14. But 
deserted him and went back to the world, 2 Tim. iv. 10. 

DE-ME'TRI-US (of or belonging to Ceres, corn), i. The gold- 
smith of Ephesus, who stirred up a riot against the Christians, 
Acts xix, 24-41. 2. Demetrius (Ij Soter, " saviour," successor 
of Antiochus V, on throne of Syria, B. c. 162-150. Defeated and 
succeeded by Alexander Balas, backed by Rome, i Mace, x, 48- 
50. 3. Demetrius (II) Nicator, " victorious." Son of former 
and successor of Balas, b. c. 144. Warred with the Jews. Cap- 
tured by Mithridates, assassinated b. c. 126, i Mace, x, jfK 4. A 
disciple mentioned in 3 John 12, probably same as i. 

DE-NA RI-US (ten, containing ten assess, The " penny " of New 
Testament. A Greek and Roman silver coin, worth from sixteen 
to seventeen cents. The gold Denarius equalled twenty-five silver 
denarii. See Ills. No. 485. 

©ER BE (sting", A small tovm — the refuge of Paul and Barnabas — 
in Lycaonia in Asia Minor, and east of Lystra, at the foot of the 
Taurus range. Acts xiv, 21 ; xx, 4. 

DES'ERT (ruin). Various tracts of country are called desert in the 
Scriptures, from arid, sandy plains to any mountainous, woody, 
or unoccupied places. Num. xxi, 20; Ex. xxiii, 31 ; Deut. xi, 24; 
Ps. Ixv, 12, 13. 

DESSA-U, A village mentioned in 2 Mace, xiv, 16. 

DE-U'EL '^knowledge of God\ Captain of Gad at the numbering at 
Snai, Num. i, 14 ; Reuel in ii, 14. 

DEUTER-ON'O-MY (repetition of the law \ Fifth book of Old 
Testament and last of the Pentateuch. The valedictory^ of Moses. 
Consists of three discourses. The first recapitulates the events of 
the preceding forty years in the wilderness. The second recapitu- 



64 



- DIN 



lates the law. The third delivers the law into the keeping of the 
Levites, and recites the method of preserving and reading it. The 
conclusion is an account of the death of Moses, written, probably^ 
by Joshua or Ezra. 

DEVIL (slanderer). The principle of evil in the world, whose type 
is Satan, the adversary. Matt, xii, 14 ; Rev. xx, 2 ; Eph. ii, 2. 
The devil of bodily possession as in Matt, ix, 32 ; Mark ix, 17, 
was more the polluting power of disease ending in demoniacal 
conceits and acts. 

DEW, Very copious in Palestine, Judg. vi, 37-40. A source of fer- 
tility, Gen. xxvii, 28. Object of rich imagery. Job xxix, 19 ; 
Ps. cxxxiii, 3. 

DI'AL (daily). An instrument for telling the time of day, before 
clocks were invented. The Hebrew dial was essentially Baby- 
lonish. The degrees were steps upon which a shadow was cast 
by a pole or tower, 2 Kings xx, 11 ; Isa. xxxviii. 1-9. 

DIA-MOND (adamant). Pure crystallized carbon, the most pre- 
cious of stones. Third in second row of high-priest's breast- 
plate, Ex. xxviii, 18 ; Ezek. xxviii, 13. The diamond of Jer. 
xvii, I was probably ^amant. 

DI-AN'A (luminous, safe), A Roman goddess, daughter of Jupiter 
and Latona, and twin sister of Apollo. Presided over the chase 
and child-birth. Artemis of the Gre«ks. Tutelary goddess of 
the Ephesians, where she was identified with Astarte and other 
female divinities of the East. Her temple at Ephesus was re- 
garded as one of the seven wonders of the world. Acts xix, 28, 
xxxiv, 35. See Ills. No. 84. 

DIB'LA-IM (cluster of figs), Mother of Hosea's wife, Hos. i, 3. 

DIB'LATH (paste of dry figs), A place at the north extremity of 
Israel ; probably Ribl.ih, Ezek. vi, 14. 

DI'BON (abundance of knowledge), A town of Gad, east of Jordan, 
Num. xxxii, 3, 34, called Dibon-Gad. Accounted to Reuben in 
Josh, xiii, 9, 17. Later in possession of Moab, as Isa.xv. 2. 

DlB'RI (orator), A Danite, Lev. xxiv, 11. 

DID'Y-MUS (twin), Surname of the Apostle Thomas, John xi, 16, 
XX, 24, xxi, 2. 

DIK'LAH (palm-tree), A son of Joktan and his tribe, inhabiting 
some palm-bearing portion of Arabia, Gen. x, 27; i Chron. i,2i. 

DIL'E-AN (that is poor), A city in the lowlands of Judah. Iden- 
tified with modern Tina, in plain of Philistia, south of Eckron, 
Josh. XV, 38. 

DIM'NAH, A city of Zebulon, Josh, xxi, 35, and probably the 
Rimmon of i Chron. vi, 77. 

DPMON (where it is red;. Some stream of Moab, Isa. xv, 9. 
Compare Isa. xv, 2. 

DI-MO'NAH (dunghill), A city in South Judah, Josh. xv. 22. 
Perhaps same as Dibon in Neh. xi, 25. 

DI'NAH (judged). Daughter of Jacob and Leah, Gen. xxx, 21. 
Her crime with Shechem was murderously avenged by Jacob's 
sons, Gen. xxxiv. Probably went to Egypt with her father. 
Gen. xlvi 15. 

DI'NA-ITES, Cuthean colonists of the East, transplanted in Sa- 
maria after the captivity, Ezra iv, 9. 



^ DOR 65 

DIN'HA-BAH (who gives judgment), Capital of Edom under 
Bala. Not identified, Gen. xxxvi, 32 ; i Chron, i, 43. 

DI'O-NYS'I-US (divinely touched), A member of the court of 
Areopagus at Athens. Converted by Paul's preaching. Acts 
xvii, 34. 

DI-O-NYS'US, The Bacchus of Mythology. God of wine. To 
the Jews the embodiment of Paganism, 2 Mace, xiv, 33. 

DI-OS-CO-RIN'THI-US, A month in the Cretan calendar, 2 
Mace, xi, 21. ^ 

DI-OT'RE-PHES (nourished of Jupiter), A Christian mentioned 
in 3 John, 9. Nothing known of him. 

DIS-CrPLE (learner, scholar). Followers of Christ, Matt, x, 24, 
of John, Matt, ix, 14, of the Pharisees, Matt, xxii, 16. But spe- 
cially to the twelve. Matt, x, i ; xi, i ; xx, 17. In general sense, 
a believer in Christ and'his doctrines. 

DIS'CUS (round plate), The quoit, 2 Mace, iv, 14. 

DI'SHAN (threshing). Youngest son of Seir the Horite, Gen. 
xxxvi, 21. 

DI'SHON (fatness, ashes), Son and grandson of Seir, Gen. xxxvi, 
21-30. Their tribes inhabited about the gulf of Akaba. 

DIV-I-NA'TION (foreseeing). Natural divination is true pro- 
phesy. Artificial divination is trickery. Faith in the latter for- 
bidden, Ex. xxii, 18 ; Lev. xix, 26. Much attention paid to it 
among all Eastern peoples, Ex. vii, ii, 12, 22. Diviners in the 
shape of fortune-tellers, dream interpreters, snake charmers, jug- 
glers, oracles, etc., etc. 

DI-VORCE' (to turn different ways). Allowed by Mosaic law, 
Deut. xxiv, 1-4 ; biit limited by Christ to adultery only. Matt. 
V, 31. 32. 

DIZ'A-HAB, A spot in the desert, scene of one of Moses' ad- 
dresses, Deut. i, I. 

DO'CUS (a little hold), Springs near Jericho, i Mace, xvi, 15. 

DOD'A-I /'beloved), i Chron. xxvii, 4. [Dodo.] 

DOD'A-NIM (beloved). Descendants of Javan, son of Japhet. 
Identified with the Dardani of lllyricum and Troy, and the 
Daunians of Apulia, Gen. x, 4, but Rodanim in i Chron. i, 7. 

DOD'A-VAH (love), Father of Eliezer, 2 Chron. xx, 37. 

DO'DO (uncle), i. Father of one of David's captains, 2 Sam. 
xxiii, 24. 2. An Ahohite commanding the second monthly 
course, i Chron. xxvii, 4. 3. Father of Tola the judge, Judg. 

X, I. 

DO'EG (careful), The Idumean overseer of Saul's herds, who in- 
formed his master of the kindness extended to David by the 
priests, and then became their murderer, i Sam. xxi, 22 ; Ps. lii, 
cxx, cxl. 

DOG, Used by Jews to guard houses and flocks, Isa. Ivi, 10; Job 
XXX, I. But regarded with contempt, i Kings xiv, 11 ; xvi, 4; 
Matt, vii, 6. 

DOORS (through). [Gates.] 

DOPH'KAH (knocking), A desert station of the Israelites, Num. 
xxxiii, 12. ■ 

DOR' (generation, habitation), A city on the coast of Palestine, 
north of Cesarea, in the tribe of Manasseh, now Tortava. It was 



66 DRI 

founded by the Canaanites, and the original inhabitants were 
never expelled. Josh, xvii, ii, xii, 23 ; i Kings iv, 11. 

DO'RA, I Mace, xv, 11. [Dok.J 

'DOR'CAS (gazelle), In the Syriac Tabitha, ** female gazelle." 
The pious v/oman of Joppa, whom Peter raised from the dead, 

- -Acts ix, 36-42. 

DO-RYM'E-NES, Father of Ptolemy Macron, i Mace, iii, 38. 

DO-SITH'E-US, A captain under Judas Maccabeus, 2 Mace, xii, 

19-35- . . 

DO'THAN, DO'THA-IM (law, custom). The place where Joseph 
was sold, near Shechem, Gen. xxxvii, 17. Elijah's residence, 
2 Kings vi, 13. Dothaim in Jud. iv, 6, 

DOVE (diver). First mentioned in Gen. viii. Clean by the ritual, 
and offered as a sacrifice by the poor. Gen. xv, 9; Lev. v, 7, 
xii, 6-8; Luke ii, 24. Symbol of innocence, Hos. vii, 11 ; Matt. 
X, 16. Harbinger of God's favor, Gen. viii. Emblem of Holy 

' Spirit, Matt, iii, 16. See Ills. No. 399. 

DOVES' DUNG, Probably a kind of chick pea; or else figura- 
tive illustration of the scarcity of food during the famine in Sama- 
ria, 2 Kings vi, 25. 

DOWRY (the portion or endower). The portion paid the father 
of the bride by the bridegroom. Gen. xxix, 18, 17; i Sam. 
xviii, 25. . ' , , 

DRACHM (handful), A Greek coin of silver, having variable 
values, averaging about eighteen cents, 2 Mace, iv, 19 ; Luke 
XV, 8, 9. . . ^ . 

DRAG'ON (looking with terrible eyes). The dragon of Job xxx, 
29 : Isa. xxxiv, 13, xliii, 20 ; Ps. xliv, 19 ; Jer. ix, 11 ; Mic. i, 8, 
would appear to be some wild beast of the desert, probably the 
jackal. The dragon of Gen. i, 21, is a sea-serpent; of Ex. vii, 9, 
10, 12, and Deut. xxxii, 33, a deadly land-serpent; and of Rev. 
xii, 3-17, the devil. The dragon of moderh times is a species of 
lizard found in Asia and Africa. 

DRAGON-WELL, Probably the fount of Gihon on west side of 
Jerusalem, Neh. ii,- 13. 

DRAUGHT-HOUSE,^ Ccss-pool. 2 Kings x, 27; Matt, xv, 17. 

DREAM joy, slumber), Seriously regarded by ancients, Gen. xt. 
Belief in by Jews forbidden, Deut. xiii, 1-3, yet a divine method 
of approaching mortals. Gen. xx, 3-7; i Sam. xxviii, 6; Acts 
xxvii, 22-25. 

DRESS (making straight or preparing). Earliest dress of leaves. 
Gen. iii, 7, then of skin of animals, iii, 21 ; Matt, iii, 4. Woollen 
garments early introduced. Lev. xiii, 47. Linen at later period, 
1 Chron. iv, 21, and silk still later, Rev. xviii, 12. Mixed ma- 
terial forbidden, Lev. xix, 19. Patterns and colors varied, but 
all very rich among the wealthyjn centres of fashion and at the 
courts and temples. See Ills. Nos. 147-153, 215. 

DRINK-OFFERING, The pouring of a small quantity of \yine on 
the sacrifice, and giving the rest to the priest, Ex. xxix, 40: 
Lev. xxiii, 18. An acknowledgment that the blessings of the 
earth were of God. 

DRINK, STRONG, Beer of Ejrypt introduced into Palestine ; 
made of barley, withlupine as a substitute for hops. Cider, or 



EAR 67 

appk-wine, honey-wine, wine of grapes, promegranates, and va- 
rious other fruits, were known among the Jews. 

DROM'E-DA-RY Crunning camel). The post camel of the East, 
1 Kings iv, 28; Mic. 1, 13. Badly translated ''mules " in Esth. 
viii, 10. 

DRU-SIL'LA (watered by dew). The beautiful and infamous 
daughter of Herod Agrippa I., Acts xii, i, 19. Abandoned hus- 
band and religion and became wife of Felix, Roman governor of 
Judea, Acts xxiv, 24. She perished, with her son, in an eruption 
of Vesuvius. 

DUKE (leader), The dukes of Edom (Gen. xxxvi, 15-43) were ^^^V 
chiefs or Sheikhs. 

DUL'CI-MER (sweet music), Generally agreed to be an instra- 
nient like the Scottish bagpipe, Dan. iii, 5-15. The modern dul- 
cimer is a stringed instrument. 

DU'MAH (stony), A son of Ishmael, and the name of his tribe and 
dwelling-place in Arabia, Gen, xxv, 14 ; i Chi-on. i, 30 ; Isa. 
xxi, II, 

DUNG (excrement). In non-wooded districts of East dung of 
camel and asses used for fuel, Ezek. iv ; Isa, xxv, 10 ; v, 25, As 
manure, Luke xiii, 8. 

DUN'GEON (strong tower or keep). [Prison.] 

DU'RA (habitation), A plain of Babylon on left bank of Tigris, 
where Nebuchadnezzar set up the golden image, Dan. iii, i. 

DUST (flour, vapor), A sign of mourning v/hen sprinkled on head. 
Josh, vii, 6; Isa. xlvii, i. Symbolic of the grave, Gen. xiii, 16, 
and a low condition, i Sam. ii, 8. Throwing dust upon one an 
evidence of hatred, 2 Sam. xvi, 13 ; Acts xxii, 22-24. Shaking 
dust from feet was renouncing one. Matt, x, 14; Mark vi, 11. 



E. 



EA'GLE (bird, disquiet). Many species in East. Noted for height 
of flight, Prov. xxiii, 5 ; rapidity, 2 Sam. i, ^3 ; Job ix, 26 ; Deut. 
xxviii, 49; Jer, iv, 13; its great age, Ps, ciii, 5; care of young, 
Ex. xix, 4; Deut. xxxii, 11,12. See Ills. Nos. 392, 394,408. 

E'A-NES, In Esdr. ix, 21, stands for Harim, Maaseiah and Elijah 
in list of Ezra x. 

EAR (to plow). Earing time was plowing time, Isa. xxx, 24; Gen. 
xlv, 6; Ex. xxxiv, 21. 

EARN'EST (certain), The pledge, surety, or hostage of the He- 
brews, and deposit of the Greeks, 2 Cor, i, 22 ; Gen. xxxviii, 17; 
Prov. xvii, 18; 2 Kings xiv, 14. 

EAR-RINGS, Were of gold, worn generally by women and youth 
of both sexes, were frequently regarded with superstitious reve- 
rence as amulets, and v>^ere of larger size than ours. Ex, xxxii, 2 ; 
Judg. viii, 24; Job xiii, 11. See Ills. Nos. 177-193. ' 

EARTH ( bear, produce), Applied in Hebrev/ to particular land, 
and the planet on which we live, Matt, xxvii, 45 ; Gen. i, i, 10, 
xxi, 32. They had no correct notion of sphericity of earth. Job 
ix, 6; Ps. Ixxv, 3. 

5 



68 ECC 

EARTH-QUAKE, Instances of earthquake are recorded in Am. 
i, I ; Zech. xiv, 5; Num. xvi ; 1 Kings xix, 11, 12; Matt, 
xxvii, 51. 

EAST (it grows light), The sun's rising, and also that indefinite 
region lying east of Jordan, embracing Arabia, Assy^-ia, Babylo- 
nia, Syria, Armenia, etc.. Gen. xxix, i ; Num. xxiii,7, 

EAST'ER (from Eastre, a Saxon goddess of light and spring). The 
fact that the feast in her honor coincided with the Paschal feast 
of the Jews led to a wrong insertion of the word Easter in the 
New Testament. The error has been corrected, except in Acts 
xii, 4. See Passover. 

E'BAL (ancient heaps), i. A son of Joktan (i Chron. i, 22), also 
of Shobal (Gen. xxxvi, 23). . 2. Mount Ebal, on which the curs- 
ings of Israel were to rest, was over against Gerizim, with the 
valley and town of Shechem between. Its base is full of caves 
and sepulchral excavations. 

E'BED (servant), i. Father of Gaal and co-conspirator with She- 
chem against Abimelech, Judg. ix, 26-35. 2. One of the Bene- 
Adin who returned from Babylon with Ezra, Ezra viii, 6. 

E'BED-ME'LECH (king's servant). An Ethiopian servant of 
King Zedekiah, who was instrumental in releasing Jeremiah 
from prison, Jer, xxxviii, 7-13, xxxix, 15-18. 

EB'EN-E'ZER (stone of help), A memorial stone set up by Sam- 
uel after a victory over the Philistines, i Sam. vii, 12. 

E'BER (anger, one that passes) i. A great grandson of Shem, 
Gen. X, 24; I Chron, i, 19. 2. A Benjamite, i Chron. viii, 12. 
3. A priest under Joiakim, Neh. xii, 20. 

E-BI'A-SAPH (father that adds), A progenitor of Samuel, of the 
family of Korah, i Chron. vi, 23, 37. Probably Abiasaph and 
Asaph of I Chron. xxvi, i, 

EB'O-NY (stone-like), The Hebrew idea of stone-wood was cor- 
rect. It is a hard, heavy, fine-grained wood, growing in Ceylon 
and Southern India, much used for finely-wrought instruments, 
Ezek. xxvii, 15. 

E-CA'NUS, One of the five swift scribes who attended Esdras, 2 
Esdr, xiv, 24, 

EC-BAT'A-NA (egress). The Greek for Achmetha, " in a coffer." 
A city njay not be meant in Ezra vi, 2. Two cities called Ecba- 
tana , one capital of Northern Media, the other of Media Magna, 
novv Ham^dan, 2 Mace, ix, 3. The former was the summer 
residence of the Persian kings from Darius downwards. 

ECCLE'SI-AS'TES (preacher). Twenty-first book of Old Testa- 
ment, and fourth of poetical books. Authorship credited to 
Solomon; if so a product of his old age. Style not pure Hebrew. 
It confesses the vanities of life, and sums up true wisdom as 
''fearing God and keeping his commandments." Some of its 
doctrines tend to Sadduceeism. 

EC-CLE'SI-AS'TI-CUS rof or belonging to the assembly), The 
Latin name of "The Wisdom of Jesus, The Son of Sirach," 
seventh of the Apocryphal books. It is a compilation of the 
wise sayings of the author's father and others, and is valuable as 
an epitome of Palestinian wisdom and morality at the time of the 
writing, about b. c. 300. It was written in Hebrew, doubtless at 



EGL 69 

Jerusalem, but was never admitted into the canon, though quoted 
approvingly by early writers. 

ED (witness;, In Josh, xxii, 34, a word inserted on the authority 
of Arabic and Syriac versions. It was not in the received He- 
brew text. 

E'DAR (flock). Properly Eder. Used in Gen. xxxv, 21, to desig- 
nate a halting place of Jacob and his family between Bethlehem 
and Hebron, said by Jerome to be 1000 paces from the former 
place. 

ED-DI'AS, I Esdr. ix, 26. [Jeziah.] 

E'DEN (pleasure, delight), i. The first residence of man. No 
man can locate it precisely. Its limit is as indefinable as the 
Hebrew idea of '* eastward." Many find Armenia answering 
best the description of Gen. ii, 8-14. Others bring the whole 
river system of Asia into its limits. Some regard its description 
as allegorical. Probably it is as safe as any to regard the Bible 
story of Eden as descriptive of that glad nature and those happy 
surroundings, in the midst of which God placed his earthly ima- 
ges of himself. 2. A mart of Mesopotamia, in commerce with 
Tyre, 2 Kings, xix, 12; Isa. xxxvii, 12. 3. Beth-Eden, "house 
of pleasure," was probably a summer residence of the Kings of 
Damascus, Amos i, 5. 4. A Levite in days of Hezekiah, 2 Chron. 
xxix, 12 ; xxxi, 15. 

E'DER (flocks). I. A town of Judah on the borders of Edom, 
Josh. XV, 21. 2. A Levite in time of David, i Chron. xxiii, 23. 

E'DES, I Esdr. ix, 35. [Jaddua.] 

ED'NA, Wife of Raguel, Tobit vii, 2-16. 

E'DOM (red, earthy, of blood). The name given to Esau, son of 
Isaac, and to the country which his descendants occupied. So- 
called from the color of the pottage for which he sold his birth- 
right. Edom lay to the south of Palestine or Moab, and east of 
Arabah or the Dead Sea plain, but afterwards extended westward 
to the Mediterranean under the Greek name of Iduraea. It was 
the primitive Mt. Seir, Gen. xxxii, 3. The inhabitants were 
called Horites, 'Mwellers in caves," Gen. xxxvi, 20-22. The 
country was wholly mountainous, 2 Chron. xxviii, 17. Its an- 
cient capital was Bozrah, Gen. xxxvi, 33. The Edomites were 
always enemies of the Jews, and nearly always independent No- 
mads, for which reason they were denounced by the later pro- 
phets, Isa. xxxiv, 5-8; Ezek. xxv, 13, 14. See Ills. No. iii. 

ED'RE-I (mass, cloud). 1. A capital of Bashan, afterwards in the 
portion of Manasseh, thirty-five miles east of the sea of Galilee, 
now Edr'a or Draa, Num. xxi, 33; Josh, xii, 4. 2. A town of 
Northern Palestine in tribe of Napthali. Its ruins are located 
two miles south of Kedesh, Josh, xix, 37. 

EG'LAH (heifer, chariot), A wife of David while at Hebron. 
Traditionally same as Michal, 2 Sam. iii, 5; i Chron. iii, 3. 

EG'LA-IM (drops of the sea), A remote point in Moab, probably 
En-eglaim, Isa. xv, 8. 

EG'LON (chariot, round). 1. A king of Moab, who crossed Jordan, 
captured Jericho, " city of palm trees," and oppressed Israel for 
eighteen years, Judg. iii, 12-23. 2. A town in the low country 
of Judah, now Ajlan, fifteen miles south of Gaza, Josh, xv, 39. 



70 ELB 

E'GYPT, The northeasternmost country of Africa, fronting the 
Mediterranean. Egypt is the Greek and Roman name for it, 
and probably signities " land of the sunshine or brightness." 
Hebrews called it Mizraim, that is the country colonized by 
Mizraim, the son of Ham, Gen. x, 6. Called " Land of Ham" 
in Ps. cv, 23,27. Arab name Mizr, " red mud," equivalent of 
Mizraim. Egyptian name Kem, *' chem," "black," equivalent 
of Ham. Its chief and most attractive feature is the Nile and its 
fertile valley. Its fertility, dense population, arts, sciences, 
literature, and religion are matters of earliest historic mention, 
and indeed the Jewish empire and people but reflected the learn- 
ing and customs of Egypt. See Ills. Nos. 89-93, loi, 135-138, 
231-237. 
E'HI, Gen. xlvi, 21. [Ahiram.] 

E'HUD (he that praises), i. Son of Bilhan, i Chron. vii, 10. 2. The 
judge or deliverer of Israel, who destroyed ^glon, king of Moab, 
Judg. iii, 15-21. 
E'KER (barren), A descendant of Judah, i Chron. ii, 27. 
EK'RE-BEL, A place in Judah, south of Esdraelon, and remotely 

identified- with Acrabattine, Jud. vii, 18. 
EK'RON (barrenness), One of the five Philistine towns. Josh, xiii, 
3, It fell to Judah, and became a northern landmark. Josh, xv, 
45, 46. Its site is located ten miles northeast of Ashdod, 1 Sara, 
v, 10; 2 Kings i, 2. 
E'LA, I Esdr. ix, 27. [Elam.] 
EL'A-DAH (eternity of God), A descendant of Ephraim, i Chron. 

vii, 20. 
E'LAH (oak, curse), i. Son of Baasha, king of Israel, and his suc- 
cessor on the throne for a year, i Kings xvi, 8-10. 2. Father of 
Hoshea, last king of Israel, 2 Kings xv, 30. 3. A duke of Edom, 
Gen. xxxvi, 41. 4. A commissary of Solomon, i Kings iv, 18. 
5. Son of Caleb, i Chron. iv, 15. 6. A chief of Benjamin at the 
conquest, 1 Chron. ix, 8. 7. The valley in which David slew 
Goliath, supposed to be some, fourteen miles southwest of Jerusa- 
lem, I Sam. xvii, 2-19. 
E'LAM (young man), i. A son of Shem, Gen. x, 22, and the 
country peopled by his descen"Uants, Gen. xiv, 1-9. Originally 
a portion of Lower Mesopotamia, absorbing even Babylon itself, 
but afterwards dependent on Persia. Shushan appears to have 
been in it, Dan. viii, 2. 2. A chief of Benjamin, 1 Chron. viii, 24. 
3. One of the Bene-Asaph in David's time, i Chron-. xxvi, 3. 4. 
"Children of Elam " returned from captivity with Zerubbabel, 
Ezra ii, 7, 31. 5. A priest under Nehemiah, Neh. xii, 42. 
EL'A-SAH (doings of God), i. A priest in Ezra's time, Ezra x, 22. 
2. Son of Shaphan, and commissioner from Zedekiah to Nebu- 
chadnezzar, Jer. xxix, 3. 
E'LATH or E'LOTH (hind, strength, oak), A city of Edom at 
head of gulf of Arabia, then called Elanitic gulf, from the city. 
It was close by Ezion-geber, Deut. ii, 8 ; i Kings ix, 26. It was 
a point of commerce after the conquest of Edom by David, 2 
Sam. viii, 14; i Kings ix, 26. 
EL'-BETH'EL (strength of Bethel, i. e., strength of the house of 
God), Name of the place where God appeared to Jacob when 
flying from Esau, Gen. xxv, 7. 



ELI 7*1 

EL'CI-A, A progenitor of Judith, Jud. viii, i. 

EL'DA-AH (knowledge of God), The last in order of the sons of 
Midian, Gen. xxv, 4; i Chron. i, 33. 

EL'DAD (love of God), Eldad and Medad were two of the seventy 
elders, appointed by Moses, who were censured by Joshua for 
prophesying in the camp, but were sustained by Moses, Num. 
xi, 16, 26. 

EL'DER (old man). The patriarch or highest in tribal authority, 
Ex. iii, 16 ; iv, 29 ; 1, 7 ; Num. xxii, 7. Political functionaries 
and justiciars, Ex. xxiv, 1-9, which as a body of sevent>^ or sev- 
enty-two merged into the Sanhedrim, Judg. ii, 7 ; 2 Sam. xvii, 
4 ; Jer. xxix, i ; i Mace, xii, 6. After the Christian era a Chris- 
tian body distinct from the Sanhedrim was created, composed of 
presbyters or elders, Luke xxii, 66; Acts xxii^ 5; xx, 17, 28. 

E'LE-AD (witness of God), A descendant of Ephraim, i Chron. 
vii, 21. 

E'LE-A'LEH (burnt-oflferi«g of God), A town of the Amorites near 
Heshbon, in country assigned to Reuben, Num. xxxii, 3, 37. 
Mentioned as of Moab in Isa. xv, 4; Jer. xlviii, 34. 

E-LE'A-SA, The place where Judas Maccabeus was killed, near 
Ashdod or Azotus, i Mace, ix, 5-18. 

E-LE'A-SAH. I. A descendant of Judah, i Chron, ii, 39. 2. A de- 
scendant of Saul through Jonathan, i Chron. viii, 37. 

E'LE-A'ZAR (help or court of God), i. Third son of Aaron, and 
high-priest after him. Lev. v, 1 ; Num. iii, 4 ; xx, 28. The 
office continued in his family through seven generations till time 
of Eli. Restored to his line by Solomon. 2. Son of Abinadab 
of Kirjath-jearim, who had charge of the Ark while in his father's 
house, I Sam. vii, i, 3. A mighty man of David's army, 2 Sam. 
xxiii, a. 4. A Levite, 1 Chron. xxiii, 21. 5. A priest under Ne- 
hemiah, Neh. xii, 42. 6. Son of Parosh, Ezra x, 25. 7. Son of 
Phinehas, Ezra viii, 33. 8. Surnamed Avaran, i Mace, vi, 43; 
2 Mace, viii, 23. 9. A scribe, 2 Mace, vi, 18. 10. An embassa- 
dor to Rome, i Mace, viii, 18. 11, Son of Eliud, Matt, i, 15. 

E'LE-A-ZU'RUS, i Esdr. ix, 24. [Eliashib.] 

EL'-E-LO'HE-IS'RA-EL (strength of the God of Israel), Name 
conferred by Jacob on the altar erected near Shechera, (ien. 
xxxiii, 19, 20. 

E'LEPH (learning), A town allotted to Benjamin, Josh, xviii, 28. 

EL'E-PHANT, I'he Hebrew eleph corresponding to Greek elephaSy 
and our elephant, means an ox. Consult marginal reading of 
Job xl, 15; I Kings x, 22; 2 Chron. ix, 41. Used in war, i 
Mace. vi. See Ills. No. 433. 

E-LEU'THE-RUS (free), A river of Syria, which separated it 
from Phoenicia, i Mace, xi, 7. It runs through the "entrance 
of Hamath " (Num. xxxiv, 8) into the- Mediterranean, about 
eighteen miles north of Tripolis. 

EL-HA'NAN (grace of God). i.-A warrior in David's time, who 
slew Goliath, the Gittite, 2 Sam. xxi, 19; i Chron. xx, 5. 2. 
One of David's body-guard, 2 Sam. xxiii, 24. 

E'LI (offering or lifting up), A descendant of Aaron through Itha- 
mar. Lev. v, 1-12. First of a line of high-priests, i Sam. ii, 27. 
Judge of Israel for forty years preceding Samuel, i Sam. viij 6- 



72 ELI 

17. Though a pious man, he was negligent of his household and 
priestly function, for which sin a curse fell upon his house, which 
came about in the rernoval of his descendant, Abiathar, from the 
priesthood by Solomon, and the restoration of the oflice to the 
line of Eleazar. Eli died at the age of ninety-eight of broken 
heart caused by the capture of the Ark by the Philistines, i Sam. 
iv, 15. 

E-LI'AB (God is the Father), i. A leader of Zebulon at the census 
of Sinai, Num. i, 9. 2. A Reubenite, father of Dathan and Abi- 
ram, Num. xxvi, 8, 9. 3. A Levite porter and musician under 
David, I Chron. XV, 18-20. 4. Eldest brother of David, i Chron. 
it, 13. 5. A Gadite leader who deserted Saul and adhered to 
David, I Chron. xii, 9. 6. An ancestor of Samuel, i Chron. vi, 
27. 7. Son of Nathanael, Jud. viii, i. 

E-LI'A-DA (knowledge of God), i. A younger son of David, 
2 Sam. V, 16; I Chron. iii, 8. 2. A Benjamite general in the 
armies of Jehoshaphat, 2 Chron. xvii, 17. 3. Captain of a ma- 
rauding band of Zobah, i Kings xi, 23. 

E-LI'AH (^God the Lord), i. A Benjamite chief, 1 Chron. viii, 27, 
2. One of the Bene-Elam, Ezra x, 26. 

E-LI'AH-BA (my God the Father), One of the thirty of David's 
guard, 2 Sam. xxiii, 32. 

E-LI'A-KIM resurrection of God), i. Son of Hilkiah, and master 
of Hezeklah's household, 2 Kings xviii, 18-37; Isa. xxii, 21. 2. 
The original name of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, 2 Kings xxiii, 
34. 3. A priest in days of Nehemiah, Neh. xii, 14. 4. Eldest 
son of Abiud, and brjther of Joseph, Matt, i, 13. 5. Father of 
Jonan, Luke iii, 30, 31. 

E-LI'A-LI, I Esdr. ix, 34. [Binnui.] 

E-LI'AM (people of God) i. Father of Bathsheba, wife of Uriah 
and David, 2 Sam. xi, 3, 2. One of David's thirty warriors, 
2 Sam. xxiii, 34. 

E-LI'AS (God the Lord), Apocryphal and New Testament form of 
Elijah. 

E-LI'A-SAPH (the Lord increaseth). i. Chief of Dan at time of 
the census at Sinai, Num. i, 14; ii, 14. 2. A Levite chief of the 
Gershonites at the same time, Num. iii, 24. 

E-LI'A-SH IB (God of conversion). 1. Eleventh priest of "order 
of governors " in time of David, i Chron. xxiv, 12. 2. One of 
the last of the royal family of Judah, t Chron. iii, 24. 3. High- 
priest at Jerusalem in time of Nehemiah, Neh. iii, 1-21, 4. A 
singer in time of Ezra, Ezra x, 24. 5. Son of Zattu, Ezra x, 27. 
6. Son of Bani, Ezek. x. 36. 

E-LI'A-THAH (thou art my God), A son of the temple musician, 
Heman, in charge of the twentieth division of the service, 
I Chron. xxv, 4, 27. 

E-LI DAD (b.:loved of God), Representative of Benjamin in the 
partition of Canaan, Num. xxxiv, 21. 

E'LI-EL (God, my God>. i. A chief of Manasseh, i Chron. v, 24. 
2. A forefather of Samuel, i Chron. vi, 34. 3. Chiefs of Benja- 
min, I Chron. viii, 20, 22. 4. Heroes of David's guard, i Chron. 
xi, 46, 47. 5. A Gadite who joined David in the wilderness, 

^ I Chron. xii, 11. 6. A Levite in the procession of the Ark, 



ELI 73 

1 Chron. xv, 9-11. 7. A Levite overseer of the Temple offerings, 

2 Chron. xxxi, 13. 

E'LI-E'NA-I (god of my eyes), A chief of Benjamin, i Chron. viii, 
■20. 

E'LI-E'ZER (help of God). 1. A servant, or properly, a relation 
of Abraham, born at, or residing in, Damascus, Gen. xv, 2, 3. 
Probably the same one mentioned in Gen. xxiv, 2. 2. Second 
son of Moses and Zipporah, Ex. xviii, 4. 3. A son of Becher, 
1 Chron. vii, 8. Others of same name mentioned in 1 Chron. xv, 
24 ; xxvii, 16; 2 Chron. xx, 37 ; Ezra viii, 16; x, 18-31 ; Luke ii, 
29. 

E'LI-HO-E'NA-I (toward him are mine eyes). Son of Zerahiah, 
who with 200 returned with Ezra, Ezra viii, 4. 

E'LI-HO'REPH (god of winter, or youth), A scribe of Solomon, 
I Kings iv, 3. 

E-LI'HU (he is my god hifnself ). i. One of Job's comforters, of 
the family of But, and nephew of Abraham, Gen. xxii, 21. 2. A 
forefather of Samuel the prophet, i Sam. i, i. 3. A chief of the 
tribe of Judah, one of the "brethren of David," i Chron. xxvii, 
18. 4. A captain of Manasseh who joined David at Ziklag and 
assisted him against the Amalekites, 1 Chron. xii, 20. 5. A 
Levite doorkeeper of the "house of Jehovah" in time of David, 
I Chron. xxvi, 7. 

E-LI'JAH (God the Lord), i. The prophet. A Tishbite of Gilead. 
Nothing known of his parentage and early history, i Kings xvii, 
1. His coming and going were alike miraculous. He appears 
suddenly in the midst of Ahab's reign and announces famine, 

1 Kings xvii, 1-3. Is fed by ravens at Cherith, 5-7. Restores the 
widow's son at Zarephath, 9-24. Invokes fire on the prophets of 
Baal at Carmel, xviii, 17, 41. Denounces Ahab and Jezebel for 
the affair of NaBoth. Anoints Hazael, Jehu, and Elisha (xix), 
and was translated in a chariot, in the midst of a whirlwind, 

2 Kings ii. His coming and going, his great zeal and boldness, 
his after appearance with Moses on the Mount of Transfiguration, 
Luke ix, 28-35, make this personage one of the most important in 
the Bible. 2. A priest of the sons of Harim, Ezra x, 21. 

EL'I-KA (pelican of God), One of David's guard, 2 Sam. xxiii, 25. 

E'LIM (rams, stags, oaks), The second encampment of the Israel- 
ites after they crossed the Red Sea, Ex. xv, 27; Num. xxxiii, 9. 
Identified with the wady Ghunmdel, where there are ** fountains 
and palm-trees." 

E-LIM'E-LECH (my God is king), The husband of Naomi, who 
went from Bethlehem to Moab during the famine, Ruth i, 2, 3. 

E-LI'O-E'NA-I (toward him are mine eyes), Name of several unim- 
portant Bible characters mentioned in i Chron. iii, 23, 24 ; iv, 36 ; 
vii, 8 ; xxvi, 3 ; Ezra x, 22 ; Neh. xii, 41. 

E'LI-O'NAS, I Esdr. ix, 22, 32. [Elioenai.] 

ELT-PHAL (miracle of God), Son of Ur, one of David's guard, 
I Chron. xi, 35. 

E-LIPH'A-LET, 2 Sam. v, 16; i Chron. xiv, 7. [Eliphelet.] 

ELT-PHAZ (endeavor of God), i. Son of Esau and Adah, and 
father of Teman, Gen. xxxvi, 4. 2. Son of Teman, and chief of 
Job's three comforters. Job iv, v, xv, xxii. 



74 ELL _ 

E-LIPH'E-LEH (God of deliverance), A harper of David in the 
procession which brought up the Ark, i Chron. xv, 18, 21. 

E-LIPH'E-LET (God of dehverancej. i. The name of two sons 
of David, i Chron. iii, 6, 8, 2. One of David's thirty warriors, 
2 Sam. xxiii, 34. 3. A descendant of Saul through Jonathan, 
I Chron. viii, 39. 4. Two of the returned with Ezra, Ezra viii, 
13; X, 33. 

E-LIS'A-BETH (oath, or fullness of God), Wife of Zacharias, and 
mother of John the Baptist. She was of the line of Aaron, and 
a relation of Mary the mother of Jesus, Luke i. 

ELT-SE'US, Apocr^^phal and New Testament form of Elisha, 
Ecclus. xlviii, 12 ; Luke iv, 27. 

E-LI'SHA (salvation of God), Pupil and successor of Elijah in the 
prophetic office of Israel. He was of Abel-Meholah, in the val- 
ley of the Jordan, and the period of his prophecy extends over 
the reigns of Jehoram, Jehu, Jehoahaz, and Joash. He appears 
almost as conspicuously in Hebrew history as Elijah, though their 
manners and methods were different. Elijah was the fiery Bedouin 
prophet, Elisha, the subordinated though sturdy instrument of 
God. For details of his life, read 2 Kings ii, xiv. 

E-LI'SHAH (God that helps^). Eldest son of Javan, progenitor and 
type of the islanders of the Mediterranean, Gen. x, 4; Ezek. 
xxvii, 7. 

E-LISH'A-MA (God hearing). 1. A prince of Ephraim in the 
wilderness (Num. i, 10), and grandfather of Joshua, i Chron. vii, 
26. 2. Sons of David, 2 Sam. v, 16; i Chron. iii, 6. 3. Others 
of same name mentioned in 1 Chron. ii, 41 ; 2 Kings xxv, 25; Jer. 
xxxvi, 12; 2 Chron. xvii, 8. 

E'LISH'A-PHAT (my God judgeth). Captain of a hundred under 
Jehoiada, 2 Chron. xxiii, i. 

E-LISH'E-BA (oath of God), Wife of Aaron, Ex. vi, 23. 

EL'I-SHU'A, A son of David, 2 Sam. v, 15. Same as Elishama. 

E-LIST-MUS, I Esdr. ix, 28. [Eliashib.J 

E-LLU, A forefather of Judith, Jud. viii, 1. 

E-LI'UD (God is my praise). Son of Achim in genealogy of Christ, 
Matt, i, 15. 

E-LIZ'A-PHAN. I. A Levite chief of the Kohathites at census 
of Sinai, Num. iii, 30. 2. A prince of Zebulon, Num. xxxiv, 25. 

E-LI'ZUR (rock of God), A prince of Reuben, Num. i, 5 ; ii, 10. 

EL'KA-NAH (zeal of God), i. A grandson of Korah, Ex. vi, 24. 
2. Another descendant of Korah in Ime of Ahimoth, i Chron. vi, 
26, 35. 3. Another Kohathite Levite, in line of Heman the 
singer, and father of Samuel the prophet, i Chron. vi, 27, 34. 4. 
A Korhite who joined David at Ziklag, 1 Chron. xii, 6. 5. An 
officer attached to Ahaz, slain in the invasion of Pekah, 2 Chron. 
xxviii, 7. , 

EL'KOSH (rigor of God), The unidentified birthplace of Nahum 
the prophet. Tradition locates it on the Tigris near Mosul, Na- 
humi, I. 

EL'LA-SAR (revolting from God), This city of Arioch seems to 
represent an old Chaldean town of lower Babylonia, between Ur 
and Erech, Gen. xiv, i. Some identify it with Thelassar, 2 Kings 
xix, 12. Some with Armenia. 



EME 75 



ELM (wood, holm), The word translated elm in Hos. iv, 13, is else- 
where rendered oak. 

EL-MO'DAM (God of measure). Son of Er in the genealogy of 
Joseph, Luke iii, 28. 

EL^NA-AM (God's fairness).. Father of two of David's guard, 
I Chron. xi, 46. 

EL'NA-THAN (gift of God), i. Grandfather of King Jehoiachin 
and probably son of Aehbor, 2 Kings xxiv, 8 ; Jer. xxvi, 22. 2. 
Names of three Levites in time of Ezra, Ezra viii, 16. 

E-LO'I, E-LO'HI, EL'O-HIM (God). 

E'LON (oak, grove, strong), i. A Hittite, father-in-law of Esau, 
Gen. xxvi, 34.' 2. A son of Zebulon, and founder of the Elonites, 
Gen. xlvi, 14; Num. xxvi, 26. 3. A Zebulonite who judged Israel 
for ten years, Judg. xii, 11, 12. 4. A town on the borders of 
Dan, Josh, xix, 43. 5, Elon-beth-hanan. Was a commissary 
district of Solomon, i Kings iv, 9. 

E'LOTH, f Kings ix, 26; 2 Chron. viii, 17; xxvi, 2. [Elath.] 

EL'PA-AL (God's work), A Benjamite, borther of Ahitub, i Chron. 
viii, II. 

EL'PA-LET, I Chron. xiv, 5. [Eliphelet.] 

EL'PA-RAN, The " strength," " terebinth," or " oak" of Paran, 
Gen. xiv, 6. 

EL'TE-KEH (of grace or mercy), A city of Dan alloted to the Ko- 
hathite Levites, Josh, xix, 44 ; xxi, 23. 

EL'TE^KON (case of God), An unidentified town in the mountains 
of Judah, Josh, xv, 59. 

EL'TO-LAD (generation of God), A city of Judah, allotted to 
Simeon, and held by the tribe until time of David, Josh, xv, 30 ; 
I Chron. iv, 29. 

E'LUL (outcry), Twelfth month of Hebrew civil, and sixth of eccle- 
siastical year, corresponding to parts of September and October, 
Neb. vi, 15. 

E-LU'ZA-I (God is my strength), A warrior of Benjamin who 
joined David at Ziklag, i Chron. xii, 5. 

EL'Y-M^'ANS, Jud. i, 6. [Er.AMiTEs.1 

EL'Y-MAS (magician, corrupter), Arabic name of the Jewish 
socerer Bar-jesua, of Paphos in Cyprus, who was smitten with 
blindness for opposing the inquiries of his master, Sergius Paulus, 
the Roman proconsul at that place, Acts xiii, 6-12. 

EL'ZA-BAD (dowry of God), A Ciadite who crossed the Jordan 
and joined David, i Chron. xii, 12. Also a Korhite Levite, 
I Chron. xxvi, 7. 

EL'ZA-PHAN (god of the north-east wind). Second son of Uzziel, 
son of Kohath, son of Levi, Ex. vi, 22. 

EM-BALMTNG (preserving in balm). The process by which human 
bodies are preserved from decay. Carried to great perfection 
among the Egyptians and imitated feebly by the Hebrews. The 
brain and bowels were removed, all the cavities washed with palm 
wine, or aromatic liquids, the body was sewed up in natron for 
seventy days, and then wrapped tightly in bandages steeped in 
gum, Gen. 1, 2-26. See Ills. No. 350-352. 

EM'E-RALD (flashing, gleaming^ A precious stone of a fine green 
color, first in second row of high-priest's breastplate (Ex. xxviii. 



76 



ENG 



18), imported to Tyre from Syria, Ezek. xxvii, 16 ; xxviii, 13 ; 
Rev. xxi, 19. 

EM'E-RODS (flowing with blood), A word corrupted from hemor- 
rhoids. The disease thus designated was, doubtless, the piles, 
quite common among Oriental peoples, Deut. xxviii, 27; i 
bam. V. 

E'MIM (formidable people), The race of Anakim or giants who in- 
habited the east of the Dead Sea before the conquest by Moab, 
Deut. ii, n ; Gen. xiv, 5, 

EM-MAN'U-EL, Matt, i, 23. [Immanuel.] 

EM'MA-US (people despised), The village of Palestme to which 
the two disciples were going when Christ appeared to them. Luke 
makes it " three-score furlongs " (seven and a half miles) from Je- 
rusalem, to the north-west, Luke xxiv, 13-33. Eusebius makes it 
Nicopolis. See Ills. No. 57. 

EM'MER, I Esdr. ix, 21. [Immer.] 

EM'MOR (an ass). Father of Sychem, Acts vii, 16. [Hamor.] 

EN (fountain), Used in compounds. 

E'NAM (fountain), A city of Judah near Timnath, Josh, xv, 34. 
Tamar is supposed to have sat in doorway of same. Gen. xxxviii, 

14- 

E'NAN (cloud), Ahira-ben-Enan, prince of Naphtali at the census 
of Sinai, Num. i, 15. 

E-NAS'I-BUS, I Esdr. ix, 34. [Eliashib.] 

EN-CAM P'M EN T (resting-place). Halting-place of an army or 
travellers, especially at night, Ex. xvi, 13 ; Gen. xxxii, 21. For 
description of camp of Israelites, read Num. ii, iii. See Ills. No. 
109. 

EN-CHANT'MENT (singing against), Covers the secret arts (Ex. 
vii, II, 22; viii, 7), "muttered spells" (2 Kings ix, 22 ; Mic. v, 
12; Nah. iii, 4). Serpent charming (Jer. viii, 17), and all impos- 
tures common with oriental people. Expressly prohibited, Ex. 
xxii, 18; Lev. xix, 26, 31. 

EN'DOR (fountain of generation), A city ofLssachar, four miles 
south of Tabor, Josh, xvii, 11. Here lived the witch whom Saul 
consulted, i Sam. xxviii. 

EN-EG'LA-IM (fountain of calves). An unascertained place men-, 
tioned in Ezek. xlvii, 10, probably near Engedi. 

EN'E-MES'SAR, The name of Shalmaneser in the book of Tobit, 
Tob. i, 2, 15. 

E-NE'NI-US, A leader of the people who returned with Zorobbabel, 
I Esdr. V, 8. 

EN-GAD'DI, Ecclus. xxiv, 14. [Engedi.] 

EN-GAN'NIM (fountain of protection), i. A city in low country 
of Judah, Josh, xv, 34. 2. A Levitical city in borders of Issachar 
identified with Jenin, on the ascent to plain of Esdraelon, Josh, 
x.xi, 29. 

EN-CjE'DI (fountain of the goat), A town of Judah on western 
shore of Dead Sea, Josh, xv, 62 ; Ezek. xlvii, 10. Originally called 
Hazazon Tamar, on account of its palm-groves, 2 Chron. xx, 2 ; 
Ecclus. xxiv, 14. It is identified by the fountain of Ain Jidy, on 
an elevation some four hundred feet above the sea, Gen. xiv, 7 ; i 
Sam. xxiv, 1-4. Its vineyards were celebrated by Solomon, Cant, 
i, 14. 



EPE 77 

EN'GINE (skill, ingenuity). As a war implement was introduced 
into Palestine during the kings. The balista was for throwing stones, 
the catapulta was designed tor huge arrows, and the battering ram 
for beating against walls, 2 Chron. xxvi, 15 ; Ezek. iv, 2 ; xxi, 22 ; 
xxvi, 9. See Ills. No, 281. 

EN-GRA'VER (writer on stone). The art and vocation existed 
among the Jews, Ex. xxviii, 11, 21, 36. 

EN-HAD'DAH (fountain of gladness), A city of Issachar, Josh, 
xix, 21, not identified, but by some fixed near Carmel. 

EN-HAK^KO-RE (fountain of him that prayed), A fountain that 
burst forth at the cry of Samson, after his exploit with the jaw- 
bone, Judg. XV, 19. Not located. 

EN-HA'ZOR (grass of the well), A fenced city of Naphtali, not 
Hazor, Josh, xix, 37. 

EN-MISHTAT (fountain of judgment). Gen. xiv, 7. [Kadesh.] 

ENOCH (dedicated), i. Son of Cain, after whom the first city was 
named. Gen. iv, 17, 18. 2. Father of Methuselah. With Elijah, 
witness of the possibility of the resurrection, for " God took 
him," Gen. v, 18-24; Heb. xi, 5-13. 3. In 2 Esdr. vi, 49-51, 
Enoch stands for Behemoth in Ethiopic. 4. There is an 
Apocryphal book of Enoch, discovered in the Ethiopic lan- 
guage, in 1773, itself a translation from the Greek of the fourth 
century, and purports to be revelations given to Enoch and Noah. 
Alluded to in Jude 14, 15. 

E'NON (cloud, fountain, eye), John i, 28; iii, 26. [^Enon.] 

E'N OS (mortal, forgetful), Grandson of Adam and son of Seth, 
Gen. iv, 26 ; v, 6-1 1. Public worship was organised in his time. 
Written Enosh, and properly so, in i Chron. i, i. 

E'NOSH, I Chron. i, i. [Enos.] 

EN-RIM'MON (well of weight), A place inhabited by the men of 
Judah after their return from captivity, Neh. xi, 29. Compare 
Josh. XV, 32; xix, 7; I Chron. iv, 32. 

EN-RO'GEL (the fuller's fountain), A spring on borders of Benja- 
min and Judah, Josh, xv, 7 ; xviii, 16. Here Jonathan awaited 
intelligence from the city after David's flight (2 Sam. xvii, 17), 
and here Adonijah held his feast (i Kings i, 9). It is identified 
with the well of Nehemiah, now Bir Eyub or Job's well, in the 
valley of Kidron, south of the pool of Siloam. 

EN-SHE'MESH (fountain of the Sun), A spring on north boundary 
of Judah, now identified with Ain-Hand, ''well of the apostles," 
about a mile below Bethany, Josh, xv, 7; xviii, 17. 

EN'SIGN (mark, sign), The ensign, banner, or standard of the 
Hebrews, was a simple figure or device of some kind, elevated on 
a pole, Isa. xiii, 2; xviii, 3; Num. i, 52, etc. See Ills. Nos. 243- 
247, 251, 252, 260,261. 

EN-TAPTU-AH (fountain of an apple). Josh, xvii, 7. [Paphua.] 

EP'A-PHRAS (covered with foam), A friend of Paul, and co- 
worker at Colosse. He was with Paul during his imprisonment at 
Rome, Col. i, 7 ; iv, 12. 

E-PAPH'RO-DI'TUS (lovely, fascinating), Probably same person 
as above. At least the Epistle to Philemon was sent at same time 
as Colossians, Phil, ii, 25 ; iv, 18. 

E-PEN'E-TUS (worthy of praise), One of Paul's first converts in 
Achaia, Rom. xvi, 5. 



78 



EPH 



E'PHAH (weary), i. First son of Midian, whose descendants dwelt 
near Midian, Gen. xxv, 4, Isa. Ix, 6, 7. 2. A concubine of Caleb, 
I Chron. ii, 46. 3. Son of Jahdai, ii, 47. 4. A Hebrew measure 
equal to one and four-ninths bushels English, Ruth ii, 17; 
Num. V, 15. As a liquid measure it equali^ seven and a half 
gallons. 

ETHAI, His sons were captains of the forces left in Judah after 
the captivity, Jer. xl, 8. 

E'PHER (dust, lead), i. Second son of Midian located beyond Jor- 
dan, Gen. xxv, 4; I Kings iv, 10. 2. A son of Ezra, of Judah^ 
1 Chron. iv, 17. 3. A head of a family of Manasseh beyond Jor- 
dan, I Chron. V, 24. 

E'PHES-DAM'MIM (effusion of blood), i Sam. xvii, i. Pasdam- 
mim in i Chron. xi, 13. [Elah.] 

E-PHE'SI-ANS, Epistle of. Written by Paul during his first 
captivity at Rome (a. d. 61), to the Christians of Ephesus. It 
applies the atonement to Jew as well as Gentile, and urges the 
practicalizing of Christianity. 

EPH'E-SUS (desirable). Capital of Ionia. Situated on the iEgean 
coast opposite Samos. Noted for its temple of Diana and its 
wonderful theatre, which still remains in a ruined form. Once a 
centre of Syrian commerce and classical learning. Visited by Paul 
about A. D. 54 (Acts xviii, 19-21), who established a church there, 
to the members of which he wrote one of his best epistles. Acts 
xix, 8-10; XX, 31. Here the Aposde John spent the latter portion 
of his life, and wrote there his Gospel and epistles, if not his 
Revelation. The place is now nearly desolate. See Ills. Nos. 33, 
35, 37, 84. 

EPH LAL (judging, praying), A descendant of Judah, i Chron. 

ii, 37- 

EPH'OD (put on), i. A sacred vestment worn at first by the high- 
priest, but afterwards by all, Ex. xxviii, 4; i Sam. xxii, 18. It 
consisted of a girdle passed round the neck, crossed on the breast, 
^nd then encircling the waist. Where it crossed on- the breast 
hung a badge, on which were engraved the names of the twelve 
tribes of Israel. See Ills. Nos. 332, 336. 2. Father of Hanniel, of 
Manasseh, Num. xxxiv, 23. 

EPHTHA-THA (be opened), A Syro-Chaldaic word pronounced 
by our Saviour, when one, deaf and dumb, was cured, Mark 

vii, 34. 

ETHRA-IM (fruitful), i. Second son of Joseph, Gen. xH, 52. 
Though youngest obtained the blessing of Jacob, Gen. xlviii, 8-20. 
His tribe numbered 40,500 at Sinai (Num. i, 33), and 32,500 at 
time of Conquest, Num. xxvi, 37. For boundaries of Ephraim see 
Josh, xvi, i-io. It was immediately north of Jerusalem, and ex- 
tended from the Jordan to the Mediterranean. Samaria was the 
chief town, which became the capital of Israel, Is:k xi, 13; Jer. 
xxi, 6. 2. In " Baal-hazor by Ephraim," was Absalom's sheep 
farm, 2 Sam. xiii, 23. Not identified. 3. The place to which 
Christ and his disciples retired when threatened, John xi, 54. 
Supposed to be Ophrah, five miles east of Bethel, and sixteen 
miles from Jerusalem. 4. "Gate of Ephraim" at Jerusalem, 

. 2 Kings xiv, 13; 2 Chron, Xxv, 23. Probably present " Damas- 



ESA f9 

cus Gate." 5. ** Wood of Ephraira" was east of Jordan. It was 
the scene of the battle between the forces of David and Absalom, 
2 Sana, xviii, 6. 

E'PHRA-IN (increasing), A city of Israel, captured by Abijah, 
of Judah, 2 Chron. xiii, 19. Not located. 

EPH'RA-TAH or EPH-RATH (abundance), i. Second wife of 
Caleb, and grandmother of Caleb the spy, 1 Chron. ii, 19, 50. 2. 
Ancient name of Bethlehem-Judah, Gen. xxxv, 16, 19 ; xlviii, 7, 
and not therefore derived from Ephratah, Caleb's wife, but con- 
versely. 

EPH'RATH-ITE. i. An inhabitant of Bethlehem, Ruth i, 2. 2. 
An Ephraimite, 1 Sam, i, i ; i Kings xi, 26; Judg. xii, 5. 

EPH'RON (dust). I. The Hittite of Hebron, from whom Abraham 
bought the cave of Machpelah, Gen. xxiii, 8-17. 2. A strong 
city east of Jordan, between Carnaim and Bethshean, destroyed 
by Judas Maccabeus, i Mace, v, 46-52. 3, Mount Ephron was 
a range of hills on north boundary of Judah, Josh, xv, 9. 

EP'-I-CU-RE'ANS (from Epicurus, died b. c. 271, at Athens), 
The sect believed that pleasure took precedence of truth. They 
were materialists, practical atheists, did not believe in immor- 
tality of the soul, and degenerated into sensualists and corrup- 
tionists. Acts xvii, 18. 

E-PIPH'A-NES (illustrious), i Mace, i, 10. [Antiochus Epipha- 

NES.] 

E-PIS'TLE (telling by letter or message, something sent). First 
formal epistle of Old Testament was that of David to Joab, ^ 
Sam. xi, 14. Afterwards frequently mentioned, 2 Kings v, 5, 6 ; 
2 Chron. xxi, 12 ; Ezra iv, 6-11. The epistles of the New Tes- 
tament were formal and inspired documents, applying the doc- 
trines of Christ to the exigencies of daily life. They are twenty- 
one in number, written by Paul, James, Peter, John, and Jude. 

ER (watchman), i. First-born of Judah, slain for his sins, probably 
the practice of Canaanitish idolatry. Gen. xxxviii, 3-7 ; Num. 
xxvi, 19. 2. A descendant of Shelah, i Chron. iv, 21. 3. Son 
of Jose, Luke iii, 28. 

E'RAN (follower). Grandson of Ephraim, and head of the Eran- 
ites. Num. xxvi, 36. 

E-RAS'TUS (amiable), i. A friend of Paul at Ephesus, sent with 
Timothy to Macedonia, Acts xix, 22; 2 Tim. iii, 20. 2. Cham- 
berlain or treasurer at Corinth, converted to Christianity, Rom. 
xvi, 23. 

E'RECH (health, physic), A city of Nimrod, in the land of Shinar, 
the necropolis of the Assyrian kings. Probably Orchoe, eighty- 
two miles southeast of Babylon. 

E'RI (my city). Son of Gad, and father of Erites, Gen. xlvi, 16 ; 
Num. xxvi, 16. 

E-SATAS fyas). New Testament name of Isaiah the prophet. 

E'SAR-HAD'DON (that closes the point, joy). Son of Sennache- 
rib, and his successor on the Assyrian throne, 2 Kings xix, 37. 
Reigned b. c. 712-680 over Assyria, and over Assyria and Baby- 
lon combined b. c. 680-667. There is much conjecture respecting 
his reign, but he must be credited with many of the most mag- 
nificent works of Babylon and Assyria. ^ 



go EST 

E'SAU (he that finishes), Son of Isaac, and twin brother of Jacob, 
Gen. XXV, 25. Called also Edom, from his red appearance at 
birth, or from color of the pottage. Sold his birthright ; married 
strange wives ; was greatly feared by Jacob ; settled in Arabia 
west of Jordan ; became rich in flocks ; gave his name to the 
country, Gen, xxvi-xxxvi. [Edom.] 

E'SAY, Ecclus. xlviii, 20,22. [Isaiah.] 

ES-DRA-E'LON, A Grecized form of Jezreel, Jud. iii, 9 ; iv, 6. 
That plain extending across central Palestine from the Mediter- 
ranean to the Jordan, and separating the ranges of Carmel and 
Samaria from those of Galilee. It divides into three valleys as it 
approaches Jordan, the central one of which is the plain of Jez- 
reel proper, the dividing ridges being Hermon andGilboa, on the 
latter of which stood the strong city of Jezreel, Judg. vii ; i Sam, 
xxix, xxxi. The plain once noted for its fertility is now desolate. 

ES'DRAS, Books of. Apocryphal books, designed to supplement 
Ezra. Written in Greek of a comparatively late date. Not ac- 
curate in history, and in many places direct copies from genuine 
books of Old Testament. 

E'SEK (contention), A well in valley of Gerar, dug by herdsmen 
of Isaac, Gen. xxvi, 20. 

ESH-BA'AL (fire of the idol, or master). Fourth son of Saul, i 
Chron. viii, 33. [Ishbosheth.] 

ESH'BAN (fire of the sun), A Horite, and son of Dishan, Gen. 
xxxvi, 26. 

ESH COL (bunch of grapes), i. Brother of Mamre the Amorite, 
who assisted Abraham in pursuit of the kings who carried away 
Lot, Gen. xiv, 13-24. 2. A valley and brook near Hebron. 
From this place the spies sent out by Moses bore back the speci- 
men grapes, Num. xiii, 22-27; xxxii, 9. 

E'SHE-AN (held up), A city of Judah, Josh, xv, 52. 

E'SHEK (violence), A late descendant of Saul, i Chroji. viii, 39. 

ESH'KA-LON, Josh, xiii, 3. [Ashkelon.] 

ESH'TA-OL (a strong woman), A town of Judah, between Azotus 
and Ascalon, afterwards assigned to Dan, Josh, xix, 41. Sam- 
son spent his boyhood there, Judg. xiii, -2^ ; xvi, 31 ; xviii, 2-12. 

ESH'TAU-LITES, Were among the families of Kirjath-jearim, 
I Chron. ii, 53. 

ESH'TE-MO'A (bosom of a woman), A town in mountains of Ju- 
dah, allotted to the priests, Josh, xv, 50 ; xxi, 14. David resided 
there during his wanderings, i Sam. xxx, 28. Now Semua, 
seven miles south of Hebron. 

ESH'TON, A name mentioned in i Chron. iv, 11, 12. 

ES'LI (near me). Son of Naggai, in genealogy of Christ, Luke iii, 

25- 

E-SO'RA, Perhaps Hazor or Zorah, Jud. iv, 4. 
ES'ROM fdart of joy). Matt, i, 3 ; Luke iii, 33. [Hezron.] 
ES'THER (secret). 1. The Persian title of Hadassah, daughter of 
Abihail, of the tribe of Benjamin. Her ancestors had been led 
captive by Nebuchadnezzar. She was a beautiful orphan, 
brought up by her cousin Mordecai, who dwelt at the palace 
Shusan, and held office under King Ahasuerus. Vashti, the 
queen of Ahasuerus, was deposed for contumacy, and Esther 



EUO Si 

succeeded her. Such was her power over the king that she be- 
came instrumental in saving the Jews of Persia from general 
massacre. Her story is told in the Book of Esther, the last of 
the historical books of the Old Testament, written, it is supposed, 
by Mordecai or Ezra, probably the former. The book is one of 
great historic interest, though it mentions not the name of God, 
The feast of Purim was instituted among the Jews to commemo- 
rate the events of the book. 

E'TAM (their bird, covering), i. A village in tribe of Simeon, i 
Chron. iv, 32. 2. A place in Judah, near Bethlehem and Tekoa. 
A favorite resort of Solomon, and the source of the water supply 
of Bethlehem and Jerusalem, 2 Chron. xi, 6; Judg. xv, 8-19. 3. 
A doubtful place, i Chron. iv, 3. 

E'THAM (their strength, sign). An early station of the Israelites 
after crossing the Red Sea. The wilderness beyond was called 
Etham, Ex. xiii, 20; Num. xxxiii, 6. 

E'THAN (strong), i. A son of Mahol, one of the four only excelled 
in wisdom by Solomon, i Kings iv, 31 ; i Chron. ii, 6 ; Ps. Ixxxix. 
2. A Levite singer in time of David, i Chron. vi, 44; xv, 17-19. 
Perhaps same as Jeduthun, i Chron. xxv, i ; 2 Chron. xxxv, 15. 

ETH'A-NIM (constantly flowing). The seventh month of Jewish 
year. Called also Tisri. Corresponds to parts of September 
and October. So named because the autumnal rains then began 
to fall. On this month Solomon's temple was dedicated, 1 Kings 
viii, 2. 

ETH'BA-AL (toward the idol or Baal), King of Sidon, and father 
of Jezebel, b. c. 940-908, i Kings xvi, 31. 

E'THER (talk), A city of Judah, supposed to have been near He- 
bron, Josh. XV, 42 ; xix, 7. 

E-THI-0'PI-A (blackness, heat). The Greek and Roman name 
for the country designated "Cush" by the Hebrews. It was 
south of Egypt, and of indefinite limits, Ezek. xxix, 10. Inhabi- 
tants Hamitic, Gen. x, 6. Its history is closely linked with that 
of Egypt. In our Saviour's time the power was in a race of 
queens, officially known as Candace, Acts viii, 27. See Ills. Nos. 
98, 106. 

ETH'NAN (gift), A son of Helah, and wife of Ashur, 1 Chron. 
iv, 7. 

ETH'NI (strong), A Gershonite Levite, i Chron. \\, 41. 

EU-BU'LUS (prudent), A Roman Christian, mentioned by Paul, 
2 Tim. iv, 21. 

EU-ER'GE-TES (benefactor), A common surnamie and title of 
honor among Greeks. Several of the Ptolemies were sumamed. 
Euergetes. 

EU'NA-TAN, I Esdr. viii, 44. [Elnathan.1 

EU-NFCE (good victory). Mother of Timothy. She was a Jew- 
ess, married to a Greek at Lystra, Acts xvi, i ; 2 Tim. i, 5. 

EU'NUCH (guardian of the couch), Primarily one deprived of 
masculinity. Then, the office held by them in the East, as 
chamberlain, treasurer, etc.. Gen, xxxix., 17; Acts viii, 27. 
Figuratively for unmarried men, Matt, xix, 12, 

EU-O'DI-AS (sweet scent), Euodia, a Christian woman of Philippi, 
Phil, iv, 2. 



v82 EXF 

EU-PHRA'TES (that makes fruitful), The great river of Asia, 
rising in mountains of Armenia, running southwardly a distance 
of 1780 miles, passing the frontiers of Syria, Arabia Deserta, 
Cappadocia, Chaldea, and Mesopotamia, emptying into Persian 
gulf, Ex. xxiii, 31 ; Deut, i, 7. It overflows, as the Nile, and is 
navigable for 1200 miles. 

EU-POL'E-MUS (good at war). An envoy of Judas Maccabeus to 
Rome, I Mace, viii, 17. 

EU-ROC'LY-DON (northeast wind). The wind which wrecked 
Paul's ship in the Mediterranean. A periodic gale. Acts xxvii, 14. 

EU'TY-CHUS (fortunate). The youth of Troas, who fell from a 
window while asleep during a sermon of Paul, and was miracu- 
lously restored to life, Acts xx, 6-12. 

E-VAN'GEL-IST (publisher of glad tidings), Pre-eminently, Mat- 
thew, Mark, Luke, and John are evangelists, because authors ; 
but evangelists constituted an order in the Apostolic Church. 
They stood between "Apostle" and "preacher" or "teacher," 
and were probably deputed by the former in order to break 
ground for the organizing efforts of the latter, Acts viii, 25; i 
Cor. i, 17. 

EVE (living). The mother of the human race. Made ^ man and 
for him. Beguiled by the serpent. History closes with birth of 
Seth, Gen. ii, 18-22; iii, 16-20. 

EVE'NING (decline of the day), Hebrews reckoned two evenings, 
Ex. xii, 6. The first commenced at the ninth hour, or when the 
sun began to decline more rapidly ; the second after sunset. 

E'VI (unjust), One of the five princes of Midian, slain by the Isra- 
elites, Num. xxxi, 8 ; Josh, xiii, 21. 

E'VIL-ME-RO DACH (the fool of Merodach, the fool grinds bit- 
terly). Son and successor of Nebuchadnezzar on throne of Baby- 
lon, B. c. 561-559. Murdered by Neriglissar, his successor. He 
is praised for his kindness to the captive king Jehoiachin, of Ju- 
dah, 2 Kings xxv, 27; Jer. Hi, 31-34- 

EX'COM-MU'NI-CA'TION (put out of the community), The 
ecclesiastical penalty for sin. Threefold in Jewry : i. Niddui, 
temporary suspension. 2. Cherem, Lev. xxvii, 21,28. 3. Shavi- 
vtatJia, final expulsion. Num. xvi ; Judg. v, 23. Modified under 
new dispensation and in Apostolic Church, Matt, xviii, 15-18; 
1 Cor. V, 1-13; Gal. V, 12; I Tim. i, 20. 

EX'O-DUS (going out). Second book of the Bible and .the Penta- 
teuch. Written by Moses. It is both historic and legislative. 
So-called because it narrates the history of the departure of the 
Jews from Egypt, covering the period of preparation, the fact of 
leaving, and the wandering to the erection of the Tabernacle, 
i. e., the events between p.. c. 1633 (death of Joseph) and e. c. 
1491, 142 years. See Ills. No. no. 

EX-OR'CIST (one who banishes). Acts xix, 13. Pretending exor- 
cists attempted to repeat the miracles performed by Christ and 
the Apostles. They used incantations, adjurations, etc., for the 
casting out of devijs. Matt, xiii, 27. 

£X'PI-A'TION (appeasing). Satisfaction for crime. The sacred 
expiatory system of the Jews was embraced in their sacrifices, 
now supplanted by Christ, the sin-offering for mankind. . 



FAI 83 

EZ'BA-I, Grandson of one of Dlivid's thirty mighty men, 1 Chron. 

xi» 37. 

EZ'BON. (hastening to understand), i. Son of Gad, and founder of 
a family, Gen, xlvi, 16. 2. A son of Bala, i Chron. vii, 7. 

EZ'E-CHrAS, 2 Esdr. vii, 4. THezekiah.] 

EZ'E-CFAS, I Esdr. ix, 43. [Hilkiah,] 

EZ'E-KFAS, 2 Mace, xv, 22 ; Matt, i, 9, 10. [Hezekiah.] 

E-ZE'KI-EL (strength of God), Son of the priest Buzi. Carried 
captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar, when Jehoiachin, king 
of Judah, was taken, b. c. 598. Entered the prophetic calling in 
fifth year of his captivity, Ezek. i, 2, 3, and prophesied for 
twenty years. He was cotemporary with Jeremiah and Daniel. 
His book abounds in sublime visions, denounces the abominations 
of the day, contains many particular prophecies against neigh- 
boring nations, and bespeaks the restoration of his people. 

E'ZEL (going abroad), A stone near Saul's residence, the scene 
of the parting of David and Jonathan, i Sam. xx, ig. 

E'ZEM ^bone),.A town of Simeon, i Chron. iv, 29. 

E^ZER (help). I. A son of Ephraim, slain by the Gathites while 
stealing their cattle, i Chron. vii, 21. 2. A priestly assistant at 
the dedication of the walls of Jerusalem, Neh. xii, 42. 3. Father 
of Hushah, i Chron. iv, 4. 

EZ-E-RI'AS and E-ZFAS, i Esdr. viii, 1, 2. [Azariah.] 

E'ZI-ON"-GA'BER or GE'BER (wood of the man), The last sta- 
tion of the Israelites before they came to the wilderness of Zin, 
Num. xxxiii, 35; Deut. ii, 8. Identified with Ain-el-Ghudyan, 
about ten miles up the valley from the head of the Arabian gulf, 
though perhaps at that time on the shore. 

EZ'NITE, 2 Sam. xxiii, 8. Tachmonite in i Chron. "xi, 11. 

EZ'RA (help, court), i. Priestly head of a course under Zerubba- 
bel, Neh. xii, 2. 2. A man of Judah, i Chron, iv, 17. 3. The 
famous scribe and priest, descended from hilkiah. Resided at 
Babylon, obtained leave from Artaxerxes Longimanus (b. c. 458) 
to return to Jerusalem with a company of his countrymen, where 
he began instant reforms. In b. c. 445 he appears again in Jeru- 
salem with Nehemiah, whom he assists in his repair and govern- 
ment of the city. His book (the fifteenth of the Old Testament 
and last but two of the historical writings) is a continuation of 
the Chronicles. He collected and revised the previous writings 
of the Old Testament. His revision virtually settled the canon 
of the Old Testament Scriptures. 

EZ'RA-HITE, A title applied to Ethan and Heman, i Kings iv, 
31 ; Ps. Ixxxix. ^ 

EZ'RI (my help). Superintendent of David's farm laborers, i 
Chron. xxvii, 26. 

F. 

FA'BLE (to speak). The parable of profane writing. As a worth- 
less story denounced in i Tim. iv, 7; Tit. i, 14; 2 Pet. i, 16. 

FAIR-HA'VENS, A harbor of Crete, where Paul wished to win- 
ter, Acts xxvii, 8. 

FAIRS, Ezek, xxvii, 12-33. Should be translated ** wares.** 

6 



84 



FES 



FALLOW-DEER (yellow deer). Mentioned in Deut. xiv, 5; t 
Kings iv, 23. By some supposed to refer to the Bubaie, by others 
to the wild ox of Arabia. The former was a rare species, found 
in Mt. Tabor and Lebanus. Its food was considered a dainty 
even on the royal table. See Ills. No. 415. 

FAM'INE (hunger). Want of rains in Judea, and refusal of the 
Nile to overflow, are chief sources of most of the famines men- 
tioned in the Bible. The first famine recorded is that of Gen. 
xii, 10. Others are mentioned in Ruth i, i ; 2 Kings vi, 25 ; 
Acts xi, 27; Gen. xli. 

FAR'THING (fourth). Two Roman brass coins, so rendered in 
New Testament. One (Matt, x, 29 ; Luke xii, 6) was less than a 
cent, the other (Matt, v, 26) being about four mills. 

FASTS (to keep). Fasting during affliction is an observance com- 
mon to all nations and times, Deut. ix, 9 ; Jonah iii, 5 ; Matt, iv, 
2. One fast day only was appointed by law among the Jews, 
that of the Atonement, \>nt they had frequent recourse to the ob- 
servance in times of public distress. Our Saviour recognized the 
custom. Matt, vi, 18; Acts xiii, 3. 

FAT (feed). The fat, which was unmixed with lean of animals 
offered in sacrifice, was forbidden to be eaten, because being the 
richest part of the animal, it belonged properly to God, Lev. iii, 
i6, 17; vii, 23-27. The word "fat," in connection with wine, 
in Joel ii, 24; Hag. ii, 16, should be "vat." 

FARTHER, The father of the offspring, became the source of au- 
thority for the family and tribe-^the patriarch. Gen. iii, 16 ; i 
Cor. xi, 3. Disrespect of parents was condemned as one of the 
worst of crimes, Ex. xxi, 15-17; i Tim. i, 9. The term is used 
in general sense of seniors, ancestors, and superiors. Acts vii, 2 ; 
Dan. V, 2; Matt, xxiii, 30,32; Deut. xxxii, 36; Isa. Ixiii, 16. • 

FATH'OM (to take, embrace), The space to which a man can ex- 
tend his arms — six feet. 

FEASTS (speaking days), God — and the Jews, in imitation of his 
ordainments — set apart several days of rest, rite, and worship. 
The Sabbath commemorated the Creation ; the Passover the de- 
parture from Egypt ; the Pentecost the law given at Sinai, etc. 
At the two latter and that of Tabernacles all the male Jews were 
commanded to be present with offerings, Deut. xxvii, 7. Christ 
instituted no feast days, but Christians have always celebrated 
the memory of his resurrection in their Sabbath or " The Lord's 
Day." 

FE'LIX (happy), Roman procurator of Judea, appointed by Clau- 
dius, A. D. 53. Described by Tacitus as cruel, licentious, base. 
He remanded Paul to prison with the hope of extorting money 
from him. Acts xxiv, 26, 27. He was removed from office for 
misconduct, tried in Rome, and escaped narrowly with- his life. 
His successor was Porcius Festus. 

FENCED-CITIES, Walled cities. The walls were of- stone or 
wood, as in palisades. 

FER'RET (thief). With us a sort of weasel, but in Lev. xi, 30, a 
species of lizard is meant. 

FES'TUS (joyful), Porcius Festus succeeded Felix as procurator 
of Judea, a. d. 60. Soon after his appointment he heard the case 



FLA 85 

of Paul, who had been left a prisoner at Caesarea by Felix. He 
died A. D. 62, Acts xxiv, 27 ; xxv, 11, 12. 

FIG, FIG-TREE, Common in Palestine, Deut. viii, 8. Olivet 
was noted for its figs. " To sit under one's own vin^ and fig- 
tree," became proverbial as denoting peace and prosperity, i 
Kings iv, 25 ; Mic. iv, 4; Zech. iii, 10. The fruit of the fig-tree : 
appears before the leaves. Figs were pressed into cakes, as now, 
for preservation, i Sam. xxv, 18. 

FIR, A beautiful evergreen, lofty and hard-wooded. Its timber 
was much valued, Ezek. xxvii, 5; 2 Sam. vi, 5; i Kings v, 8; ' 
Cant, i, 17. Like the word " cedar," it seems to apply to more 
than one kind of tree or wood. 

FIRE, The Jehovistic presence was oft in fire, Ex. iii, 2 ; xix. 18. 
Descriptive of Christ's second coming, 2 Thess. i, 8. Repre- 
sents the cheering and purifying agency of the Holy Spirit, Matt, 
iii, II. The favor of God was frequently made known through 
fire. Gen, iv, 4; xv, 17; Judg. xiii, 19, 20; i Kings xviii, 38. 
Oft worshipped, and children made to pass through it to Molech, 
2 Kings xvii, 17. World to be destroyed by fire, 2 Pet. iii, 7. 
Incest with a mother-in-law and unchastity on part of priest's 
daughter were punished by fire. Lev. xx, 14; xxi, 9. 

FIRE-PAN, Two vessels of the temple service, Ex. xxviii, 3 ; xxv, 
38. One was used, like a censer, for carrying coals of incense, 
the other as a snuff-dish, i. e., for carrying away the trimmings 
of the candles and lamps. 

FIR'KIN (fourth). The fourth part of a barrel, or nine gallons. 
But in Bible a Greek measure equal to Hebrew i?ath, about seven 
and one-half gallons, Judg. xiv, 12. 

FIRM'A-MENT (made firm), The expanse overhead. Gen. i, 17. 
Solid in Jewish conceit, Ex. xxiv, 10 ; dividing waters above 
from waters below, Gen. i, 7 ; provided with windows for rain 
and snow. Gen. vii, 11 ; Isa. xxiv, 18 ; and doors, Ps. Ixxviii, 23. 

FIRST-BORN, The first-bom of Hebrews was dedicated to God. 
He received a double portion of his father's inheritance, Ex. xiii, 
12-15; Deut. xxi, 17. The first-born of animals was devoted 
also to God, Ex. xiii, 2. : 

FIRST-FRUITS, The law provided for an offering of first-fruits, 
Ex. xxii, 29. A sheaf was offered in the temple before the har- 
vest, and after harvest loaves made of new flour were offered on 
the day of Pentecost, Ex. xxxiv, 22 ; Lev. xxiii, 10-17. Chris- 
tians have the first fruits of the Holy Spirit, Rom. viii, 23. 

FISH, FISHER, FISHING, Hebrews recognized fish as a great 
division of the animal kingdom, Geh. i, 21-28. Fish without 
scales and fins were unclean. Lev. xi, 9, 10. The sea of Galilee 
and the Nile were noted for their fish, Luke v, 5 ; Ex. vii, 18-21. 
Worship of fish prohibited, Deut. iv, 18. Method of catching 
by net, Hab. i, 15; with hooks, Amos iv, 2; with spears. Job 
xli, 7. Many of the Apostles were fishermen. 

FITCH'ES (vetches), Wild peas. Probably "spelt" in Ezek. iv, 
9, and ** fennel" in Isa. xxvjii, 25* 

^LAG'ON (small vessel). In 2 Sam, vi, 19 ; i Chron. xvi, 3; Cant, 
ii, 5; Hojs. iii, i, the word translated ** flagon" means a cake of 
pressed figs or^rapes. In Isa. xxx, 14, a skin or earthen vessel. 



S6 FRO 

FLAX, Grown generally in East, Ex. ix, 31; Josh, ii, 6. An im- 
portant crop in Palestine, Hos, ii, 5-9. Process of curing and 
preparing same as now, Isa. xix, 9. The linens of Egypt and 
the Phoenician cities were noted. Tapers and lampwicks were 
made of flax, Isa. xlii, 3; Matt, xii, 20. 

FLEA, Common in eastern countries. Mentioned twice in Bible, 
I Sam. xxiv, 14; xxvi, 20. 

FLESH, Used largely in figures of Bible. Seat of the appetites, 
Rom. viii; Gal. v, 17. Mankind, Gen. vi, 12. 

FLUTE (flow, blow). Supposed to have been a pipe with two 
reeds, Dan. iii, 5-15. 

FLUX (flow). Same as violent dysentery, when epidemic. Acts 
xxviii, 8. 

FLY, Of many varities in East; very abundant and annoying. 
The flies of the plague were doubtless the common house-fly, Ex. 
viii, 24 ; Isa. vii, 18. 

FOOD (feed). In East vegetable food more used than animal. 
Bread was largely consumed by Hebrews, Lev. xxvi,^6; Ps. cv, 
16 ; Ezra iv, 16. At feasts and among the wealthy animal food 
was however much used. 

FOOT-MEN, Attendants on Eastern princes, running before their 
chariots and trains, as advance couriers, i Sam. viii, ii ; 1 Kings 
xviii, 46; Jer. xlii, 5. 

FORE'HEAD, The unveiled women of the East were called ** hard 
of forehead," as being audacious enough to violate a general cus- 
tom. Gen. xxiv, 65 ; Ezelc. iii, 7-9. Idolatrous devotees fre- 
quently marked their foreheads in a peculiar manner, Ezek. ix; 
Rev. vii, 3. 

FOR-NI-CA'TION (crime in a cellar, brothel), The sin of impu- 
rity between unmarried persons, and figuratively for infidelity to 
God, Ezek. xvi ; Jer. ii, 20. , 

FOR-TU-NA'TUS (lucky), A Corinthian friend of Paul, present 
at Ephesus when he wrote his first Epistle, i Cor. xvi, 17. 

FOUN'TAINS (fonts), An attractive feature of the Land of Pro- 
mise — the ** eye " of the landscape. They were splendidly built 
up in many instances. Furnish many figures to Hebrew speech, 
Jer. ii, 13 ; Zech. xiii, i ; Rev. vii, 17 ; Ps. xxxvi, 7-9. 

FOWL (flying). The Hebrew word translated fowl is generic, em- 
bracing the winged species of air and earth, 1 Kings iv, 23. So 
in Greek of Luke xii, 24. 

FOX (hairy), The jackal of Palestine, nearly allied to our fox in 
size and habit, though more voracious, like the wolf, Judg. xv. 
4; Ezek. xiii, 4; Luke ix, 58. See Ills. No. 425. 

FRANK-IN'CENSE (free burning incense), An Arabian and In- 
dian product ; the gum of the Arbor thuris, used for sacrificial 
fumigations, Ex. xxx, 34-36; Isa. Ix, 6; Jer. vi, 20. 

FROG, The Egyptian species same as ours. Famous in connec- 
tion with the plague, Ex. viii, 2-7. Only other mention in Ps. 
Ixxviii, 45 ; cv, 30; Rev. xvi, 13. See Ills. No. 447. 

FRONT'LETS, PHY-LAC'TE-RIES (guard, preservative, amu- 
let). Strips of parchment, on which were written four texts ^Ex. 
xiii, 2-10, 11-17; Deut. vi, 4-9, 13-23) in specific ink. These 
were encased in black calf-skin, attached to stiffer leather, and 



GAD 87 

placed at the bend of the left arm. Those intended for frontlets 
were placed in four little cells, within a case, inscribed with the let- 
ter Shin. The whole was fastened to the forehead by leathern 

' strings bound about the head. They were worn at prayers, but 
the Pharisees made of their wearing a pretentious custom. Matt, 
xxiii, 5 ; Mark vii, 3-4. 

FUL'LER (bleacher). Cleanser of clothes. They used natron 
(Prov. XXV, 20; Jer. ii, 22) and soap (Mai. iii, 2). The trade 
was carried on at Jerusalem in the Fuller's Field, below and 
southwest of the city, 2 Kings xviii, 17,26; Isa. vii, 3. 

FU'NE-RAL. [Burial, Sepulchre.] 

FUR'LONG (furrow long or length). Stands in New Testament 
for stadium (201 and nine-twentieths yards). Our furlong is 220 
yards, Luke xxiv, 13. 

FUR'NACE (arched). Several words so translated. In Gen. xv, 
17; Isa. xxxi, 9; Neh. iii, 11, a baker's oven is meant. A 
smelting, calc-ining furnace or lime-kiln in Gen. xix, 28; Ex. ix, 
8; Isa. xxxiii, 12. A refining furnace in Prov. xvii. 3; Ezek. 
xxii, 18. A furnace like a brick-kiln in Dan. iii, 22, 23. 



G. 



GA'AL (contempt), A son of Ebed, who aided the Shechemites in 
their rebellion against Abimelech, Judg.ix, 26-41. 

GA'ASH (commotion), A hill, probably in Ephraim, on which 
stood a city, given to Joshua, Josh, xxiv, 30; 2 Sam. xxiii, 30. 

GA'BA, Josh, xviii, 24; Ezra ii, 26. [Geba.] 

GAB'A-EL. I. An ancestor of Tobit, Tob. i, i. 2. A Median Jew 
mentioned in Tob. i, 14. 

GAB'A-THA, Esth. xii, i. [Bigthan.] 

GAB'BA-I (the back). Head of a family of Benjamin, residing at 
Jerusalem, Neh. xi, 8. 

GAB'BA-THA (elevated), The pavement outside the prsetorium 
or council-hall, on to which Jesus was brought by Pilate, and 
where sentence of condemnation was passed, John xix, 13. 

GAB'DES, I Esdr. v, 20. [Geba.] 

GA'BRI-AS, Brother or father of Tobit, Tob. i, 14; iv, 20. 

GA'BRI-EL (God is my strength). Type of the angelic nature in 
its ministrations of comfort ; but made a proper name in Dan. 
viii, 16 ; ix, 21 ; Luke i, 11, 19, 26, 38. 

GAD (a troop), i. Jacob's seventh son, whole brother to Asher, 
Gen. XXX, 11-13 ; xHx, 19. His tribe numbered 45,650 at census 
of Sinai, Gen. xlvi, f 6 ; Num. i, 24. During wanderings his po- 
sition was on south side of Tabernacle, Num. ii, 14. The Gad- 
ites and Reubenites settled east of Jordan, because of their pasto- 
ral pursuits ; the Gadites occupying the table land of Gilead. 
They were a fierce, warlike people, producing such quaint and 
brave men as Jephthah and Elijah. Gad was carried into cap- 
tivity by Tiglath-pileser, and the land occupied by the neighbor- 
ing Ammonites, 1 Chron. v, 26. 2. The "prophet" and " Da- 
vid's seer," a frequent messenger from Saul to David and bick. 



88 GAL 

I Sam. xxii, 5 ; 1 Chron. xxi, 9-19. He was author of a life of 
David, and of a musical work, i Chron, xxix, 29 ; 2 Chron. xxix, 
25. 3. A deity Fortune — one of the significations of Gad — sup- 
posed to have been worshipped by the Jews in Babylon, Isa. 

IXV, II. 

GAD'A-RA (surrounded or walled), Once a strong city east of 
Jordan, and some seven miles south of the sea of Galilee. Now 
Um-keis, and ruins plenty. Noted as the scene of the miracles 
mentioned in Matt, viii, 28-34; Mark v, 1-20; Luke viii, 26-40. 
See Ills. No. 67. . . . 

GAD'DI (my troop, kid), One of the spies sent by Moses to pros- 
pect Canaan, Num. xiii, 11. 

GAD'DI-EL (goat of God), Another of the twelve spies. Num. 
xiii, 10. 

GA'DI (troop, kid). Father of Menahem, 2 Kings xv, 14, 17. 

GA'HAM, A son of Nahor, Abraham's brother. Gen. xxif, 24. 

GA'HAR, Sons of Gahar, were returned Jews, with Zerubbabel, 
Ezra ii, 47. 

GA'IUS (ga-yus) (lord, an earthy man), A friend of and fellow- 
worker with Paul. Mentioned several times, Acts xix, 20 ; xx, 
4 ; Rom. xvi, 23. The Third Epistle of John was probably sent 
to the same. 

GAL'A- AD, Greek form of Gilead. So used in Apocrypha. • 

GA'LAL (roll, wheel), The name of three different Levites, i 
Chron. ix, 15, 16; Neh. xi, 17. 

GA-LA'TI-A (shi-a). The Gallia of the East. So-called because 
peopled by the Gauls, who pushed eastward in third century be- 
fore the Christian era. The central province of Asia Minor. 
Became Roman b. c. 26. Paul visited the country much, Acts 
xvi, 6; xviii, 23. 

GA-LA'TI-ANS, Epistle to. Ninth book of New Testament. 
Written by Paul, probably from Ephesus, a. d. 56 or 57. The 
encroachments of Judaism had begun to disturb his work in Ga- 
latia. He wrote therefore to strengthen faith in the divinity of 
his mission, to unfold the doctrine of justification by faith, and to 
exhort to persistency in Christian work. 

GAL'BA-NUM (fat), A perfume and ingredient of the sacred in- 
cense. A gum-resin exuding from the Bubon galbanum, a plant 
of Africa and India. It is bitter in taste, and not pleasant to the 
smell, Ex. xxx, 34. 

GAL'E-ED (the heap of witness). The memorial heap erected on 
Mount Gilead by Jacob after the covenant with Laban, Gen. 
xxxi, 47,48. 

GAL'GA-LA, i Mace, ix, 2. [Gilgal.] 

GALT-LEE (wheel, circuit). Originally the little ''circuit" of 
country around Kedesh-Naphtali, containing the twenty towns 
given by Solomon to Hiram, of Tyre, Josh, xx, 7; i Kings ix, 
u. Occupied by Gentiles, Isa. ix, i. In Maccabean period 
Galilee contained only a few Jews, i Mace, v, 20-23. Ii^ time 
of Christ one of the largest provinces of Palestine ; divided into 
upper and lower, and including the whole northern section of the 
country. Inhabitants numerous and industrious, but held in 

L contempt by the Jews, Luke xiii, i ; xxiii, 6 ; John i, 47 ; vii, 52. 



GAR 89 

Nazareth, Cana, Tiberias, Capernaum, and many towns of sacred 
memory were in Galilee. The Apostles were Galileeans either 
by birth or residence. Acts i, 11. After the destruction of Jeru- 
salem by Titus, Galilee became the seat of Jewish learning. 

GALILEE, SEA OF. [Gennesaret.] 

GALL (which is bitter). Such is its signification in Job xvi, 13 ; 
XX, 25. Used for "poison of serpents," Job xx, 14. Signifies 
" hemlock," Hos. x, 4 ; Deut. xxxii, ^3. The gall of Matt, 
xxvii, 34, was myrrh, or other bitter substance, as in Mark xv, 
23. Used figuratively for great troubles, Jer. viii, 14; Acts viii, 

23- 

GAL'LE-RY (festal hall). Doubtful rendition of the Hebrew word, 
which in Cant, i, 17, means " panel or fret-work," in vii, 6, 
" flowing locks," and in Ezek. xli, 15 ; xliii, 3, ** a pillar." 

GAL'LEY (shaped like a helmet), Isa. xxxiii, 21. [Ship.] See 
Ills. No. 130. 

GAL'LIM (heaps, springs). An unidentified place, supposed to 
have been a short distance north of Jerusalem, i Sam. xxv, 14 ; 
Isa. X, 30. 

GAI/LI-O (who lives on milk), Roman proconsul of Achaia under 
Emperor Claudius, when Paul was at Corinth, a. d. 53. He was 
a brother of the philosopher Seneca. Noted for his upright- 
ness. Supposed to have suffered death under Nero, Acts xviii, 
12-17. 

GAM'A-EL, I Esdr. viii, 29. [Daniel.] 

GA-MA'LI-EL (recompense of God), i. A prince of Manasseh at 
census of Sinai, Num. i, 10; x, 23. 2. A learned Pharisee, doc- 
tor of laws, and president of the Sanhedrim, Acts v, 34. Paul 
studied law with him. Acts xxii, 3. 

GAMES (play), Not much in vogue amoiig Hebrews. The sports 
mentioned are keeping tame birds (Job xli, 5); imitating marria- 
ges (Matt, xi, 16); joking (Jer. xv, 17; Prov. xxvi, 19). The 
gymnasium was censured, i Mace, i, 14. The New Testament 
alludes to the Greek games, i Tim. vi, 12 ; 2 Tim. iv, 17; i Cor. 
ix, 25-27. 

GAM'MA-DIMS (dwarfs), A term in Ezek. xxvii, 11, of doubtful 
import. Perhaps "guards " is the most correct signification. 

GA'MUL (recompense), A priestly leader of twentj^-second course 
in sanctuary, 1 Chron. xxiv, 17. 

GAR, " Sons of," are mentioned as among the " Sons of the serv- 
ants of Solomon," i Esdr. v, 34. 

GAR'DEN (enclosed place). In Hebrew sense enclosures on out- 
skirts of towns, planted with trees and shrubs. Surrounded by 
hedges (Isa. v, 5), walls (Prov. xxiv, 31); protected by lodges 
(Isa. i, 8) and watch-towers (Mark xii, i), in which keepers sat 
(Job xxvii, 18). The gardens of Gethsemane were justly noted. 
The family tomb was often in the garden, John xix, 41. 
'GA'REB (scab), i. A hero of David's army, 2 Sam. xxiii, 38. 2. 
A hill near Jerusalem, Jer. xxxi, 39. 

GART-ZIM, 2 Mace, v, 23. [Gerizim.] 

GAR'LIC (lance or spear leek). The leek of Egypt. Much prized 
by the Jews, who acquired a taste for it when in bondage. Num. 
xi, 5. . 



90 GAZ 

GAR'MENT (to protect), Chief garments of Jews were the tunic 
or inner garment and mantle, cloak or coat, outer garments. 
The tunic was mostly of linen, the mantle of cloth, but in early- 
times both were of skin or coarse haircloth. Gen. iii, 21. Gar- 
ments of mourning were of haircloth and sackcloth, Isa. 1, 3 ; 
Rev. vi, 12. See Ills. No. 148. 

GAR'MITE (men of Garmi), Descendants of Gerem, i Chron. 
iv, 19. 

GAR'RI-SON (provision), Hebrew signification was a place pro- 
vided against attack, not only by having quota of men, but fortifi- 
cations and provisions, i Sam. xiii, 23. 

GASH'MU, Neh. vi, 6. [Geshem.J 

GA'TAM (their lowing or touch), A duke of Eliphaz and grandson 
of Esau, Gen. xxxvi, 11, 16. 

GATE (door, path). Important part of Eastern architecture, repre- 
senting even the city itself. Gen. xxii, 17; Deut. xii, 12. They 
were of wood (Judg. xvi, 3), covered with iron or copper (Ps. 
cvii, 16; Acts xii, 10), sectired by bolts (Deut. iii, 5), flanked by 
towers (2 Sam. xv.iii, 24, 33). The squares, public places of re- 
sort, and markets were near the gates. Gen. xxiii, 10-iS. When 
gates fell the city was conquered, hence Gen. xxii, 17. The 
strength of the gates signified power. See Ills. No. 138. 

GATH (wine-press). One of the five royal cities of the Philistines, 
Josh, xiii, 3; I Sam. vi, 17. It stood at foot of mountains of 
Judah, ten miles east of Ashdod. The home of Goliath, 1 Sam. 
xvii, 4. Refuge of David, i Sam. xxi, 10. Early inhabitants 
called Gittites. Frequently captured and recaptured by Jews 
and Philistines. 

GATH-HE'PHER, GIT^TAH-HE'PHER (wine-press of Heph^r 
=" digger"), A town of Zebulon, near Sepphoris, on road lead- 
ing to Tiberias. Noted as being the birthplace of Jonah, Josh. 
xix, 12 ; 2 Kings xiv, 25. 

GATH-RIM'MON (high wine-press), i. A city of Philistia, not 
far from Joppa, given out of Dan to the Levites, Josh, xxi, 24. 
2. A town of Manasseh, west of Jordan, assigned to Levites, 
Josh, xxi, 25. 

GA'ZA (strong, a goat). Probably Azzah, now Ghuzzeh. One of 
the five chief cities of Philistia. Assigned to Judah, but not 
conquered. Josh, x, 41 ; xv, 47. Independent in time of Judges, 
Judg. i, 18; iii, 3. Samson carried away its gates and perished 
in its temple. It yielded allegiance to David and Solomon, and 
was afterwards occupied by Chaldeans, Persians, and Egyptians. 
It is the last town of Palestine on the frontiers toward Egypt, 
and commanded this important route. It has a continuous his- 
tory from the earliest times to the present. It now has 15,000 
inhabitants. See Ills. No. 49. 

GA-ZA'RA, I Mace, ix, 52, ff. FGezer.] 

GAZATH-ITES, Inhabitants of Gaza, Josh, xiii, 3. 

GA'ZER, 2 Sam. v, 25; i Chron. xiv, 16. [Gezer.] 

GA-ZE'RA. I. I Mace, iv, 15. [Gazara.] 2. His sons returned 
with Zerubbabel, i Esdr. v, 31. 

GA'ZEZ (passing over), A son of Caleb, 1 Chron. ii, 46. 

GA'ZITES, Inhabitants of Gaza, Judg. xvi, 2. 



GEN 91 

GAZ'ZAM (fleece of them). His children returned with Zerubbabel^ 
Ezra ii, 48; Neh. vii, 51. 

GE'BA (hill, cup). I. A Levitical town of Benjamin, near Ramah, 
and close to north boundary of Judah, Josh, xviii, 24; Neh. vii, 
30; 2 Kings xxiii, 8; 2 Sam. v, 25. In Joshua it is written 
Geba, and in i Sam. xiv, 5, Gibeah. 2. The Geba of Jud. iii, 10, 
may be the same. 

GE'BAL (limit), A maritime town of Phoenicia, now Jebail, on 
the coast, Josh, xiii, 5. Inhabitants called (iiblites, "stone 
squarers," i Kings v, 18. Chief seat of worship of Thammuz. 
Probably same as Gebal of Ps. Ixxxiii, 7. 

GE'BER (strong), i. Chieftain or governor of Argob, resident at 
Ramoth-gilead, i Kings iv, xiii. 2. Governor over a province 
south of former, i Kings iv, 19. 

GE'BIM (grasshoppers, height), A village north of Jerusalem, be- 
tween Anathoth and the ridge of Nob, Isa. x, 31. 

GED'A-LI'AH (God is my greatness), i. Grandson of Shaphan, 
scribe of Josiah. Made governor at Mizpah by Nebuchadnezzar, 
Jer. xl, 5. Murdered by Ishmael in second month of his autho- 
rity, 2 Kings XXV, 22-26. 2. A Levite harpist, i Chron. xxv, 3, 
9, 3. Priest under Ezra, Ezra x, 18. 4. A persecutor of Jere- 
miah, Jer: xxxviii, i. 5. Grandfather of Zephaniah the prophet, 
Zeph. i, I. 

GED'DUR, I Esdr. v, 30. [Gahar.] 

GED'E-ON. I. An ancestor of Judith, Jud. viii, i. 2. Greek form 
of Gideon, Heb. xi, 32. 

GENDER, GE-DE'RAH, GE-DE'ROTH (wall, fortified place). 
An ancient Canaanite town within the limits of Judah, and the 
king thereof, Josh, xii, 13, Probably same as Gederah, Josh. 
XV, 36. and Gederoth, Josh, xv, 41. 

GED'E-ROTH-A'IM (hedges), A town of Judah, Josh, xv, 36. 

GE'DOR. I. A town in mountains of Judah, now Jeduz, half way 
between Bethlehem and Hebron, Josh, xv, 58. 2. A town of 
Benjamin, i Chron. xii, 7. 3. An ancestor of Saul, i Chron. viii, 
31. 4. Gedor of i Chron. iv, 39, was probably Gerar. 

GE-HA'ZI (valley of sight). Servant and messenger boy of Elisha, 
whose theft and falsehoods were punished by leprosy, 2 Kings 
iv, 14-37; V, 20-27; viii, 1-6. 

GE-HEN'NA, Ge-Hinnom. [Hiknom.] 

GEL'I-LOTH (rolling, wheel, heap), A landmark on south boun- 
dary of Benjamin. Referred now to Gilgal, Josh, xviii, 17. 

GE-MAL'LI (wares, camel), A Danite, father of Ammiel, the spy. 
Num. xiii, 12. 

GEM'A-RFAH (perfection of the Lord). 1. Son of Shaphan the 
Scribe. From his chamber in the house of the Lord Baruch read 
Jeremiah's prophecy to the people, Jer. xxxvi. 2. A messenger 
of Hezekiah to Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon, and bearer of Jere- 
miah's letter, Jer. xxix, 3, 4. 

GEN-E-AL'O-GY (record of birth), In Hebrew ''book of genera- 
tions." The constitution of the Hebrew dynasty made genealo- 
gies of the highest importance, i Chron. i-vi. Thus were guarded 
the proofs that Christ was of the seed of Abraham and heir to the 
throne of David. Genealogy of Christ in evangelists traced back 
4000 years. 



92 GER 

GEN-E-RA'TION (descent, birth), Used as history of person and 
his posterity, Gen^ v, i; ii, 4; Matt, i, 1. In Matt, xxiv, 34; 
Acts ii, 40, used inicommon sense of men of an age or time. In 
primitive times the loose estimate of a generation was much 
longer than at present (thirty years). 

GEN'E-SIS (beginning). First book of the Bible and the Penta- 
teuch. To eleventh chapter a history of the creation ; rest of 
book a history of fathers and founders of the Jewish race. Cov- 
ers a period of over 2300 years. Authorship attributed to Moses. 
Time, probably before the Exode, e. c. 1491. Not the oldest, 
but the most important of all ancient histories. 

GEN-NES'A-RET (garden of the prince), i. A fertile, crescent- 
shaped plain on the west shore of the lake of Gennesaret, about 
three miles long and one wide. 2. The Lake of Gennesaret is 
called the **Sea of Chinnereth " in Old Testament, from the 
town of Chinnereth or Cinneroth, which stood on its shores, 
Num. xxxiv, 11 ; Josh, xh, 3. Called " Sea of Galilee" in New 
Testament from the country west of it. It is thirteen miles long 
and six wide. It is 700 feet below the bed of the ocean, and is 
surrounded with bold shores. It might be called an enlargement 
of the river Jordan. The country around it was densely peopled, 
and it was the scene of many notable instances in the life of 
Christ. See Ills. No. 5. 

GEN-NE'US, Father of Apollonius, 2 Mace, xii, 2. 

GEN'TILES (nations), Gentiles in Old Testament sense meant all 
peoples not Jewish, Neh. v, 8; Gen. x, 5 ; xiv, x. In New Tes- 
tament the sense seems to have narrowed to Greek-speaking peo- 
ples, Rom. i, 14-16; I Cor. i, 22-24. 

GE-NU'BATH (theft). An Edomite, by an Egyptian princess of 
the house of Pharaoh, i Kings xi, 20. 

GE'ON, Ecclus. xxiv, 27. [Gihon.] 

GF/RA (pilgrimage, dispute), i. A "Benjamite, Gen. xlvi, 21. 2. 
A doubtful person mentioned in Judg. iii, 15; 2 Sam. xvi, 5. 

GE'RAH, The twentieth part of a shekel, worth about two and ft 
half cents, Ex. xxx, 13. 

GE'RAR (dispute). An ancient town of Philistia, south of Gaza, 
Gen. X, 19 ; xx, i. 

GER'A-SA, Since there was a city of this name in the mountains 
of Gilead, twenty miles east of Jordan (ruins still extant), it is 
thought " Gergesenes " in Matt, viii, 28, should be read " Gera- 
senes." 

GER'GE-SENES (who come from fight). [Gerasa and Ga- 

DAKA.l 

GERT-ZIM (cutters), A mountain of Ephraim, near Shechem. 

On Gerizim and Ebal were the scenes of the blessings and curses 

on the actions of the Israelites who entered Canaan, Judg. ix, 7 ; 

Deut. xi, 29; xxvii, 12-26; xxviii. 
GER-RHE'NI-ANS, Probably the inhabitants of the ancient city 

of Gerar, 2 Mace, xiii, 24, 
GER^'SHOM (a stranger here), i. First son of Moses, born of Zip- 

porah, Ex. ii, 22; iv, 25 ; xviii, 3. 2. Writing of Gershon in i 

Chron. vi, 16-71 ; xv, 7. 3, A priest of the family of Phinehas, 

Ezra viii, 2. Written GerscJn in Esdras. 



GIB _93 

GER'SHON (expulsion), Eldest son of Levi, Gen. xlvi, ii. The 
Garshonites numbered 7500 at census of Sinai, Num. iii, 22. 
They had the fabrics of the Tabernacle in charge during the 
march. Num. iii, 25,26 ; vii, 3-7. They received thirteen cities 
in Canaan, Josh, xxi, 6 ; i Chron. vi, 62-71. 

GER'ZITES, With the Amalekites and Geshurites, inhabitants 
of the country between Palestine and Egypt, i Sam. xvii, 8. 

GE'SEM, Jud. i, 9. Greek form of Goshen. 

GE'SHAM, A descendant of Caleb, 1 Chron. ii, 47. 

GE'SHEM, GASH'MU, An Arabian, who ridiculed the Lord in 
time of Nehemiah, b. c. 445, Nch. ii, 19; vi, 1-9. 

GE'SHUR (walled valley), A little principality in northeast corner 
of Bashan, bounding on Argob and Aram, or Syria, Dcut. iii, 14. 
Inhabitants called Geshuri and Geshurites, Josh, xiii, 11. 

GESH'U-RITES, Besides above, a tribe of the desert between 
Arabia and Philistia, Josh, xiii, 2 : i Sam. xxvii, 8. 

GE'THER (vale of trial), Third son of Aram, Gen. x, 23. 

GETH-SEM'A-NE (fertile vale), A garden or place beyond the 
brook Kidron, and in the valley at the foot of Olivet to the north- 
west, and about half mile from the wall of Jerusalem, John xviii 
i; Luke xxii, 39. The Lord often resorted thither. Scene of his 
agony and betrayal. Matt, xxvi, 36-57. Still an enclosed place 
containing eight olive trees. See Ills. No. 20. 

GE-U''EL (God's redemption). Son of Machi, the Gadite spy 
Num. xiii, 15. 

GE'ZER (sentence). An ancient city of Canaan, between Bethho 
ron and the Mediterranean, Josh, x, 33 ; xii, 12. Assigned to 
Levites, Josh, xvi, 3. Original inhabitants not driven out, Judg 
i, 29 ; I Kings ix. 16. 

GI'AH (guide). Used to designate the hill Ammah in 2 Sam 
ii, 24. 

GFANTS (earth born). First mentioned in Gen. vi, 4. These Ne 
philim, "marvellous" or "fallen," are supposed by many to 
have been fallen angels. Their sons, the Gibborim, " powerful,' 
were not necessarily giants in our sense of the word. The Re 
phaim in southern part of Canaan and west of Jordan (Gen. xiv 
5) may be regarded as ancestors or type of the E'mim, Anakim 
and Zumim, Gen. xiv, 5 ; Num. xiii, 28. 

OIB'BAR (strong). His" sons returned with Zerubbabel, Ezra 
ii, 20. ^ 

GIB'BE-THON (back, high house), A town of Dan given^o Ko- 
hathite Levites, Josh, xix, 44; xxi, 23. 

GIB'E-A (hill). Son of Sheva, of Judah, i Chron. ii, 49. 

GIB'E-AH (hill), i. A city of Benjamin, some five or six miles 
north of Jerusalem. The birth-place of Saul, and noted for its 
infamies. Josh, xviii, 28 ; i Sam. xi, 4. 2. A town of Judah south 
of Carmel, Josh, xv, 57. 3. Place where the Ark remained after 
its return by the Philistines, 2 Sam. vi, 3. 4. Gibeah of Phinehas 
was in Mt. Ephraim, Josh, xxiv, 33. 

GIB'E-ATH, Josh, xviii, 28. [Gibeah.] 

GIB'E-ON (hill, lifted up), A city of Canaan, in possession of Hi- 
vites, who surrendered to Joshua and .saved their city from de- 
struction, Josh, ix, 3-15. It came into allotment of Benjamin, 



94 GIN j^ 

but was given to the Levites, Josh, xxi, 17. It stood oh an emi- 
nence six miles north of Jerusalem, i Chron. xvi, 39 ; i Kings 

GIb''LITES, Josh, xiii, 5. [Gebal.] 

GID-DAL'TI, Son of Heman, the king's seer, i Chron. xxv, 4. 

GID'DEL (great;. His children returned with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 
47, 56. 

GID'E-ON (destroyer), A powerful warrior of Manasseh, who con- 
quered the Midianites, and judged Israel in peace for forty years. 
His history is related in Judg. vi, vii, viii. 

GID'E-O'NI (destroyer), A Benjamite, father of Abidan, Num. 
i, 11. 

GI'DOM, A place near Gibeah,'Judg. xx, 45. 

GIER (jer)-EAGLE (vulture eagle), Mentioned in Lev. xi, 18; 
Deut. xiv, 17, as unclean. Probably the Egyptian vulture is 
meant. 

GIFT (give), Hebrew language abounds in words expressive of 
gifts", and present making was a favorite mode of marking esteem. 
Se^ Ills. No. 338. 

GI'HON (valley of grace), 1, The second river of Paradise, Gen. 
ii, 13. 2. A fountain near Jerusalem, near which Solomon was 
anointed king, i Kings i, 33-38; 2 Chron. xxxii, 3. The pool 
still exists. 

GIL'A-LAI (wheel), A priest's son at the consecration of the walls 
of Jerusalem, Neh. xii, 36. 

GIL-I30'A (wheel of inquiry), The mountain range on the south- 
east of Esdraelon, overlooking Jezreel, i Sam. xxviii, 4. Scene 
of the defeat of Saul and Jonathan, i Sam. xxxi, i ; 2 Sam. i, 6. 

GIL'E-AD (heap of testimony), i. The mountainous country cast 
of Jordan, and between Bashan andAmmonor Moab,Gen. xxxl, 
21. Called " Mt. Gilead " and " Land of Gilead." It bordered 
on the Jordan, and though mountainous was noted for its pastur- 
age. Became, by choice, the possession of Gad, Reuben and the 
half tribe of Manasseh. 2. A mountain west of Jordan, near 
Jezreel, Judg. vii, 3, probably should be Gilboa, 3. Son of Ma- 
chir, Num. xxvi, 29, 30. 4. Father of Jephthah, Judg. xi, i 2, 

GIL^GAL (rolling, heap), i. First station of Israelites after cross- 
ing to west of Jordan, where the slopes of Jericho touched the 
valley. Josh, iv, 19, 20; v, 10. It became a city, and head-quftN 
ter.<^f the army of Joshua while conquering the land, Josh, xv, 
7; IX, 6. Saul was crowned there, i Sam. vii, 16. And a scho6l 
of the prophets established there, 2 Kings iv, 38. 2. Another 
Gilgal lay near Antipatris, Josh, xii, 23. 3. Another just north 
of Bethel, Deut. xi, 30. 

GI'LOH (who rejoices), A town in mountains of Judah ; birth- 
place of Ahithophel, 2 Sam. xv, 12. 

GIM'ZO (bulrush), A town captured from Ahaz by the Philistines, 
2 Chron. xxviii, 18. Now yimzu, two or three miles south-west 
of Lydda, on road from Jerusalem to Jaffa. 

GIN contraction of engine), A bird-trap consisting of net and 
spring or trigger, Isa. viii, 14. 

GI NATH, GIN'NE-THO, GINNE-THON (garden), Father of 
Tibni, and priest who returned from captivity, i Kings xvi,"2i,' 
22 ; Neh. x, 6; xii, 4. 



GOL 95 

GIR'DLE (gird). Worn by men and women in the East. Made of 

leather or linen and fastened by a metallic clasp, 2' Kings i, 8; 

Matt, iii, 4; Jer. xiii, i; Ezra xvi, 10. 
GIR'GA-SHITES (arived from a pilgrimage), A primitive tribe of 

Canaan before the Jewish Conquest, Gen. x. 16; Deut. vii, i. 
GIS'PA (coming hither). An overseer of the Nethinim after the re- 
turn, Neh. xi, 21. 
GIT'TAH-HETHER, Josh, xix, 13. [Gath-Hepher.] 
GIT'TA-IM (wine-press). Dual form of Gath ; but the place is not 

recognized, 2 Sam. iv, 3. 
GIT'TITES (men of Glth, /. e. " wine press "), The six hundred 

who followed David from Gath, and constituted his body-guard, 

2 Sam. XV, 18, 19. 
GIT'TITH, A Gathite musical instrument; iorm and quality not 

known ; supposed to have been used at the festival of the vintage, 

Ps. viii, Ixxxi, Ix.xxiv. 
GrZO-NITE, Warriors of David's guard, i Chron. xi, 34, 
GLASS (amber). Only distinct allusion to glass in Old Testament is 

in job xxviii, 17, yet was undoubtedly known, as the sculptures 

prove, and the recent excavations in Jerusalem. See Ills. No. 

225; I Cor. xiii, 12; Rev. iv, 6. 
GLEANING. [Corner.] 
GLEDE (glide). The lanner falcon, a species of hawk, pronounced 

unclean, Deut. xiv, 13. Same word translated " vulture " in Lev. 

xi, 14. See Ills. No, 387. 
GNAT, A delicate blood-sucking fly, spoken of figuratively in Matt. 

xxiii, 24. 
GOAD (sting, prick), Was a rod or pole, some eight feet long, 

pointed with iron, Judg. iii, 31 ; though in i Sam. xiii, 21, the 

point of the plowshare is probably meant. 
GOAT, Several varieties of goat existed in Palestine. They consti- 
tuted an important feature of pastoral wealth, Gen. xxvii, 9 ; 

I Sam. XXV, 2. See Ills. Nos. 421, 428. 
GO'ATH (touching, roaring). An unidentified place near Jerusalem, 



Jer. XXXI, 3Q. 



GOB (cistern, grasshopper), A celebrated battle-field between 
David's forces and the Philistines, 2 Sam. xxi, 18, 19. Not iden- 
fied. Gezer, in i Chron. xx, 4. Gath, in Syriac version. 

GOD rgood), '* Jehovah" (He is, /. ^.self-existing), was the He- 
brew name for God. It was not pronounced, being substituted by 
" Adonai," Lord, or Elohim, God=" I Am." The latter, which 
is a plural, comprehended the active nature of the invisible 
Creator and Supervisor, as projected into his works. 

GOG (roof). I. A Reubenite, son of Shemaiah, i Chron. v, 4. 
2. [Magog.] 

GO'LAN (passage), A city of Bashan, in apportionment of Manas- 
seh, allotted to Levites, and one of three refuge cities east of Jor- 
dan, Site unknown, Deut. iv, 43; Josh, xxi, 27. 

GOLD, Known from the earliest times. Gen. ii, 11. Used chiefly 
for ornaments. Gen. xxiv, 22. For money at a later date. Em- 
blem of purity. Job xxui, 10, and nobility. Lam. iv, t. Obtained 
from Ophir, Job xxviii, 16, Parvaim, 2 Chron. iii, 6, Sheba 
and Raamah, Ezek. xxvii, 22. 



96 



GRA 



GOL'GO-THA (place where skulls exist), Hebrew name of the spot 
where Christ was crucified. The Greek word kranion, and the 
Latin calvarium, both meaning "skull" or "skull-shaped," 
have, perhaps, distorted the Hebrew idea, which was that of a. 
place filled with skulls, in allusion to the sepulchre underneath the 
spot now identified as the scene of the Crucifixion. 

GO-LI'ATH (passage, heap). The giant of Gath who defied the 
armies of Israel, and was slain by David, i Sam. xvii. He was 
probably a descendant of the old Rephaim. Another Goliath is 
mentioned in 2 Sam. xxi, 19. 

GO'MER (complete), i. Eldest son of Japheth, believed to be the 
father of the Cimmerians, hence Crimea, and the Celtic family of 
Europe. 2. Concubine of Hosea, Hcs. i, 3. 

GO-MOR'RAH (rebellious people). One of the five cities of the 
Plain or "vale of Siddim." It was second to Sodom in impor- 
tance. Destroyed by fire from heaven, Gen. xiv, 2-8; xix, 23-29. 
Gomorrha in Apocrypha and New Testament. 

GO'PHER, The wood of which the Ark was built. Probably a 
general name covering the different species of cypress and pine, 
Gen. vi, 14. 

GOR'GI-AS (frightful), A general of Antiochus Epiphanes, defeated 
by Judas Maccabeus, b. c. 166, i Mace, iii, 38. 

GOR-TY'NA, A city of Crete and its capital under the Romans, 
I Mace. XV, 23. 

GO'SHEN (drawing near). 1. The extreme province of Egypt north- 
ward toward Palestine. The dwelling-place of the Hebre\vs dur- 
ing their captivity or sojourn. It was well-watered and productive. 
Gen. xlvi, 29 ; xlvii, i-ii. 2. An undefined portion of southern 
Palestine, Josh, x, 41-; xi, 16. 3. An unidentified town of Judah, 
Josh. XV, 51. 

GOS'PELS (good tidings), The four initial books of the New Testa- 
ment, written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, called the 
Evangelists. They were written during the latter part of the first 
century, and found an immediate place in the New Testament 
canon. 

GOTH'0-LrAS,A son of Elam who returned with Esdras, i Esdr. 

viii, 33. 

GO-THONT-EL, Father of Chabris, Jud. vi, 15. 

GOURD (contraction of cucumber, encumberer). The original of 
Jonah iv, 6-10 is supposed to refer to the castor oil plant, which 
grows to the height of eight or ten feet in the East. The " wild 
gourd" of 2 Kings iv, 39, was of the cucumber or gourd species, 
but of poisonous quality. It furnished the design for the knops 
of the Temple, i Kings vi, 18; vii, 24. 

GO'ZAN (fleece), The river and circumjacent country of Mesopo- 
tamia to which the Hebrews were carried captive. Guesswork 
revives them in the Habor, now Khabour, an affluent of the Eu- 
phrates, 2 Kings xvii, 6 ; i Chron. v, 26. 

GRA'BA, I Esdr. v, 29. [Hagaba.] 

GRAPE (grab, grapple). Those of Palestine noted for, great size and 
fine flavor, Num.-xiii, 24. Used much for food and sweet wine. 

GRASS (which is gnawed, eaten). Rapid failure of herbage under 
the droughts of Palestine, made grass a plentiful source of figures. 
Job viii, 12 ; Ps. xxxvii, 2. 



HAB 97 

GRASS'HOP-PER. [Locust.] 

GREAVES (heavy), Detensive armor, metallic or leathern, reach- 
ing from the knee to the'foot, i Sam. xvii, 6. 

GREECE (oldj, Greek was an older name for an inhabitant of Hel- 
las, than Hellenist itself. The Hebrew mention of the Gentile 
nations to the west of them is in the shape of Javan, Gen. x, 2-5.- 
No further notice till time of Joel, when Hebrews came in contact 
with lonians of Asia Minor and recognized the similarity between 
** Ionia" and " Javan." Greek and Javan (descendants of; were 
used promiscuously, Joeliii, 6; Dan. viii, 21; Isa. Ixvi, 19; 
Ezek. xxvii, 13. In New Testament, Greece is called Hellas, 
though Achaia was made to include even more than what is now 
Greece proper. It is the south-east projection of Europe into the 
Mediterranean. The Greek language is the original of the New 
Testament. 

GREY'HOUND, Translation much disputed. A "wrestler" is 
supposed to be meant, since the original word means " one girt 
about the loins," Prov. xxx, 31, 

GRIND ING. [Mill.] See Ills. No. 211. 

GROVE (graved, cut out), Trees were the first temples. Intimate 
connection between trees and early worships, so that the word 
grove in the Old Testament is but a rendering of Asherak, which 
means an idol, i Kings xviii, 19 ; 2 Kings xiii, 6. 

GUARD (watch, ward). The Hebrew signifies *'cook." The 
'* butcher " was cook. He became " executioner," waited on the 
king, carried out his orders, was courier or runner. Gen. xxxvii, 
36 ; 2 Kings XXV, 8 ; Jer. xxxix, 9. 

GUD'GO-DAH (happiness), Deut. X, 7. [Hor 'Hagidgad.] 

GU NI (garden), i. Son of Naphtali, and founder of the Gunites, 
Gen. xlvi, 2t. 2. A son of Gad, i Chron. v, 15. 

GUR (a whelp), The steep place up from the plain of Esdraeloii, 
on which Ahaziah was slain, 2 Kings ix, 27. 

GUR-BA'AL (the master's whelp). An unlocated district between 
Palestine and Arabia, 2 Chron. xxvi, 7. 



H. 



HA'A-HASH'TA-RI (runner). Father of Tekoa and descendant of 

Ashur, I Chron. iv, 6. 
HA-BATAH (yah) (hiding of the Lord), His sons were among the 

priests who returned with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 61. 
HAB'AK-KUK (who embraces, wrestler;, Called in Bel and Drag- 
on, the son of Joshua, of the tribe of Levi. But nothing authentic 
is known of his life. His prophecy constitutes the thirteenth of 
the prophetic writings and thirty-fifth book of the Old Testament. 
It is referred to the period between b. c. 641-610. It mentions the 
Chaldean visitation, denounces that nation, and concludes with a 

I beautiful poem and praver. 
HAB'.A.-ZI-NrAH (hiding of the Lord's shield). Head of one of 
the Rechabite families, jer. xxxv, 3. ■ 

HAB'BA-CUC, Apocryphal form of Habakkuk^ Bel and Dragon 
33-39- 



98 



HAG 



HA-BER'GE-ON(neck defender). Coat of mail for neck and breast, 
Ex. xxviii, 32. 

HA'BOR (companion). The city, district, or river, used to desig- 
nate that part of Gozan where the captive IsraeUtes were located, 
2 Kings xvii, 6. [Gozan.] 

HACH'A-LI'AH (who waits on the Lord), Father of Nehemiah, 
Neh. i, I. 

HACH'1-LAH (hope is in her), A hill or wood in the wilderness of 
Ziph, I Sam. xxiii, 19. 

HACH'MO-NI (wise man), A Korhite _ Levite and founder of a 
family, i Chron. xxvii, 32. 

HA'DAD (joy), Syriac appellation of the Sun ; then an official 
kingly title, i. A son of Ishmael, Gen. xxv, 15. 2. A king of 
Edom who defeated the Midianites, Gen. xxxyi, 35. 3. Another 
King of Edom, 1 Chron. i, 50. 4. An Edomite of the royal line 
who escaped the massacre of Joab. He went to Egypt, married 
a sister-in-law of Pharaoh, and reappeared as the enemy of Solo- 
mon, I Kings xi, 14-25. 

HAD'AD-E'ZER, 2 Sam. viii, 3-12. [Hadarezer.] 

HA'DAD-RIM'MON (joy before Rimmon), A spot in the valley 
of jNIegiddo, where Josiah's death was lamented. Both Hadad 
and Rimmon were Syriac names for idols", Zech. xii, 11. 

HA'DAR (power), i. See Hadad, i, 2. A king of Edom, con- 
temporary with Saul, Gen. xxxvi, 30. 

HAD'AR-E'ZER (beauty of assistance), Son of Rehob, king of 
Zobah in Syria, 2 Sam. viii, 3. Defeated twice by.David, i Chron. 
xviii, 3, 4 ; xix, 16. 

HAD'A-SHAH (news, month), A town of lower Judah, but not 
identified. Josh, xv, 37. 

HA-DAS'SAH (myrtle, joy). Probably an earlier name of Esther, 
Esth. ii, 7. 

HA-DAT'TAH, Josh, xv, 25. [Razor.] 

HA'DID (rejoicing), A town near to Lydda (Lod), Ezra ii, 33. 

HAD'LA-I (hindering), An Ephraimite, 2 Chron. xxviii, 12. 

HA-DO'RAM (their beauty, power). 1. Fifth son of Joktan, Gen. 
x, 27. 2. Son and ambassador of the king of Hamath, sent to 
congratulate David, i Chron. xviii^ 10. 3. [Adoniram,] 2 Chron. 
x, 18. 

HA'DRACH (joy of tenderness). An indeterminate country in 
Syria, mentioned only in Zech. ix, i, 2. 

HA'GAB fgrasshopper), His sons were of the Nethinim "who re- 
turned with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 46. 

HAG'A-BA, Neh. vii, 48. [Hagab] 

HAG'A-BAH, Ezra ii, 45. [Hagab.] 

H A'GAR ('stranger, who fears'*. An Egyptian woman, handmaid of 
Sarah, and concubine of Abraham, Gen. xvi, 1-3. She fled from 
the wrath of Sarah, but returned and bore Ishmael, who became 
the father of the wandering tribes of Arabia, Gen. xxi, 21 ; xxv, 
12. She is made the type of the Jewish Church by Paul,^Gal. 
iv, 24. 

HA'GAR-ENES, HA'GAR-ITES, A tribe of Ishmaelites named 
after Hagar, j Chron. v, 10-20. The particular one mentioned in 
1 Chron. xxvii, 31, had charge of David's flocks. 



HAM 99 



HAG'GA-I (feast), A later prophet, commissioned to stir up the 
Jews to the importance of rebuilding Jerusalem, b. c. 520-515, 
Nothing definite is known of his parentage, but he was probably- 
born in Babylon. His prophecy constitutes the fifteenth of the 
prophetic, and thirty-seventh of Old Testament books. It is a brief 
and pointed exhortation to the Jews to stand to the work imposed 
by Zerubbabel. 
HAG'GE-RI, I Chron. xi, 38, should be " Bani the Gadite," as in 

2 Sam. xxiii, 36. 
HAG'GI (stranger), Second son of Gad, Gen. xlvi, 16. 
HAG'GI-AH (Lord's feast), A Merarite Levite, i Chron. vi, 30. 
HAG'GITH (rejoicing), A wife of David and mother of Adonijah, 

2 Sam. iii, 4; i Kings i, 5. 
HA'GI-A, I Esdr. v, 34. [Hattil.] 
HA'I, An ancient form of Ai, Gen. xii, 8 ; xiii, 3. 
HAIR, Hebrew men cut their hair short (except in Num. vi, 5-9 ; 

2 5am. xiv, 26), but women wore it long, Luke vii, 38 ; i Cor. xi, 

6 ; Isa. iii, 18-24. Lepers were entirely bereft of hair. Lev. xiii ; 

xiv, 8, 9. All Eastern women recognized the beauty of luxuriant 

hair, which they decorated lavishly. 
HAK'KA-TAN (little),' His son was the chief of the Bene-Azgad 

who returned with Ezra, Ezra viii, 12. 
HAK'KOZ (thorn, summer), A priest of the 7th course under David, 

I Chron. xxiv, 10. 
HA-KU'PHA (command). His children were among the retiu-ned 

Nethinim, Ezra ii, 51. 
HA'LAH (moist table). Probably Habor, 2 Kings xvii, 6. 
HA'LAK (part), A mountain which marked the southern limit of 

Joshua's conquest. Not identified, Josh, xi, 17 ; xii, 7. 
HAL'HUL (grief), A town of Judah. Name still applied to 

a hill between Jerusalem and Hebron, three or four miles from 

latter. 
HA'LI (sickness, a precious stone). An unidentified town within 

Asher, Josh, xix, 25. 
HALT-CAR-NAS'SUS, A city of Caria, prominent during the 

time of the Maccabees, i Mace, xv, 23. 
HALL (temple). The court of the high-priest's house, Luke xxii, 

55 ; Matt, xxvii, 27. 
HAL-LE-LU'JAH. [Alleluia.] 
HAL-LO'HESH (enchanter), A sealer of the covenant with Nehe- 

miah, Neh. x, 24. 
HAL-O'HESH, Governor of half of Jerusalem, Neh. iii, 12. 
HAM (heat, brown). Third son of Noah, Gen. v, 32 ; ix, 24. For 

paternal disrespect the curse fell upon his son Canaan. He was 

founder of the Hamitic races through his sons, Cush, Mizraim, 

Phut, and Canaan, who setded Canaan, Africa, and the coasts as 

far east as India, (^en, x, 6-10. His name appears in Kem, the 

name of Egypt, also meaning "heat," " blackness." 
HA'MAN (noise), Prime minister of Ahasuerus, king of Persia. 

His cruel disposition toward the Jews, and his discomfiture and 

death, are narrated in Esther. 
HA'MATH (anger, heat). Principal city of Upper Syria, in the 

valley of the Orontes, Gen. x, 18. Its king was an ally of David, and 



loo HAN 

— — — — ~— — ^ ; ^ : . __4 

the city was afterwards included in the domain of Solomon, 2 

Sam. viii, 9,10; i Kings iv, 21-24. Now Hantah ; population 

30,000. Hamath-Zobah (2 Chron. viii, 3) is conjectured to be 

the same as above. 
HAM'MATH (hot baths). Properly Chammath, because it is said 

to have contained the "hot baths" of Tiberias. Tradition 

locates the town of this name within a mile of Tiberias, Josh. 

xix, 35. Hammoth-Dor in Josh, xxi, 32 ; and Hammon in i 

Chron. vi, 76. 
HAM-MED'A-THA (who troubles the law). Father of Haman, 

Esth. iii, i-io. 
HAM'ME-LECH (king). Wrongly construed as a proper noun in 

Jer. xxxvi, 26 ; xxxviii, 6. 
HAM-MOL'E-KETH, A sister of Gilead, i Chron. vii, 17, 18. 
HAM'MON (heat, sun), i. A city of Asher, near Zidon-rabbah, 

Josh, xix, 28. 2. A Levitical city of Naphtali, i Chron. vi, 76. 

[Hammath.] ^ 

HAM'MOTH-DOR, Josh, xxi, 32. [Hammath.] 
HAM'O-NAH (multitude, uproar). An unidentified city mentioned 

iri £zciC xxxix i6 
HA'MON-GOG (the multitude of Gog), The glen in which Gog 

and his multitude were swallowed up, Ezek. xxxix, 11, 15. 
HA'MOR (ass, clay). An early prince of Shechem, Gen. xxxiii, 

19- 

HA-MU'EL, A man of Simeon, i Chron. iv, 26. 

HA'MUL (godly), Grandson of Tamar, Gen. xWi, 12. 

HA-MU'TAL (shadow of heat), A wife of King Josiah, 2 Kings 
xxiii, 31 : Jer. Hi, i. 

HA-NAM'E-EL (grace of God), Cousin of Jeremiah, Jer. xxxii, 
7-12. 

HA'NAN (full of grace), i. A chief of Benjamin, i Chron. viii, 23. 
2. A descendant of Saul, i Chron. viii, 38. 3. A hero of David's 
guard, I Chron. xi, 43. 4. "Sons of Hanan " returned with 
Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 46. 5. An assistant of Ezra, Neh. viii, 7; 
x, 22, 26. 6. A tithe-keeper under Nehemiah, Neh. xiii, 13. 7. 
Son of Igdaliah, Jer. xxxv, 4. 

HA-NAN'E-EL (gift of God), A tower, forming part of the wall 
of Jerusalem, between the sheep and fish gates, Neh. iii, i ; xii, 
39 ; Jer, xxxi, 38. 

HA-NA'NI (my grace). 1. Head of the eighteenth temple course, i 
Chron. XXV, 4, 25, 2. The seer who rebuked King Asa, 2 Chron. 
xvi, 17. 3. A priest in time of Ezra, Ezra x, 20. "4. A brother 
of Nehemiah and governor of Jerusalem, Neh. i, 2 ; xii, 36. 

HAN-A-NI'AH (grace, mercy, gift), i. Chief of sixteenth temple 
course, i Chron. xxv, 4, 5. 2. A general under Uzziah, 2 Chron. 
xxvi, II. 3. Father of Zedekiah, Jer. xxxvi, 12. 4. A false 
prophet in time of Zedekiah, who withstood Jeremiah, Jer. xxvii, 
xxviii. 5. Grandfather of Irijah, who arrested Jeremiah, Jer. 
xxxvii, 13. 6. Hebrew name of Shadrach, Dan. i, 3-19. 7. Son 
of Zerubbabel in line of Christ, i Chron. iii, 19. Written Joanna 
in Luke. 8. Head of a Benjamite house, i Chron. viii, 24. 9. A 
son of Babai, who returned with Ezra, Ezra x, 28. lo. A priestly 
maker of the oil of incense, Neh. iii, 8. 11. Ruler of the palace 
at Jerusalem, Neh. vii, 2, 3. 



HAR loi 

HA'NES banishment of grace), An unidentified city of middle 

Egypt, Isa. XXX, 4. 
HANG INGS, Curtains over the door of the Tabernacle, Ex. xxvi, 

36, 37. Afterwards tapestry' for wails of temple or private houses, 

Ex. xxvii, 9. 
HAN'I-EL (.gift of God), A son of UUa, of Asher, i Chron. vii, 

39- 
HAN'NAH (gracious,Tnerciful), A wife of Elkanah and mother 

of Samuel, i Sam. i, ii. 
HAN'NA-THON (gift of grace), A city of Zebulun, Josh. xix. 

HAN'NI-EL (grace of God), A prince of Manasseh, Num. xxxiv, 

23- 

HA'NOCH (dedicated), i. Third son of Midian, Gen. xxv, 4. 2. 
Eldest son of Reuben, and founder of Hanochites, Gen. xlvi, 9 ; 
I Chron. V, 3. 

HA'NUN (gracious), i. Son of Nahash, king of Ammon, involved 
in war with David, 2 Sam. x, 4. 2. An architect of Jerusalem, 
Neh. iii, 13. 3. Another architect of the walls of Jerusalem, 
Neh. iii, 30. 

HAPH'RA-IM (searching), A city of Issachar, near Shunem, 
Josh, .xix, 19. 

HA'RA (hill), I Chron. v, 26. Probably Haran or Charran. 

HAR'A-JDAH (well of fear), A desert station of Israelites, Num. 
xxxiii, 24, 25. 

HA'RAN (mountain country), i. Third son of Terah, and young- 
est brother of Abraham. He was father of Lot, Milcah, and 
Iscah. He was born in Ur, and died there, Gen. xi, 26-31. 2. 
A Gershonite Levite in time of David, i Chron. xxiii, 9. 3. Son 
of Caleb by Ephah, i Chron. ii, 46. 4. The spot where Abra- 
ham dwelt after leaving Ur, Gen. xxiv, 10. It is in Mesopota- 
mia, in the section called Padan-Aram, on a branch of Euphrates 
(Gen. xxv, 20), and still retains the name of Harran, being a 
small Arab village. 

HA'RA-RITE, Three of David's guard were so designated, 2 
Sam. xxiii, 11, 33. 

HAR-BO'NA (his destruction). An eunuch of Ahasuerus, Esth. i, 
10. Harbonah in vii, 9. 

HARE ( leaper, springer), A species of rabbit abounding in Pales- 
tine, and erroneously supposed to chew a cud, Lev. xi, 6 ; Deut. 
xiv, 7. See Ills. No. 414. 

HA'REPH (winter, reproach>. i. A son of Caleb, r Chron. ii, ^i. 
2. The forest in which David found refuge after quitting the cave 
of Adullam, i Sam. xxii, 5. 

HAR'HA-I'AH (heat or anger of the Lord), Father of Uzziel, 
Neh. iii. 8. 

HAR'HAS (heat of confidence). An ancestor of Shallum, 2 Kings 
xxii, 14. 

HAR'HUR (made warm). His sons returned with Zerubbabel, 
Neh. vii, 53. 

HA'RIM (dedicated, destroyed), i. A priest in charge of third 
division, i Chron. xxiv, 8. 2. His sons returned with Zerubba- 
bel, Ezra ii, 39; Neh, xii, 15, etc. 



ro2 HAS 

HA'RIPH, His sons were among the restored captives, Neh. vii, 
24 ; X, 19. 

HAR'LOT (man woman), An abandoned woman. Mentioned in 
earliest history. Gen. xxxviii, 15. Dress distinctive, and seat 
conspicuous, Gen. xxxviii, 14 ; Ezra xvi, 16, 25. Often foreign- 
ers, hence ** strange women." Type of idolatry, Isa. i, 21; 
Ezek. xvi. Classed with publicans. Matt, xxi, 32. 

HAR'NE-PHER (anger of a bull), A son of Zophah, of Asher, 
I Chron. vii, 36. 

HA'ROD (fear), A spring 'near Jezreel, by which Gideon en- 
camped before his forces joined in battle against Midian, Judg. 
vii, I. 

HA'ROD-ITE, Designation of two of David's thirty-seven war- 
riors, 2 Sam. xxiii, 25. 

HARO-EH, A son of Shobal, i Chron. ii, 52. 

HA-RO'SHETH (forest, silence, handicraft), A city of Northern 
Canaan, in Naphtali, near Lake Merom. It was the residence 
of Jabin and his line of Canaanitish kings, Judg. iv, 2, 16. 
[Hazor.] 

HARP (sickle-shaped). The national musical instrument of the 
Jews, and familiar to all eastern peoples. Invention ascribed to 
Jubal, Gen. iv, 21. It assumed several shapes, had different 
numbers of strings, and was played either with the fingers or a 
plectrum, /. e., a quill. See Ills. No. 288. 

HAR'ROW (rake). In 2 Sam. xii, 31 ; i Chron. x.x, 3, the word 
rendered "harrow" refers to a threshing-machine. 5"^^ Ills. 
No. 423. Elsewhere, as in Isa. xxviii, 24; Job xxxix, 10, some 
primitive substitute for the modem harrow is meant, 

HAR'SHA (workmanship, wood). His children were among the 
restored Jews, Ezra ii, 52. 

HART, Male of the red deer species. Reckoned clean by He- 
brews, Deut. xii, 15, and greatly prized for food, i Kings iv, 

23- 

HA'RUM (high, toppling). Father of Aharhel, of Judah, 1 Chron. 
iv, 8. 

HA-RU'MAPH (destruction), Ancestor of Jedaiah, Neh. iii, 10. 

HAR'U-PHITE (slender, sharp), Designation of Shephatiah, who 
repaired to David at Ziklag, i Chron. xii, 5. 

HA'RUZ (careful). Father of a wife of Manas.>eh, 2 Kings xxi, 19. 

HAS'A-DI'AH (mercy of the Lord), A grouping of the royal line 
of Judah, I Chron. iii, 20. 

HAS'E-NU'AH, A chief of Benjamin, i Chron. ix, 7. 

HASH'A-BI'AH (estimation of the Lord), i. Two Levites so 
named, i Chron. vi, 45 ; ix, 4. 2. A priest in charge of twelfth 
course, xxv, 19. 3. A descendant of Hebron, xxvi, 30. 4. A 
prince of Levi, xxvii, 17; another in 2 Chron. xxxv, 9; another 
in Ezra viii, 24. 5. An architect of the walls of Jerusalem, Neh, 
iii, 17: xii, 24. Several other Levites of the same name. 

HA-SHAB'NAH (silence of the Lord), A sealer of the covenant 
with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 25. 

HASH'AB-Nl'AH (silence of the Lord), i. Father of Hattush, 
Neh, iii, 10. 2. A Levite who assisted at the feast of the sealing 
of the covenant, Neh. ix, 5. 



HAZ 103 

HASH-BAD'A-NA, An assistant of Ezra, Neh. viii, 4. 

HA'SHEM (named), His sons were members of David's guard, i 
Chron. xi, 34. 

HASH-MO'NAH, A desert station of the Israelites, Num. xxxiii, 
29. 

HA'SHUB (esteemed), Assistants at building of the walls of Jeru- 
salem and at the sealing of the covenant, Neh. iii, ii, 23 ; x, 23 ; 
xi, 15. ^ 

HA-SHU'BAH (estimation), A group in family of Zerubbabel, i 
Chron. iii, 20. 

HA'SHUM (silence, hasting), i. His sons returned with Zerub- 
babel, Ezra ii, 19. 2. An assistant of Ezra, Neh. viii, 4. 

HA-SHU'PHA (made base), A family of the Nethinim, who re- 
turned from captivity, Neh. vii, 46. 

HAS'RAH (wanting), 2 Chron. xxxiv, 22. [Harhas.] 

HAS'SE-NA'AH, His sons built the fish-gate when the walls of 
Jerusalem were repaired, Neh. iii, 3. 

HAS'SHUB, I Chron. ix, 14. [Hashub.] 

HA-SUTHA, Ezra ii, 43. [Hashupha.] 

HA'TACH i^who strikes), A eimuch of Ahasuerus, Esth. iv, 5-10. 

HA'THATH (fear), A son ofOthniel, i Chron. iv, 13. 

HAT'I-PHA (robbery). His sons were among the returned Nethi- 
nim, Ezra ii, 54. 

HAT'I-TA (bending of sin), " Gate-keepers," who returned to Je- 
rusalem, Ezra ii, 42. 

HAT'TIL (howling for sin). His sons were among the "children 
of Solomon's slaves," who returned from captivity, Ezra ii, 57. 

HAT'TUSH (forsaking sin). One of the royal line of Judah, wbo 
returned with Ezra, i Chron. iii, 22 ; Ezra viii, 2 ; Neh. iii, 10. 

HAU'RAN (hole, liberty, whiteness), No doubt the same district, 
as modern Hauran, to the south of Syria, in Bashan, Ezek. xlvii, 
16, 18. 

HAV'I-LAH (who suffers, brings forth). Two are mentioned ; a 
son of Cush, and a son of Joktan, Gen. x, 7, 29. Descendants 
properly blended in Arabia, where a district still preserves the 
name of Havilah {Khaivian), The Havilah of Gen. ii, 11, is not 
located. 

HA'VOTH-JA'IR (villages that enlighten). Certain villages of 
Bashan or Gilead, captured by Jair, son of Manasseh, Num. 
xxxii, 41 ; Deut. iii, 14. 

HAWK (havoc), A species of falcon. Pronounced unclean. Lev. 
xi, 16; Deut. xiv, 15; Job xxxix, 26. See Ills. No. 391. 

HAY (cut), The Jews probably mowed and prepared grass for hay, 
Ps. xxxvii, 2. The rendering of Prov. xxvii, 25, and Isa. xv, 6, 
is therefore correct, though much disputed. 

HAZ'A-EL (that sees God), King of Damascus, b. c. 886-840. 
He was at first an officer of Benhadad, but succeeded him as 
Elijah had foreseen, i Kings xix, 15. He was a powerful enemy 
of the Hebrews, 2 Kings viii, 7-15, 28; x, 32; xii, 17; 2 Chron. 
xxiv, 24; 2 Kings xiii, 24. 

HA-ZA'IAH (ya) (seeing God), A Shilonite of Judah, Neh. xi, 5. 

HA'ZAR-AD'DAR imprisoned generation). I Hazer.] 

HA'ZAR-MA'VETH (dwelling of death), Third son of Joktan, 



I04 HEB 

Gen. X, 26. He gave name to a province and clan in Southern 
Arabia, which is still preserved in Hadrumaivt. 

HA'ZEL, The shrub or plant which bears the filbert nut. In Gen. 
XXX, 37, the almond-tree is probably meant. 

HAZ'EL-EL-PO'NI (sorrow of countenance), Sister of sons of 
Etam, of Judah, i Chron. iv, 3. 

HA'ZER (village or enclosed place), A common noun applied to - 
haunts of nomads, appearing as proper in plural Hazerim, also in 
Hazeroth, Hazor, and in composition; as i. Hazar-Addar, in 
southern boundary of Israel, Num. xxxiv, 4 [Adar]. , 2. Hazar- 
ENAN, on northern boundary of Land of Promise, Num. xxxiv, 
9. 3. Hazar-Gaddah, a town of Judah, Josh, xv, 27. 4. Ha- 
ZAR-HAT-TICON, "middle village," on boundary of Hauran, 
Ezek. xlvii, 16. 5. Hazar-shual, "wolf-house," near Beer- 
sheba, Josh, xv, 28. 6. Hazar-susah, a city of Judah, allotted 
to Simeon, Josh, xix, 5. 7. Hazar-susim, same as former, i 
Chron. iv, 31. 

HA-ZE'RIM, Deut. ii, 23. [Hazer.] 

HA-ZE ROTH, Num. xi, 35 ; Deut. i, i, A station of the Israel- 
ites in desert. [Hazer.] 

HAZ E-ZON-TA'-MAR and HAZ'A'ZON-TA-MAR (drawing 
near to bitterness). Ancient name of Engedi, Gen. xiv, 7; 2 
Chron. XX, 2. 

HA'ZI-EL (that sees God), A Levite in time of David, i Chron. 
xxiii, 9. 

HA'ZO (seeing, prophesying), Son of Nahor by Milcah, Gen. 
xxii, 22. 

HA'ZOR (court, hay), i. A city of Naphtali, JoRh. xix, 36 ; between 
Ramah and Kedesh,and ©verlooking Lake Merom ; perhaps the 
same of which Jabin was king (Haroshcth), It was the princi- 
pal city of Northern Palestine, Josh, xi, 10; 1 Kings iv, 15; 2 
Kings XV, 29. 2. A city in Southern Judah, josh.xv, 23, 25. 3. 
Resort of the Bcnjamites after they returned from captivity, 
probably near Jerusalem, Neh. xi, 33. 

HEAD-DRESS, Earliest mention in Ex. xxviii, 40. Chiefly or- 
namental and very elaborate. Job xxix ; Isa. iii, 23; Ixi, 3. See 
Ilh. Nos. 150-176, 195-201. 

HEARl'H (ground). Bedouins still bake on hot stones, covered 
with ashes, the meaning of " hearth" in Gen. xviii, 6. 

HEATH, Likely a species of juniper, Jer. xvii, 6; xlviii, 6. 

HEATH'EN (dwellers on the heath), In an ethnographic sense, 
those not Jews ; Gentiles. Given an ecclesiastical turn in Matt, 
xviii, 17, and applied to the unchristian world, to publicans and 
unbelievcrrs. 

HEAVEN (heaved, hoven up, as the blue vault). Over the firm 
vault the Jews located the seat of God, Isa. Ixvi, i ; Ezra i, 26; 
Gen. xxviii, 17. They refined their idea so as to make a first 
region of the cloud atmosphere, a second of the sun and star 
space, and a third of the dwelling-place of Jehovah, 2 Cor. xii, 2, 
Wherever heaven may be, outward, upward, and over all, is the 
natural direction to look for God. 
HE'BER (who passes, anger), Those of this name will be found in 
Gen. xlvi, 17; 1 Chron. iv, 18; v, 13; viii, 17, 22; Judg. iv, 11- 
17 ; Luke iii, 35. 



HEL 105 

HE'BREWS, The descendants of Abraham. First applied in 
Gen. xiv, 13, to Abraham himself, afterwards to his children. 
Some trace the word to Eber or Heber, the last of the Patriarchs ; 
but if a patronymic, it is strange that other nations should have 
adopted it, perhaps first. The word is rather a simple appella- 
tive from eber, "beyond," applied by the nations on the east 
of the Euphrates to those which sprung from Abraham after he 
had passed "beyond" or to the westward of that river. He- 
brews were those that "crossed over;" thus they were known 
to foreigners. Among themselves they were " Israelites," 
"Jews," /. e., Judaites, Judeans. 

HE'BREWS, Epistle to. Nineteenth book of New Testament. 
Authorship ascribed to Paul ; date A. d. 62-63 ; place of writing, 
Rome ; object, to overcome Jewish prejudices in favor of the old 
law, and to declare its supersession by the new. 

HE'BRON (friendship), i. Third son of Kohath, and uncle of Mo- 
ses and Aaron, Ex. vi, 18 ; Num. iii, 19, 27. 2. In i Chron. ii, 
42, a place is probably meant. 3. A city of Judah among the 
mountains, twenty miles south of Jerusalem. It was one of the 
most ancient cities of Canaan, Num. xiii, 22 ; was known to 
Abraham, Gen. xiii, 18. Its original name was Arba, after Arba, 
father of Anak, progenitor of the Anakim, Judg. i, 10; Josh, xxi, 
II. Now called El-Khulil (" the friend," /. e., of God), which 
is the Arabic name of Abraham. The cave of Machpelah is still 
to be seen. Present population 5000. 4. A town in Asher, Josh, 
xix, 28. See Ills. Nos. 61, 62. 

HEDGE, In Hebrew sense anything that encloses, whether a wall, 
fence, or growth of bushes, as with us, Prov. xxiv, 31 ; Num. 
xxii, 24. The hedge-hog is now thought to be meant by the word 
translated " Bittern," in Isa. xxxiv, 11. See Ills. No. 439. 

HEG'A-I (meditation), A eunuch of Ahasuerus, Esth. ii, 8, 15. 
Hege in ii, 3. 

HE'GE, Esth. ii, 3. [Hegai.] 

HEIF'ER, Not used for plowing, but for threshing, Hos. x, ix ; 
except in Judg. xiv, 18. Type of wildness, Jer. xlvi, 20 ; Hos. 
iv, 16. Red heifers were sacrificed. Num. xix, i-io. 

HEIR (follower, who becomes master or head of the family), Jew- 
ish heirship very simple. The sons divided, but eldest received 
the largest portion. He became head of the family, and had 
charge of the women and minor members. Sons of concubines 
were generally put off with presents, but afterwards excluded en- 
tirely. Daughters did not inherit, but received a marriage por- 
tion, Gen. x.xi, 10; xxiv, 36; xxv, 5, 6; xxxi, 14; Judg. xi, i, 
etc. Landed estate descended, as in xxvii, 9-1 1. 

HE'LAH, A wife of Ashur, i Chron. iv, 5. 

HE'LAM (army, trouble), A battle-field between Jordan and Eu- 
phrates, where David defeated the Syrians, 2 Sam. x, 16, 17. 

HEL'BAH (milk, fatness). A town of Asher, near Sidon, Judg. i, 

HEL'BON (fatness), A place mentioned in Ezek. xxvii, 18. Lo- 
cality much disputed. Associated with Aleppo in Syria ; but 
now with a valley and village near Damascus. Noted for its 
grapes and wines. 



lo6 HEN 

HEL-CHI'AH and HEL-CHI'AS, i Esdr. viii, i ; 2 Esdr. i, i. 

[HiLKIAH.] ' . 

HEL'DA-I (world), i. Twelfth captain of the monthly courses in 
temple service, i Chron. xxvii, 15, 2. A returned Israelite, Zech. 
vi, 10. 

HE'LEB, HE'LED, One of David's guard, 2 Sam. xxiii, 29 ; i 
Chron. xi, 30. 

HE'LEK (portion), Second son of Gilead, Num. xxvi, 30. 

HE'LEM (dreaming, healing). Persons mentioned in i Chron. 
vii, 35 ; Zech. vi, 14, Latter probably Heldai. 

HE'LEPH (passing over). Starting point of boundary of Naphtali, 
Josh, xix, 33. 

HE'LEZ (armed, free), i. One of the thirty of David's guard, and 
captain of the seventh course of the service, 2 Sam. xxiii, 26; i 
Chron. xi, 27. 2. A Judaite, i Chron. ii, 39. 

HE'LI (climbing up). Father of Joseph, the husband of the Virgin 
Mary, Luke iii, 23. 

HE'Ll-0-DO;RUS(giftofthesun), Treasurer of Seleucus Philo- 
pator of Syria (b. c. 187-175), who carried away the treasures of 
the temple at Jerusalem, 2 Mace. iii. 

HEL'KA-I (part, portion), A priest in time of Joiakim, Neh. xii, 15. 

HEL'KATH (field), A town named as the starting point of the 
boundary of Asher. Unidentified, Josh, xix, 25. 

HEL'KATH-HAZ'ZU-RIM (field of strong men, or rocks), ,The 
field where the men of Abner and Joab fought ; near pool of 
Gibeon, 2 Sam. ii, 16. 

HEL-KFAS, I Esdr. i, 8. [Hilkiah.] 

HELL (conceal). The Hebrew word for hell conveys the idea of 
"grave" or " pit," Job xi, 8, 21, 22 ; Num. xvi, 30; peopled by 
souls of dead men and bad spirits. This idea made it nearly the 
parallel of the Greek " Hades," place of departed spirits. 

HEL'LE-NIST (from Hcllen, son of Deucalion), In a proper, 
sense the Grecians, but afterwards made to include the Jews and 
all peoples who became Greek-speaking, Acts vi, i. 

HEL'MET (hide). Armor for the head and face, generally of metal, 
I Sam. xvii, 5 ; 2 Chron. xxvi, 14. 

HE'LON (window, grief), Father of Eliab, Num. i, 9 : ii, 7. 

HE'MAM (number, tumult), Grandson of Seir, Gen. xxxvi, 22. 

HE'MAN (trouble, number), i. Son of Zerah, i Chron. ii, 6. 2. 
Son of Joel and grandson of Samuel. He had charge of the mu- 
sic of the temple choir, i Chron, vl, 33; xv, 16-22 ; xxv, 5. 

HE'MATH, Father of Rechab, i Chron. ii, 55. 

HEM'DAN, Eldest son of Dishon, Gen. xxxvi, 26. 

HEM'LOCK, The word translated "hemlock" in Hos. x, 4 1 
Am. vi, 12, is elsewhere rendered "gall." The idea is "bitter," 
and not necessarily a tree. 

HEN (singer), i. Though the domestic fowl was common in Pales- 
tine, the hen is mentioned but twice. Matt, xxiii, 37; Luke xiii, 
34, See Ills. No. 390. 2. A son of Zephaniah, his name signiiy- 
ing "grace," Zech. vi, 14. 

HE'NA (troubling), A city of Mesopotamia, probably on the Eu- 
phrates, 2 Kings xix, 13; Isa. xxxvii, 13. 

HEN'A-DAD (grace of the beloved). Head of a Levite family, 
who assisted at the rebuilding of the temple^ Ezra iii, 9. 



HER 107 

HE'NOCH, I Chron. i, 3 [Enoch, 2.] ; i Chron. i, 33 [Ha- 

NOCH, l]. 

H ETHER (digger), i. Youngest son of Gilead and founder of 
the Hepherites, Num. xxvi, 32. 2. Son of Ashur, 1 Chron. iv, 
6. 3. A hero of David's guard, i Chron. xi, 36. 4. A place in 
Canaan west of Jordan, Josh, xii, 17. 

HEPH'ZI-BAH (my dehght is in her), i. The name to be borne 
by the restored Jerusalem, Isa. Ixii, 4. 2. Queen of Hezekiah 
and mother of Manasseh, 2 Kings xxi, i, 

HER'ALD (army governor),^ Only mentioned in Dan. iii, 4, where 
it is synonymous with "preacher" in i Tim. ii, 7; 2 Tim. i, 11 ; 
2 Pet. ii, 5. 

HER'CU-LES, 2 Mace, iv, 19. Not the Grecian Hercules, but 
Melkart, " king of the city," the tutelary deity of Tyre and equiva- 
lent of Baal. 

HE'RES (son, earthenpot), Isa. xix, 18. [Ir-ha-heres.] 

HE'RESH (carpenter;, A Levite connected with the Tabernacle, 
I Chron. ix, 15. 

HER'MAS (Mercury, interpreter), A friend of Paul, resident at 
Rome, Rom. xvi, 14. 

HER'MES (interpreter), Another friend of Paul, Rom. xvi. 14. 

HER-MOG'E-NES Cborn of Mercury), Early laborer with Paul in 
Asia Minor, who afterwards deserted him, 2 Tim. i, 15. 

HER'MON (lofty, prominent). The most conspicuoas and beautiful 
mountain in Palestine. It is the southern point of the Anti-Lcba- 
nus range, at the head waters of the Jordan, and rather in Coele- 
Syria than Palestine. Called Sirion by Sidonians ; Shenir by 
Amorites, and Sion in Deut. iv, 4S. It was the great northern 
landmark of the Hebrews. Height io,ood feet, Josh, xi, 17; 
Deut. iii, 8. See Ills. No. 10. 

HER'MON-ITES, Properly "the Hermons," in reference to the 
three peaks of Hermon, Ps. xlii, 6, 7. 

HER'OD (son of a hero). 1. Herod the Great, son of Antipater, 
an Idumean who was procurator of Judea under Julius Csesar, 
B. c. 47. He became a Jew in faith, and through favor at Rome 
received at an early age the governorship of Galilee and Coele- 
Syria. In b. c. 41, he was appointed tetrarch of Judea by Antony, 
but was forced to flee by Antigonus, the Asmonean. He went to 
Rome, procured a commission as king of Judea, and reinstated 
himself with the aid of Roman arms. He was liberal and parsi- 
monius, cruel and kind, a wise governor and monstrous tyrant. 
Grinding and torturing his people, he yet kept them together. He 
fostered whatever was good in art, science, and morals, yet acted 
out everything that was bad. Oppressing the Jews, he yet built 
the Temple. His nature was one of the most heterogeneous com- 
pounds known to history. Matt, ii, 16-18 ; John ii, 20; Luke i, 5. 
2. Herod Antipas. Second son of Herod the Great. He was te- 
trarch of Galilee and Perea, and founded Tiberias, Matt, xiv, i; 
Luke iii, 19 ; Acts xiii, i. He was the murderer of John the Bap- 
tist. As tetrarch of Galilee, Christ's residence, Pilate referrecj 
Jesus to him for examination, Luke xxiii, 6, etc. 3. Herod Philip 
I, was son of Herod the Great and Miriamne, Mark vi, 17. He 
married the infamous Herodias, Matt, xiv, 3: Mark vi, 17; Luke 



lo8 HEZ 

Hi, 19, He lived and died in private life. 4. Herod Philip H, 
was son of Herod the Great by Cleopatra. He became tetrarch 
of Batanea, built Caesarea and rebuilt Bethsaida, Matt, xvi, 13 ; 
Mark viii, 27; Luke iii, i. 5. Herod Agrippa I, was grandson of 
Herod the Great. He succeeded the tetrarch Philip in Batanea 
(a. d. 37). To his territory was added the tetrarchy of Galilee 
and Perea ; then he was commissioned by Claudius, governor of 
Judea and Samaria. He was a strict executive, but courted too 
much the favor of the Jews, Acts xii, 1-21, He died a. d. 44. For 
coin. See Ills. No. 480. 6. Herod Agrippa H. Son of former. 
He became governor of the consolidated tetrarchies, under the 
title of king, a. d. 52. This was the Agrippa before whom Paul 
appeared. He died at Rome, a. d. 100, Acts xv, i3-2'7. 
HE-RO'DI-ANS, Better the Herods with a Roman dependence, 
than run the risk of full Jewish restoration in the face of the new 
Christian civilization whose establishment was imminent. This 
was the expediency position occupied by the Herodians, "adhe- 
rents of Herod," Matt, xxii, 15. 
HE-RO'DI-AS, Granddaughter of Herod the Great; daughter of 
Aristobulus, sister of Herod Agrippa I, and wife of Herod Philip 
I, her uncle, whom she deserted for Herod Antipas, her step-uncle. 
It was she who requested the head of John the Baptist, Matt, xiv, 
3-6; Mark vi, 17; Luke iii, 19. 
HE-RO'DI-ON (song of Juno), Friend and relative of Paul at 

Rome, Rom. xvi, 11. 
HERON, An aquatic bird of large size, but not supposed to be the 

one meant in Lev. xi, 19; Deut. xiv, 18. See Ills. No. 405. 
HE'SED, His son was a commissary of Solomon in Hepher, 

I Kings iv, 10. 
HESH'BON (industry), Capital city of Sihon king of the Amorites, 
Num. xxi, 26. It stood on the boundary between Gad and Reu- 
ben, twenty miles east from the north point of Dead Sea, Josh, 
xiii, 17; Isa. xv, 4. ^^c^ Ills. No. 11. 
HESH'MON (messenger), An unidentified place in south of Judah, 

Josh. XV, 27. 
HESRON, Num. xxvi, 6. [Hezron.] 
HETH (fear\ Progenitor of the Hittites, Gen. xxiii, 3. 
HETH'LON (feariul dwelling^, A "way " in Northern Palestine, 
identified with " entrance of Hamath," Ezek. xlvii, 15; xlviii, i. 
HEZ'E-KI, A Benjamite, i Chron. viii, 17. 

HEZ'E-KPAH (strength of the Lord), i. Twelfth king of Judah ; 
son of Ahaz ; reigned b. c. 726-698. Noted for the purity of his 
purposes, his antipathy to idolatry and the splendid resistance he 
offered against surrounding nations, 2 Kings xviii-xx ; 2 Chron. 
xxix, xxxii. 2. Son of Neariah in royal line of Judah, i Chron. 
iii, 23. 
HE'ZI-ON, A king of Aram in Syria, identified with the Rezon of 

Soljmon's time, 1 Kings xv, 18; xi, 23. 
HE^ZIR (bog, converted), A priestly leader of the 17th course in 
time of David, i Chron. xxiv, 15. 2. A sealer of the covenant 
with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 20. 
HEZ'RA-I (vestibule), A hero of David's guard, 2 Sam. xxiii, ■^. 
HEZ'RON (dart of joy), i. Son of Reuben, Gen. xlvi, 9. 2. Son 
of Pharez, Ruth iv, 18. 



HIR 109 

HID'DA-I (praise, cry), A hero of David's guard, 2 Sam. xxiii* 

30. 

HID'DE-KEL (sound, loud cry). That river of Eden which "goeth 
eastward into Assyria," now identified with the Tigris, Gen. 
ii, 14. 

HI'EL (life of God), A native of Bethuel, who rebuilt Jericho, 
I Kings xvi, 34 : Josh, vi, 26. 

HI'E-RAP'O-LIS (holy city), A city of Phrygia, in the basin of 
the Meander, and near to Colossae and Laodicea, Col. iv, 13. 

HI-ER'E-EL, 1 Esdr. ix, 21. [Jehiel.] 

HI-ER'E-MOTH, For both Jeremoth and Ramoth in Esdras. 

HI'E-RON'Y-MUS (sacred name), A Syrian general under Anti- 
ochus (V) Eupator, 2 Mace, xii, 2. 

HIG-GA'ION (ga'yon) (meditation), In Ps. ix, 17; xix, 15 ; xcii, 
4, where a pause in the language or music is marked, to give time 
for meditation. 

HIGH-PLACES, This expression points to the custom among 
primitive peoples of worshipping on high ground. Altars, temples, 
and dedicated places, were on hills or mountains, Isa. Ixv, 7 ; 
Jer. iii, 6; Gen. xii, 7, 8 ; Judg. vi, 25. When the dark groves 
and high mountain places became conspicuous in idolatry, the 
'* high place ' became a reproach. 

HIGH-PRIEST, Head of the priestly office. Aaron was the first 
who was set apart by special distinction, Ex. xxviii. 

HI'LEN (window, grief), A priestly city of Judah, i Chron. 
vi, 58. 

HIL-KI'AH (God my portion), i. Father of Eliakim, 2 Kings 
xviii, 37. 2. High-priest in reign of Josiah, 2 Kings xxii, 4-10. 
He discovered the law in a hidden recess of the temple. 3. Levites 
among the returned Jews, i Chron. vi, 45 ; xxvi, 11 ; Neh. viii, 
4 ; Jer. xxix, 3. 4. Father of Jeremiah, Jer. i, i. 

HIL'LEL (who praises). Father of Abdon, a judge of Israel, Judg. 
xii, 13-15. 

HIN, A Hebrew liquid measure, containing about six quarts, Ex. 
XXX, 24. 

HIND, Female of the red deer. Gen. xlix, 21 ; Ps. xxix, 9 ; Prov. 
V, 19. See Ills. No. 415. 

HINGE (hanged). The pivots of ancient doors were built in the 
walls, and the sockets were cut from the door itself. See Ills. No. 
142. I Kings vii, 50; Prov. xxvi, 14. 

HIN'NOM (there they are, their riches), Valley of the ''Son" or 
"children of Hinnom," was the narrow valley to the south of 
Jerusalem. The boundary between Judah and Benjamin ran 
through it, Josh, xv, 8; xviii, 16. Solomon filled its southern 
part with "high places " of Molech, i Kings xi, 7 ; 2 Kings xvi, 
3. Hence called Tophet, " dnim," from the noise made to drown 
the cries of Molech's victims, Isa. xxx, 33. The place was after- 
wards defiled, 2 Kings xxiii, 10, and ge-Hinnom- gehenna, came 
to mean place of eternal torment. In New Testament it is trans- 
lated " Hell," Matt, v, 22, 29, 30, 

HIP'PO-POT'A-MUS (river horse\ The behemoth of Job. 

HPRAH (liberty, anger), An AduUamite friend of Judah, Gen. 
xxxviii, I, 12. 



lib HOP 

HI'RAM, HU'RAM (liberty, whiteness), t. King of Tyre, who 

sent men and material to Jerusalem to build a palace for David, 

and again to assist Solomon in building the Temple, 2 Sam. v, 1,1 ; 

I Chron. xiv, i ; i Kings v, 10-16. 2. Chief architect of King 

Hiram, i Kings vii, 13, 40. 
HIR-CA'NUS, Son of Tobias, who had a large deposit in the 

treasury of the Temple, 2 Mace, iii, 11. 
HIT'TITE (who is broken). Descendants of Heth, second son of 

Canaan, Gen. x, 15; They dwelt around Hebron, Gen. xv, 20; 

xxiii, and though subdued were not exterminated by the Israelites, 

Josh, iii, 10; 2 Sam. xi, 3. 
HI'VITE (wicked), .Also sprung from Canaan, Gen. x, 17, but not 

located till after Jacob's return, when they appear in possession 

of Shechem, under Hamor their prince. Gen. xxxiv, 2. Noted 

for their craft. Josh, ix, 3-27, and by this time they appear to 

have scattered to the north of Palestine. 
HlZ-KI'AH (strength of the Lord), An ancestor of Zephaniah the 

prophet, Zeph. i, i. 
HlZ-KrjAH,Neh. X, 17. [Hizkiah.! 
HO'BAB (beloved). Son of Raguel, Num. x, 29. Current of 

authority in favor of his being Jethro, the father-in-law of Moses, 

Judg. iv, II. * 

HO'BAH (friendship), A place "to the north of Damascus,"' where 

Abraham left off pursuit of the kings who pillaged Sodom, Gen. 

xiv, 15. 
HOD (praise, confessionX A son of Zophah, i Chron. vii, 37. 
HOD'A-FAH (praise of the Lord), Son of Elioenai, of the royal 

line of Judah, i Chron. vii, 37. 
HOD'A-VI'AH (praise of the Lord), i. Head of the half-tribe of 

Manasseh on east of Jordan, i Chron. v, 24. 2. A Benjamite, 

I Chron. ix, 7. 3. A Levite and head of a tribe, Ezra ii, 40. 
HO'DESH (table, news). Wile of Shaharaim, i. Chron. viii, 9. 
HO-DE'VAH, Neh. vii,' 43. [Hodaviah, 3. J 
HO-DI'AH (praise of the Lord), Wife of Ezra, i Chron. iv, 19 ; 

Jehudijah in verse 18. 
HO-DI'JAH (praise of the Lord), Levite officers mentioned in Neh. 

viii, 7 ; X, 13, 18. 
HOG'LAH (festival). Third daughter of Zelophehad,Nuni. xxvi,33. 
HO 'HAM (woe to them). King of Hebron at time of conquest. 

Josh. X, 3. 
HOLM-TREE, The holm oak, /. e. holly oak, or tree, Susan. 58. 
HOL'O-FER'NES, The general of Nebuchadnezzar slain by Judith, 

Jud. ii, 4. 
HO'LON (grief), i. A town in mountains of Judah, Josh, xv, 51. 

2. A city of Moab, Jer. xlviii, 21. 
HO'MA^I, I Chron. i, 39. [Hemam, i.] 
HO'MER, A Hebrew dry measure, equal to eight bushels, Ezek. 

xiv, 14. 
HON'EY, Plentiful in Palestine ; much prized by the inhabitants. 

Lev. XX, 24; Deut. xxxii, 13; Matt, iii, 4. 
HOPH'Nl (who covers, my fist), A son of Eli, who with Phinehas, 

brought the curse on their father's house, i Sam. ii, 12-22 ; iii, 

11-14. 



HOS 111 

HOR (hill). I. The mountain on which Aaron died. Num. xx, 

25-27. It was near to Edom and the next halting- place aftei 

Kadesh, Num, xx, 23; xxxiii, 37. Now jfebel-Nebi-Harayiy 

" mountain of the prophet Aaron." Height 4800 feet. See Ills. 

No. 114. 2. The mountain mentioned in Num. xxxiv, 7,8, as on 

northern limit of Palestine, is now thought to be the range of 

Lebanon. 
HO'RAM (their hill). King of Gezer at time of conquest. Josh. 

x, 33. 
HO'REB (solitude, desert), Ex. iii, i, and elsewhere. -^Sinai.] 
HO'REM (offering), A fortified place of Naphtali, Josh, xix, 38. 
HOR'HA-GID'GAD (hill of felicity), A desert station of the 

Israelites, Num. xxxiii, 32. Probably Gudgodah, Deut. x, 7. 
HO'RI (prince, freeborn). i. Grandson of Seir, Gen. xxxvi, 22. 

2. A Simeonite, father of Shaphat, Num. xiii, 5. 
HO'RITES, HO'RIMS, Aboriginal inhabitants of Mt. Seir, Gen. 

xiv, 6, driven out by Edomites. Their name is supposed to signify 

** cave dwellers." 
HOR'MAH (destruction). Was a chief town of the Canaanites in 

southern Palestine, Judg. i, 17; xv, 30. 
HORN, Used for various purposes, for drinking vessels, trumpets, 

etc., I Sam. xvi, i; i Kings i, 39. Representative of strength, 

Deut. x.xxiii, 17; Dan. viii, 2. 
HORN'ET (horn-bearer), Plenty in Palestine, Ex. xxiii, 28; Deut. 

vii, 20; Josh, xxiv, 12. Used as a means of exterminating the 

Canaanites. See Ills. No. 451. 
HOR-O-NA'IM (ragings), An unlocated town of Moab, Isa. xv, 5. 
HORSE (neigher). All Bible notices of the horse refer to him as 

fitted for war, except Isa. xxviii, 28, where he is employed in 

threshing, Job xxxix, 19-25 ; Ex. xiv, 9-23 ; Esth. vf, 8 ; 2 Chron. 

i, 14717; ix, 25. 
HORSE- LEECH, A rapacious, bloodsucking water-worm found in 

the marshes and pools of the East; apt emblem of rapacity, Prov.; 

XXX, 15. It attacked the membranes of the nostrils when the ani-i 

mal was drinking. 
HO'SAH (trusting}, i. A city of Asher, named after Tyre as a 

landmark of the boundary. Josh, xix, 29. 2. A Levite cho.sen by 

David as doorkeeper to the Ark, i Chron. xxvi, 10. 
HO-SAN'NA (" save, we pray " ), The cry of the multitude in the 

triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, Matt, xxi, 9-15 ; Mark 

xi, 9, ID. It was borrowed from the chant of the priests at the 

Feast of the Tabernacles, Ps. cxviii, 25, 26. 
HO-SE'A (safety). Son of Beeri, and first of the Minor prophets. 

He prophesied for a period of sixty years, commencing in the 

reign of Uzziah, about b. c. 785. His writing constitutes the 

twenty-eighth book of Old Testament and the fifth of the prophetic 

books. He chiefly denounces the idolatries of Israel and Samaria. 

His style is hea\'y and thought often obscure. 
HOSH-A-TAH (salvation of the Lord), i. A man who assisted 

Neheriiiah in dedicating the walls of Jerusalem, Neh. xii, 32. 2. 

Father of Azariah, Jer. xlii, i. 
HOSH'A-MA (hears, obeys), A son of Jehoiachin, the last king 

but one of Jucjah, i Chron. ii, 18. 



112 HUR 

HO-SHE'A (saviour, safety), i. Nineteenth and last king of Israel. 
He slew Pekah, and succeeded him, Isa. vii, 16 ; 2 Kings xv, 30. 
Reign b. c. 730-721. In his third year he was conquered by 
Shalmanezer, but retained his throne, Hos. yiii, 14; 2 Kings 
xvii, 3. Conspiring with So, king of Egypt, against Shalmanezer, 
he was again conquered and shut up in prison, Ivlic. v, i. This 
was the last of tne kingdom of Israel. 2. Son of Nun, i. e., 
Joshua, Deut. xxxii, 44; Num. xiii, 8. 3. Ruler of a tribe of 
Ephraim in time of L)avid, i Chron. xxvii, 20. 4. A sealer of 
the covenant with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 23. 

HOS-Pl-TAL'I-TY (treatment of a guest). Regarded as a virtue 
by ancients. The laws concerning it are found in Lev. xix, 33, 
34; XXV, 14, etc. ; Deut. xv, 7. 

HO'THAM (^seal), Son of Heber, an Asherite, i Chron. vii, 32. 

HO'THAN, Father of Shama, i Chron. xi, 44. 

HO'THIR (excelling). Thirteenth son of Heman, the king's seer, 
I Chron. xxv, 4, 2b. 

HOUGH {hok) (heel, hock). Cutting the cords of the hind legs, or 
the hamstring, Josh, xi, 6, '9 ; 2 Sam. viii, 4. 

HOUR, First divisions of Jcwislx day were morning, noon, and 
evening, Ps. Iv, 17. Night was divided into three watches. 
Lam. ii, 19; Judg. vii, 19; Ex. xiv, 24. Afterwards day was 
divided into four parts — morning, heat of the day, which was 
about middle of forenoon, mid-day, and evening. I'he division 
of the day into twelve regular hours was borrowed from the 
Babylonians, and put in practice after the captivity. 

HOUSE, The dwelling in general, whether tent, palace, citadel, 
tomb, or house in our sense ; also the tabernacle, temple, heaven, 
family. The prevailing style of house building in East is in form 
of hollow square, with court-yard in centre, into which the win- 
dows open. The roofs arc flat. See Ills. Nos. 133, 134, 139, 144. 

HUK'KOK (engraver, scribe, lawyer), A village of Naphtali, west 
of upper end of sea of Galilee ; now Yakuk, Josh, xix, 34. 

HU'KOK, I Chron. vi, 75. [Helkath.] 

HUL (pain, infirmity). Second son of Aram and grandson of Ham, 
G.:n. X, 23. 

HUL'DAH (world\ A prophetess, wife of Shallum. She was con- 
sulted by King Josiah when Hilkiah found the book of the law 
in the temple, 2 Kings xxii, 14; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 22. 

HUM'TAH, A city of Judah, named next to Hebron, Josh, xv, 
24. 

HUNTTNG, Hebrews not given to hunting, yet various devices 
are mentioned for capturing wild animals, 2 Sam. xxiii, 20; Job 
xviii, 9, 10; Isa. li, 20; Am. iii, 5. 

HU'PHAM (chamber, bank), A son of Benjamin and founder of a 
family. Num. xxvi, 39. 

HUP'PAH, A priest in time of David, 1 Chron. xxiv, 13. 

HUP'PIM (covered chamber, seashore), Head of a Benjamite 
family, i Chron. vii, 12. 

HUR (liberty, whiteness, hole). i. The man who stayed the 
hands of Moses, Ex. xvii, 10, 12; xxiv, 14; probably same as 

2. Father of the chief artificer of the Tabernacle, Ex. xxxi, 2. 

3. A king of Midian, Num. xxxi, 8. 4. Fathef of Rephaiah, 



IBN 113 

Neh. iii, 9. 5. A son of Hur, was one of Solomon's commissary 

officers, I Kings iv, 8. 
HU'RAI (anger;. One of David's guard, i Chron. xi, 32. [Hiddai.] 
HU'RAM (their liberty), i. A Benjamite, son of Bela, i Chron. 

viii,.5. 2. I Chron. xiv, i; 2 Chron. ii,3, 11, 12. [Hiram.] 3. 

2 Chron. ii, 13; iv, 11, 16. [Hiram, 2.J 
HU'RI (being angry), A Gadite, the father of Abihail, i Chron. 

V, 14. 
HU'SHAH (hasting, holding peace), A doubtful name, i Chron. 

iv, 4. 
HU SHAI (haste, silence), A friend of David, who appears to have 

been the father of Baana, 2 Sam. xv, 32 ; 1 Kings iv, 16. 
HU SHAM, An early king of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 34, 35. 
HU'SHATH-ITE, Two of David's guardsmen were so designated, 

2 Sam. xxi, 18; xxiii. 27. 
HU'SHIM (man of haste), i. Children of Dan, Gen. xlvi, 23 ; 

Shuham in Num. xxvi. 2. A Benjamite, i Chron. vii, 12. 3. A 

wife of Shaharaim, i Chron. viii, 8. 
HUSKS (conceal, cover), The word so translated means the carob 

fruit, which is podded like the locust bean, Luke xv, 16. See Ills. 

No. 378. 
HUZ (counsel, wood). Eldest son of Nahor and Milcah, Gen. 

xxii, 21. 
HUZ ZAB (which was established), Probably a queen of Nineveh 

in time of Nahum, but more likely a country east of the Tigris, 

Nahum ii, 7. 
HY-E'NA (sow), A bristling animal of fierce aspect and nature. 

The word translated " speckled bird " in Jer. xii, 9, is thought to 

mean hyena, t Sam. xiii, 18; Ecclus. xiii, 18. 
HY-DAS'PES (watery), A river mentioned in Jud. i, 6. A branch 

of the Acesines in India. 
HY'ME-N-^TJS (god of marriage). An early convert to Christianity 

who fell into Gnostic beliefs, i Tim. i, 20; 2 Tim. ii, 17, 18. 
HYMN (song of praise). Chiefly applied to the Hallelujah psalms, 

/. e. Ps. cxiii-cxviii ; though embracing also impromptu thoughts 

in time of affliction or on solemn occasions when chanting was be- 
coming, Eph. v, 19 ;.i Cor. xiv, 26. Our style of hymn dates 

back to the earliest ages of the Latin and Greek Churches. 
HYP'O-CRITE (dissembler, stage player). Who feigns what he is 

not. The hypocrite was denounced by Christ, Luke xii, i. 
HYS'SOP, The hyssop of Scripture is not our hyssop. That was 

a purgative. Lev. xiv, 4, 51 ; Ps. Ii, 7, and was used as in Ex. 

xii, 22. 

I. 

I'BEX, The wild goat of Arabia, Job xxxix, i. See Ills. No. 435. 
lETIAR (who chooses), A Son of David, 2 Ccm. v, 15. 
IB'LE-AM (ancient people), A city of Manasseh, now jenin, Judg. 

i. -7 \ Josh, xvii, 11. 
IB-NETAH (ne'ya) (building of the Lord, adopted son). Son of 

Jehoram, of Benjamin, i Chron. ix, 8. 



114 IML 

IB'RI (passing over, anger), A Levite in time of David, i Chron. 
XXIV, 27. 

IB'ZAN (father of coldness), A Bethlemite, who judged Israel 
seven years. He had thirty sons and thirty daughters ,^Judg. 
xii, 8-IO. 

ICH A-BOD (where is the glory ?), Son of Phinehas, and grandson 
of Eli, both of whom, and his mother also, died on the day of his 
birth, I Sam. iv, 19-22; xiv, 3. 

I-CO'NI-UM (coming), An important town of Lycaonia, on the 
borders of Phrygia, in Asia Minor. It is now called Konieh, 
Paul made it an important centre of Christian influence. Acts xiv, 
1-22; xviii, 23. See Ills. No. 36. 

I-DA'LAH (hand of cursing), A city of Zebulun, between Shimron 
and Bethlehem, i Chron. iv, 3. 

ID'DO (band, power, praise), i. Father of Abinadab, 1 Kings iv, 
14. 2. A descendant of Gershom, i Chron. vi, 21. 3, Chief of a 
tribe of Manasseh, East Jordan, i Chron. xxvii, 21. 4. The seer 
who denounced Jeroboam, and wrote the chronicles of Abijah 
and Rehoboam, 2 Chron. ix, 29 ; xiii, 22. 5. Grandfather of 
Zechariah, Zech. i, 1-7. 6. Chief of a company of returning 
Jews, Ezra viii, 17. 

I'DOL, IDOLATRY (figure), The Hebrew idea was that of emp- 
tiness or vanity, and always employed in a bad sense, Ex. xx, 
3, 4; xxxiv, 13; Deut. iv, 16-19; vii, 25, 26. In their idolatry 
the Hebrews copied both object and ceremony from other na- 
tions. Under the judges they were almost wholly given up to 
idolatrous practices. The pure worship restored by David was 
broken upon by Solomon, who introduced the Ammonite iMolech 
and the Phoenician Ashtoreth, with their horrid rites. The nation 
never fully recovered a pure worship until the revival under the 
Asmoneans, which was brief. 

ID'U-M^^'A, Greek name of Edom, Isa. xxxiv, 5, 6;*Matt. iii, 8. 

I'GAL (redeemed;. 1. One of the spies sent out by Moses, Num. 
xiii, 7. 2. A hero of David's guard, 2 Sam. xxiii, 36. 

IG-DA-LI'AH (greatness of the Lord), "The man of God," who 
W.1S father of Hanan, Jer. xxxv, 4. 

IG'E-AL (a redeemer). Son of Shemaiah, of the royal line of Ju- 
dah, 1 Chron. iii, 22. 

ITM 'heaps of Hebrews). 1. Contracted for Ije-Abarim, Num. 
xxxiii, 45. 2. A town of Southern Judah, Josh, xv, 28. 

rjE-.A.B'A-RIM (heaps of Hebrews or passers over), A late halt- 
ing place of the Israelites, near the boundary of Moab, Num. 
xxi, II h 

I'JON (eye, fountain), A town of Naphtali, now Ayun, i Kings 
XV, 20. 

IK KE3H (wicked), Father of Ira, of Tekoa, 2 Sam*, xxiii, 26. 

IL'LAI, A hero of David's guard, i Chron. xi, 29. 

IL-LYR'I-CUM (joy, rejoicing). An extensive country lying along 
the east shore of the Adriatic, having Italy on the north and Ma- 
cedonia on the south and east. It was reached by Paul, Rom. 
XV, 19, 

IM'LA (plentitude, circumcision). Father of the prophet Macaiah, 
2 Chron. xviii, 7, 8. 



\ 



IRS 115 

• IM'LAH, I Kings xxii, 8, 9. [Imla.] 

IM-MAN'U-EL (God with us), The symbolic name applied by- 
Isaiah to the child announced to Ahaz, whose birth should be a 
sign of deliverance from the enemies of the Jews, Isa. vii, 14. 
Applied by Matthew to the Messiah, born of Mary, Matt, i, 23. 

IM'MER (speaking, lamb), i. Head of a family of priests, whose 
name was given to the sixteenth course of service, i Chron. ix, 
12. 2. A place in Babylonia, Ezra ii, 59. 

IM'NA (right hand, numbering). Son of Helem, i Chron. vii, 35. 

IM'NAH. I, I Chron. vii, 30. [Imna.] 2. A Levite who assisted 
Hezekiah, 2 Chron. xxxi, 14. 

IM'RAH (rebel, changing), An Asherite, of family of Zophah, i 
Chron. vii, 36. 

IM RI (speaking, bitter, lamb), i. A Judahite of the great family 
of Pharez, i Chron. ix, 4. 2. Father of Zaccur, Neh. iii, 2. 

IN'CENSE (kindling, burning). The legal incense of the Taberna- 
cle was compounded of the perfumes stacte, onycha, galbanum, 
and pure frankincense, Ex. xxx, 9. It was burned in censers by 
the priests chosen each morning and evening, Luke i, 9, and on 
the day of Atonement was a special part of the ceremony. While 
it was burning the people without engaged in prayer. The origin 
of the ceremony of incense is unknown, but it was burned as apart 
of nearly all ancient worships, whether true or idolatrous. See 
Ills. No. 336. 

IN'DIA (praise, law). The indefinite country beyond the limits of 
Persia to the east. First appears in the Bible in Esth. i, i ; viii, 9. 

IN-HERT-TANCE (heirship). [Heir.1 

INK, INK-HORN, Contraction of encatistem , "burnt in." The 
ink of the ancients was heavy and thick, and was carried about 
by the scribes in an ink-horn, Jer. xxxvi, 18; Ezek, ix, 2. 

INN, Primitively the stopping place of a caravan, and in this sense 
in Ex. iv, 24, and throughout the Old Testament. In after times 
the caravansary became more permanent, and could be relied on 
for food and shelter, Luke x, 34, 35. See Ills. Nos. 133, 134. 

I-O'NI-A, Substituted for India in i Mace, viii, 8. 

IR (watchman, vision), i Chron. vii, 12. [Iri.] 

I'RA (watchman). Persons mentioned in 2 Sam. xx, 26 ; xxiii, 38 ; 
I Chron. xi, 28. 

I'RAD (wild ass, dragon). Son of Enoch, Gen. iv, 18. 

I'RAM (high heap). An Edomite leader. Gen. xxxvi, 43. 

I'RI (fire, light), i. ,1 Esdr. viii, 62. [Uriah.] 2. Son of Eela, i 
Chron. vii, 7, 12. 

I-RI'JAH (fear of God), The captain of the ward who arrested 
Jeremiah, Jer. xxxvii, 13, 14. 

IR-NA'HASH, An unknown person or place in i Chron. iv, 12. 

I'RON. I. An unidentified city of Naphtali, Josh, xix, 38. 2. 
With brass (copper) the earliest known of metals. Gen. iv, 22. 
Prepared in crude furnaces, Deut. iv, 28 ; 1 Kirgs viii, 51. Used 
for various purposes, Ezra iv, 3 ; Lev. vii, 9 ; 1 Chron. xxii, 3. 

IR'PE-EL (health, medicine). An unknown city of Benjamin, 
Josh, xviii, 27. 

IR'SHE'MESH (city of bondage), A Danite city, identified by 
some with Beth-shemesh, Josh, xix, 41. 



Ii6 ISH 

I'RU, Son of Caleb, i Chron. iv, 15. 

I'SAAC (i'zak) (laughter). Son of Abraham and Sarah, born when 
his father was loo years old, Gen. xvii, 17 ; xviii, 12 ; xxi, 6. 
Married his cousin, Rebekah, at the age of forty, and became 
father of Jacob and Esau. Most of his life was spent in the 
southern part of Canaan. For history, read Gen. xxi-xxxv. 
Time, b. c. 1896-1705. 

I-SA'IAH (i-za'ya) (salvation of Jahu= Jehovah), Son of Amoz, but 
race and tribe unknown. He entered the prophetic office near 
close of Uzziah's reign, and his prophecies extend over a period 
of sixty years, Isa. i, i. His book constitutes the twenty-third 
of the Old Testament, and the first of the prophetic writings. 
He is called the ** prince of the prophets," and his book reproves 
the sins of the Jews and surrounding nations, is circumstantial 
and clear concerning the mission of Christ, and is withal the 
most poetical and sublime in the Old Testament. Isaiah dwelt 
mostly at Jerusalem, where tradition says he was sawed asunder 
by an order of the wicked Manasseh. 

IS'CAH (who anoints). Daughter of Haran, sister of Abraham. 
Iscah is traditionally identified with Sarai, Gen. xi, 29. 

IS-CAR'I-OT (man of murder, hireling). [Judas Iscariot.] 

IS'DA-EL, I Esdr. v, 33. [Giddel.] 

ISH'BAH, A man of Judah, i Chron. iv, 17. 

ISH'BAK (empty, exhausted). Son of Abraham and Kcturah, and 
progenitor of tribes of Northern Arabia, Gen. xxv, 2 ; i Chron. 
i, 32. 

ISH'I-BE'NOB (respiration, taking captive), Son of Rapha, one 
of the Philistine giants, slain by Abishai, 2 Sam. xxi, 16, 17. 

ISH-BO'SHETH (man of shame). Son and successor of Saul, i 
Chron. viii, 33; ix, 39. He reigned two years at Mahanaim, 
but on the death of Abner, his mainstay, David gradually gained 
the supremacy, and Ishbosheth was assassinated, 2 Sam. ii, 12; 
iii,6-i2: iv, 1-12. His name was originally Esh-baal, ** man 
of Baal." 

I'SHI (salvation), Persons mentioned in i Chron. ii, 31 ; iv, 20, 
42 ; V, 24. 

I-SHI'AH (it is the Lordl, Son of Izrahiah, i Chron. vii, 3. 

I-SHI'JAH, A lay Israelite, mentioned in Ezra x. 31. 

ISH'MAH (named, marvelling). Person unknown, i Chron. iv, 3. 

ISH'MA-EL (God that hears), i. Son of Abraham and Hagar the 
Egyptian, Gen. xvi, 15, 16. When Isaac was born, Hagar and 
her son were sent away by Abraham at the request of Sarah. 
They went into the wilderness of Beersheba, where Ishmael set- 
tled, married an Egyptian, grew wealthy, became the father of a 
large family, and progenitor of most of the wandering tribes of 
Arabia, according to promise. Gen. xxi, xxxvi. 2. A son of Azel 
descended from Saul, i Chron. viii, 38. 3. A Judahite, 2 Chron. 
xix, IX. 4. A captain of Judah, who assisted Jehoiada, 2 Chron. 
xxiii, 1. 5. A priest in Ezra's time, Ezra x, 22. 6. A son of 
Nethaniah, whose craft and villany are noticed in Jer. xl, 7, xli, 
15 ; 2 Kings xxv, 23-25. 

ISH-MA-FAH (obeying the Lord), A ruler of Zebulun in time of 
David, I Chron. xxvii, 19. 



ITA 117 

ISH'ME-EL-ITE, Another form of Ishmaelite, descendant of 
Ishmael, I Chron. ii, 17; Gen. xxxvii, 25-27, 

ISH'ME-RAI (keeper), A Benjamite, of family of Elpaal, 1 Chron. 
viii, 18, 

iSH'OD (comely man), A man of Manasseh, east of Jordan, i 
Chron. vii, 18. 

ISH'PAN (kid, broken in two), A Tenjamite of family of Shashak, 
I Chron. viii, 22. 

ISH'TOB ''good man), A principality of -Aram, 2 Sam. x, 6-8. 

ISH'U-AH (plainness), Second son of Asher, Gen. xlvi, 17. 

ISH'U-AI (plainness). Third son of Asher, founder of Jeshuites, i 
Chron. vii, 30; Num. xxvi, 44. 

ISH'U-I, Second son of Saul by Ahinoam, i Sam. xiv, 49. 

ISLE (island, water land). In Hebrew a habitable place, z'.r.,land 
as opposed to water, Isa. xlii, 15 ; hence coast or maritime land, 
Isa. XX, 6; Ezek. xxvii, 7; as well as islands proper, Isa. xi, 11. 

IS'MA-CHI'AH (cleaving to the Lord), An overseer of offerings 
under Hezekiah, 2- Chron. xxxi, 13. 

IS'MA-EL, Jud. ii : i Esdr. ix, 20, [Ishmael.] 

IS'MA-I'AH, A Gibeonite chief^ who joined Elavid at Ziklag, 
I Chron. xii, 4. 

IS'PAH (jasper stone). Head of a Benjamite tribe, 1 Chron. viii, 
16 

IS'RA-EL (who prevails with God), The name given to Jacob 
after wrestling with the angel at Peniel, Gen. xxxii, 28 ; Hos. 
xii, 4. It became the name of the twelve tribes collectively, Ex. iii, 
. i6. Meaning narrowed, so as to exclude Judah, and after divi- 
sion of empire of Solomon, applied to northern division of king- 
dom, I Sam, xi, 8; 2 Sam. xx, 1 ; i Kings xii, 16. The king- 
dom of Israel, as thus constituted, consisted often tribes — all but 
Judah; Levi being common to b6th, i Kings xi, 31-35. Shechem 
was the capital, i Kings xii, 25, with Tirzah as the royal resi- 
dence, T Kings xiv, 17. The kingdom only lasted 254 years, b. c. 
975-721. Its uncertain boundaries, loose morals, weak adminis- 
trations, made it a natural prey for neighboring nations, and its 
list of nineteen kings ended with Hoshea and captivity to the 
Assyrians. The tribes of Israel never returned as a body, but 
were merged in [udah and Benjamin. See Ills. No. 531. 

IS'RA-EL-ITES,**' Children of Israel." [Israel. 1 

IS'SA-CHAR (reward), i. Ninth son of Jacob, and fifth by Leah, 
Gen. XXX, 17, 18. His tribe numbered 54,400 fighting men at the 
census of Sinai, Num. i, 28. His place was on the east of the 
Tabernacle during the wilderness sojourn. Num. ii, 5. His por- 
tion of Canaan was to the north of Manasseh, and from Carmel 
to the Jordan. 2. A Levitical doorkeeper of the temple, i Chron. 
xxvi, 5. . 

IS-SHI'AH. I. A grandson of Moses by Eliezer, i Chron. xxiv, 21. 
2. A Kohathite Levite, i Chron. xxiv, 25. 

IS'TAL-CU'RUS, I Esdr. viii, 40. [Zabbud.] 

IS'U-AH, I Chron. vit, 30. [Ishuah.] 

IS'U-I, Gen. xlvi, 17. [Ishuai.] 

IT'A-LY, In New Testament sense the whole peninsula between 
the Alps and the sea. 



Ii8 JAA 

ITH'A-I (strong, plowshare), A hero of David's guard, i Chron. 

xi, 31. ^ 

ITH'A-MAR (island of palm-trees). Youngest son of Aaron. The 

high-priesthood passed into line of Ithamar in person of Eli, E^. 

V, 23; xxviii, 1-43; xxxviii, 21 ; Num. iv, 21-33. 
ITH 1-EL (sign of God), Persons mentioned in Neh. xi, 7; Prov. 

XXX, I. 

ITH'MAH (orphan), A hero of David's guard, i Chron. xi, 46. 

ITH'NAN, An unknown town in south of Judah, Josh, xv, 23, 

ITH'RA, Father of Amasa by Abigail, David's sister, 2 Sam. 
xvii, 25. 

ITH'RAN (remaining), i. A Horite chief. Gen. xxxi, 26. 2. An 
Asherite, i Chron. vii, 30-40. 

ITH'RE-AM (excellence of the people), A son of David by Eglah, 
2 Sam. iii, 5. 

ITH'RITE, Designation of two of David's guard, probably from 
Jattir, in Judah, 2 Sam. xxiii, 38; i Chron. xi, 40. 

IT'TAH-KA'ZUI (hour of a prince), A landmark on boundary of 
Zebulun, Josh, xix, 13. 

IT'TA-I. I. The celebrated Gittite or Gathite, who attached him- 
self to the fortunes of David, and commanded the third part of 
his forces, 2 Sam. xv, 18-20; xviii, 2-12. 2. One of the thirty 
heroes of David's guard, 2 Sam. xxiii, 29. 

IT-U R^'A (guarded, mountainous), A little province northwest 
of Palestine, between sea of Galilee and Damascus, named from 
Jetur, a son of Ishmael, who colonized it, 1 Chron. i, 31 ; v, 19 ; 
Luke iii, i. Now Jedur. 

rVAH, AVA (iniquity), Identified with modern Hit, on the Eu- 
phrates, 2 Kings xviii, 34; xix, 13. 

rVO-RY, Egyptian ^^Mr=elephant), Much employed by Assyrians 
and Hebrews, I Kings x, 18-22; 2 Chron. ix, 21. The ivory 
house of Ahab was proabably a palace inlaid or decorated with 
ivory, i Kings xxii, 39. 

rVY (loved by bees). The ivy as we know it is doubtless meant in 
2 Mace, vi, 7. 

IZ'E-HAR, Num. iii, 19. [Izhar.] 

IZ'HAR (oil, clearness), Son of Kohath, uncle of Moses, and 
father of Korah, Ex. vi, 18-21; Num. iii, 19. 

IZ RA-HI'AH (clearness of the Lord), Son of Uzzi, of Issachar, i 
Chron. vii, 3. 

IZ'RI (fasting, tribulation), Levite leader of the /oiirth temple 
course, i Chron. xxv, 11. Zeri in third verse. 



J. 

JA'A-KAN, Deut. x, 6. [Jakan.] 

JA-AK'O-BAH (supplanter, deceiver), A prince of Simeon, i 

Chron. iv, 36. 
JA-A'LA (ascending, little goat). His children were among the 

descendants of Solomon's slaves, who returned from captivity, 

Neh. vii, 58. 



JAC 



119 



JA-A'LAM (hidden, heir), A son of Esau, and duke of Edom, Gen. 
xxxvi, 5-18. 

JA'A-NAI (afflicting^, Chief of a Gadite family, i Chron. v, 12. 

JA-AR'E-OR'E-GIM, Father of 'Elhanan, who slew Goliath, 2 
Sam. xxi, 19. 

JA'A-SAU (doing), A son of Bani, Ezra x, 37. 

JA-A'SI-EL (God's work), A son of Abner, i Chron. xxvi, 21. 

JA-AZ'A-NI'AH (whom the Lord will hear), i. A captain, who 
accompanied Jahanan to Mizpah, 2 Kings xxv, 23 , Jer. xHii, 
4, 5. 2. A prince against whom Ezekiel prophesied, Ezra viii, 
II ; Ezek. xi, i. 3. A son of Jeremiah, Jer. xxxv, 3. 

JA-A'ZER, JA'ZER (helper), A town and neighboring province 
east of Jordan, in Gilead, Num. xxxii, 1-3 ; i Chron, xxvi, 31. 

JA-A-ZI'AH (strength of the Lord), A son of the Levite Merari, 
I Chron. xxiv, 26, 27. 

JA-A'ZI-EL (strength of the Lord), A temple musician under Da- 
vid, I Chron. XV, t8. 

JA'BAL (who passes away), Son of Lamech and Adah, and father 
of the nomads. Gen. iv, 20. 

JAB'BOK (dissipation, wrestling), A stream of Gilead, entering 
Jordan midway between sea of Galilee and Dead Sea. It consti- 
tuted the southern boundary of Ammon. Now Zurka. Num, 
xxi, 24; Deut. ii, 37; Gen. xxxii, 22. 

JA'BESH (dryness, shame), i. Father of Shallum, fifteenth king 
of Israel, 2 Kings xv, 10-14. 2. Form of Jabesh-Gilead, i Chron. 
X, 12. It was the chief city of Gilead, about six miles from Jor- 
dan, Judg. xxi, 8-14. 

JA'BEZ (sorrow, trouble). Both a place and person, but neither 
identified, i Chron. ii, 55 ; t Chron. iv, 9, 10. 

JA'BIN (who understands). 1. King of Hazor, a northern adven- 
turer, who warred with Joshua, and was defeated near Merom, 
Josh, xi, 1-14. 2. Another king of Hazor, whom Barak defeated, 
Judg. iv, 3-13. 

JAB'NE-EL (building of God). 1. A strong position on north boun- 
dary of Judah, identified with Jabneh, which was near the sea. 
Josh. XV, II ; 2 Chron.* xxvi, 6; i Mace, iv, 15. 2. A landmark 
on boundary of Naphtali, Josh, xix, 33. 

JAB'NEH, 2 Chron. xxvi, 6. [Jabneel.] 

JA'CHAN (oppressing). One of the seven chief men of Gad, i 
Chron. V, 13. 

JA'CHIN (who strengthens), i. One of two pUlars of the porch of 
Solomon's temple, r Kings vii, 21 ; 2 Chron. iii, 17. 2. Fourth 
son of Simeon, and founder of Jachinites, Gen. xlvi, 10. 3. Head 
of twenty-first course of priests in time of David, i Chron. ix, 10. 

JA'CINTH (hyacinth), A red variety of zircon, used as a gem. 
Rev. xxi, 20. 

JA'COB (supplanter, heel), Twin son of Isaac and Rebekah, Esau 
being born first. He bought the birthright from Esau, and se- 
cured by deceit the blessing intended for his brother. He resided 
in Southern Canaan till seventy-eight years of age, then went 
north to Padan-Aram to seek a wife. Here he married Rachel 
and Leah, stole away from Laban, his father-in-law, wan- 
dered southward to Hebron, wrestled on the way with the angel. 



I20 JAI 

and had his name changed to Israel ; his wives having died on 
the way, he reached Hebron in time to bury his father, and 
shortly afterwards went to Egypt to reside, where he died at the 
age of 147. The man's natural cowardice and trickery, yet won- 
derful trustfulness in God, are brought out conspicuously in his 
life, Gen. xxv-1. 

JA-CU'BUS, I Esdr. ix, 48. [Akkub, 4.] 

JA'DA (knowing). Son of Onani, and brother of Shammai,iChron. 
ii, 28-32. 

JA-DA'U (his hand, confession), A son of Nebo, Ezra x, 43. 

JAD-DU'A (known), i. Son of Jonathan, and last high-priest men- 
tioned in Old Testament, Neh. xii, 11-22. 2. A chief of the peo- 
ple who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah,^Neh. x, 21. 

JA DON, An assistant in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem, Neh. 
iii, 7. 

JA'EL (who ascends, kid). Wife of Heber the Kenite, who mur- 
dered the fleeing Sisera while asleep in her house, Judg. iv, 17- 
23; v, 1-31. 

JA'GUR (husbandman, stranger), A town of Judahon the frontiers 
of Edom, Josh, xv, 21. 

JAH (everlasting), Abbreviated and poetic form of Jehovah ; found 
also in compounds as Adoni-jah, Hallelu-jah, Ps. Ixviii, 4. 

JA'HATH (descending, broken), i. Great grandson of Levi, i 
Chron. vi, 20. 2. Descendant of former, i Chron. xxiii, 10,11. 
3. Levites mentioned in i Chron. xxiv, 22 ; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 12. 

JA'HAZ, JA-HA'ZA, JA-HA'ZAH, JAH'ZAH (quarrel), The 
place in Moab where Moses fought and contjuered the Ammonites. 
It gave all the country between the Arnon and Jabbok to the 

- Israelites. Jahaz came into the allotmenl of Reuben, Num. xxi, 
23 ; Deut. ii, 32 ; Josh, xiii, 18. 

JA'HA-ZI'AH (vision of God), A priest in time of Ezra, Ezra x, 

IS- 

JA'HA'ZI-EL (seeing God), i. A Benjamite, who joined David at 
Ziklag, I Chron. xii, 4. 2. A priest in time of David, i Chron. 
xvi, 6. 3. Son of Hebron, i Chron. xxili, 19. 4. Others men- 
tioned in 2 Chron. xx, 14; Ezra viii, 5. 

JAH'DA-I, A relation of Caleb, i Chron. ii, 47. 

JAH'DI-EL (revenge of God), A chieftain of Manasseh, i Chron, 
v, 24. 

TAH'DO (joy, sharpness). Son of Buz, i*Chron. v, 14. 

JAH'LE-EL (hope of God), Third son of Zebuluh, and founder of 
a family, Gen. xlvi, 14 ; Num. xxvi, 26. 

JAH'MA-I (warming), Head of the house of Tolah, i Chron. vii,2. 

JAH'ZAH, I Chron. vi, 78. [Jahaz.] 

JAH'ZE-EL (God hasteth). First son of Naphtali, and founder of 



Jahzeelites, Gen. xlvi, 24; Num. xxvi, 48. 
fAH'. ~ ' ■ 



JAH'ZE-RAH, Priest of the house of Immer, i Chron. ix, 12. 
JAH'ZI-EL, I Chron. vii, 13. [Jahzeel.] » 

JATR (my light), i. A celebrated Jewish leader, who conquered 
Argob, and named some twenty villages after himself— Havvoth- 
Jair, Deut. iii, 14; Num. xxxii, 14. 2. The Gileadite who 
judged Israel for twenty-two years, Judg. x, 3-5. 3. Father of 
Mordecai, Esth. ii, 5. 4. Father of Elhanan., a hero of David's 
army, i Chron. xx, 5. 



JAP 121 

JA-I'RUS. I. Ruler of a synagogue near Sea of Galilee, Matt, ix, 
i8. 2. Esth. xi, 2. [Jair, 3.J 

JA'KAN (who troubleth), Son of Ezer, the Horite, 1 Chron. i, 42. 
[Akan.] 

JA'KEH, Father of AgOr, whose sayings are collected in Prov. xxx. 
By some put for David, and Agur for Solomon. 

JA'KIM (confirming), i. Head of 12th course of priests in time 
of David, I Chron. xxiv, 12. 2. A Benjamite, i Chron. viii, 19. 

JA'LON (tarrying), A son of Ezra, i Chron. iv, 17. 

JAM'BRES (rebel, poverty). [Jannes.] 

JAM'BRI, Supposed to mean Ammonites, i Mace, ix, 36-41. 

JAMES (Jacob, supplanter). i. Son of Zebedee and brother of 
John. Surnamed ''the Greater" to distinguish him from a 
younger James. He and John were called to the Apostolate, a. d. 
28, and from their zeal designated by Christ, "Boanerges," "sons 
of thunder." They were fishermen of the Sea of Galilee, Mark i, 
20; Matt, x, 2 ; Markiii, 14; Luke yi, 13; Acts i, 13. James 
resided at Jerusalem after the Ascension, and was put to death 
there by an order of Herod, a. d. 44. 2. Another apostle called 
"the less:" son of Alphseus and Mary, Matt, x, 3 ; Mark iii, 
18 ; Luke vi, 15. 3. James, "the Lord's brother," Gal. i, 19. By 
most authorities made identical with James, the Less, and not an 
own brother, but cousin of our Lord. He resided at Jerusalem, 
Acts XV, 13. Was the author of the Epistle of James, which was 
written from Jerusalem, between a. d. 45 and 62. It is a catholic 
or general epistle, and bases good works on true faith, being the 
converse of Paul's proposition that true faith is mamfested in good 
works. 

JA'MIN (right hand, south wind), i. Second son of Simeon,'and 
founder of the Jaminites, Gen. xlvi, 10; Num. xxvl, 12. 2. Sec- 
ond son of Ram, i Chron. ii, 27. 3. An expounder of the law 
with Ezra, Neh. viii, 7. 

JAM'LECH (reigning), A chief of Simeon, 1 Chron. iv, 34. 

JAM-NI'A, I Mace, iv, 15. [Jabneel.] 

JAN'NA (who speaks, poor). Son of Joseph in genealogy of Christ, 
Luke iii, 24. 

JAN'NES and JAM'BRES (poverty, rebel, bLtter), Two of the 
magicians of Pharaoh who withstood Moses, 2 Tim. iii, 8, 9. 

JA-NO'AH (resting). An unidentified place in. Naphtali, 2 Kings 
XV, 29. 

JA-NO'HAH (resting, tarrying), A place in Ephraim, twelve miles 
east of Neapolis, Josh, xvi, 6, 7, 

JA'NUM (sleeping), A town of Judah near Hebron, Josh, xv, 53. 

JA'PHETH (enlarged), A son (probably second) of Noah, Gen. v, 
32 ; vi, 10. His descendants peopled the " isles of the Gentiles ;" 
that is the coasts of the Mediterranean and Europe. He is the 
type of the Indo-European and Caucasian family. 
-JA-PHTA (appearing, enlightening), i. A boundary of Zebulon, 
Josh, xix, 12. 2. A king of L^chish at time of Conquest by 
Joshua, Josh, x, 3. 3. A son of David, 2 Sam. v, 15. 

JAPH'LET (delivered, banished), A descendant of Asher, i Chron. 
vii, 32. 

JAPH'LE-TI (banished), A landmark on south boundary of 



122 JAV 

Ephraim, possibly perpetuating the name of one- of the primitive 
tribes, Jush. xvi, 3. 

JA'PHO (fairness), Josh, xix, 46. [Joppa.] 

JA^RAH (wood, honeycomb). Son of Micah. i Chron. ix, 42. 

JA'REB (revenger). An unknown city or country, Hos. v, 13 ; 
X, 6. 

JA'RED (ruling). Fifth from Adam of the ante-diluvian patriarchs ; 
son of Mahalaieel and father of Enoch, Gen. v, 15-20; Luke iii,37. 

JAR-E-STAH (poverty), A Bcnjamite, son of Jehoram, i Chron, 
viii, 27. 

JAR'HA, An Egyptian servant of Sheshan, who married his mas- 
ter's daughter, i Chron. ii,'3i. 

JA'RIB (multiplying, avenging). 1. Son of Simeon, 1 Chron. iv, 
24. 2. A personage who returned with Ezra, Ezra viii, 16. 3. A 
priest in time of Ezra, Ezra x, 18. 

JAR'I-MOTH, I Esdr. ix, 28. [Jeremoth.] 

JAR'MUTH (fearing, death), i. A town of lower Judah, whose 
king, Piram, was defeated and put to death by Joshua, Josh, xv, 
35. 2, A Eevitical city of Issachar, Josh, xxi, 29. 

JA-RO'AH, A chief of Gad, i Chron. v, 14. 

JA'SHEN (sleeping), His sons were among the heroes of David's 
guard, 2 Sam. xxiii, 32. 

JA'SHER (righteous, upright). His book is mentioned in Josh, x, 
13 ; 2 Sam. i, 18. By some referred to Deuteronomy, by others 
regarded as a funeral ode on death of Joshua, by still others as a 
collection of triumphal songs. But all is conjecture concerning 
it. 

JA-SHO'BE-AM (captivity of the people), A chief of David's 
forces, 2 Sam. xxiii, 8; i Chron. xi, 11. 

J AS H UB (controversy, dwelling-place), i . T bird son of Issachar 
and founder of the Jashubites, Num. xxvi, 24. 2. A son of Bani, 
in time of Ezra, Ezra x, 29. 

JASH'U-BI-LE'HEM, Probably a place in western boundary of 
Judah, I Chron. iv, 22. 

JA'SI-EL (strength of God), A hero of David's guard, i Chron. 
xi, 47. , 

JA'SON (who cures), i. Son of Eleazer who concluded a treaty 
with Rome, b. c. 161, 1 Mace, viii, 17. 2. Father of Antipater, 
xii, 16. 3, A Jewish historian who supplied data for 2 Maccabees, 
5^"^ chap, ii, 19-23. 4, High-priest under Antiochus Epiphanes, 
2 Mace, iv, 7-26. 

JAS'PER, A vari-colored stone, classed among the precious. It 
was the last of the twelve inserted in the high-priest's breastplate. 
Ex, xxviii, 20, and first of twelve in foundation of the new Jeru- 
salem, Rev. XXI, 19. From Rev. iv, 3, our jasper is hardly 
meant. 

JATH NI-EL (gift of God), A Levite, i Chron. xxvi, 2. 

JAT'TIR (remnant, excellent), A town of Judah ten miles south of 
Hebron, Josh, xv, 48. 

JA'VAN (deceiver), Son of Japheth, and fathei- of the Greeks. His 
name appears in ** Ionia," which was re-introduced to the He- 
brews by the Phoenicians Gen. 2, 4 ; Ezek. xxvii, 13 ; Dan. 
viii, 21 ; X, 20. 



JEH 123 

JA'ZAR, I Macc: v, 8. [Jaazer.] 

JA'ZER, Num. xxxii, i, 3; Josh, xxi, 39. [Jaazer. J 

JA ZIZ (brightness, departing), A shepherd of King David, i Chron. 
xxvii, 31. 

JE'A-RIM (woods), A mountain on north boundary of Judah, 
seven miles due west from Jerusalem, Josh, xv, 10. 

JE-AT'E-RAI (searching out), A Levite, son of Zerah, i Chron. 
vi, 21. 

JE-BER'E-CHI'AH (speaking well of God), A corruption of Bere- 
chiah. Is. viii, 2. 

JE'BUS (trodden underfoot, manger). The original name of Jeru- 
salem ; signifying a "threshing floor," of the primitive people, 
hence called Jebusites and Jebusi, Judg. xix, 10, 11 ; i Chron. 

JEB'U-SiXE, JE-BU'SI, The latter only in Josh, xv, 8 ; xviii, 16, 
28. They are imputed to the third son of Canaan, Gen. x, 16. 
Original dwellers in and around Jebus, designated as a mountain 
tribe or people. Their stronghold was captured by thfe men of 
Judah, Judg. i, 21, and finally occupied by David, 2 Sam. v, 6; 

. xxiv, 23; I Chron. xix, 23. 

JECA-MFAH (confirmation of God), One of seven introduced in- 
to royal line on failure of it in person of Jehoiachin, i Chron. 
iii, 18. 

JECH'O-LI'AH (perfection of God^, Wife of Amaziah, king of 
Judah, and mother of Azariah or Uzziah, 2 Kings .xv, 2. 

JECH'O-NFAS (stability of God), Greek form of King Jechoniah, 
Esth. xi, 4; Matt, i, 11, 12. 

JECH'O-NI'AH, Altered form of Jehoiachin, i Chron. iii, 16; 
Jer. xxiv, i, ff. 

JE-DA'IAH '^ya) (hand of God), i. Head of second course of 
priests in time of David, i Chron. xxiv, 7. 2. A priest in time of 
Jeshua, Zech. v, 10-14. 3- Two others in i Chron. iv, 37; Neh. 
iii, 10. 

JE-DFA-EL (knowledge of God), i. A chief patriarch of Benja- 
min, I Chron. vii, 6, 11. 2, Others in i Chron. xxvi, i, 2; xi, 
45 ; xii, 20. 

JED'I-DAH (well-beloved). Queen of Amon and mother of King 
Josiah, 2 Kings xxii, i. 

JEDT-DI'AH (beloved of God), " Jedid-Jah," darling of Jehovah, 
was the name conferred on the infant Solomon by the prophet 
Nathan, as the seal of the father's renewed favor with God, 
2 Sam. xii, 1 5-25. 

JED'U-THUN ^giving praise). Leader of the Temple choir in time 
of David, i Chron. xxiii, 6. Identified with Ethan the Singer. 

JE-E'ZER (island of help), A descendant of Manasseh, Num. 
xxvi, 30. Abiezer in other lists. 

JE'GAR-SA'HA-DU'THA (heap of witness). The memorial 
heap erected by Laban, in token of his pact with Jacob, Gen, 
xxxi, 47. It is the Chaldee equivalent of Galeed in Hebrew. 

JE'HA-LE'LE-EL (praLsing God), Four of his sons are introduced 
in the genealogy of Judah, i Chron. iv, 16. 

JE-HAL'E-LEL (praising God), Father of Azaxiah, 2 Chron. 



124 JEH 

JEH-DE'IAH (ya) (joy together), Employees of David, i Chron. 

xxiv, 20; xxvii, 30. 
JE-HEZ'E-KEL (strength of God), A priest in charge of 20th course 

in time of David, 1 Chron. xxiv, 16. 
JE-HTAH (the Lord liveth), A doorkeeper of the Atkat Jerusalem, 

1 Chron. xv, 24. 

JE-HIEL (God liveth). i. A Levitical assistant in the Temple 
service, i Chron. xv, 18-20. 2. A son of King Jehoshaphat, 

2 Chron. xxi, 2. 3. Name of many other Bible characters. 
JE-HTE-LI, A Levite of family of Laadan, i Chron. xxvi, 21, 22. 
JE-HIZ-KFAH (strength of God), Head of a tribe of Ephraim in 

time of Ahaz, 2 Chron. xxviii, 12, 
JE-HO'A-DAH (testimony of God), A descendant of Saul, 1 Chron. 

viii, 36. - ^ 

JE'HO-AD'DAN (pleasure of God), Queen of King Joash and 

mother of Amaziah of Judah, 2 Kings xiv, 2. 
JE-HO'A-HAZ (possession of God), i. Son and successor of Jeha 

on throne of Israel and Samaria. Reign, b. c. 856-840, 2 Kings 

xiii, 1-9. 2. Son of Josiah and his successor on throne of Judah, 

1 Chron. iii, 15. Called also Shallum. He reigned but a few 
months, b. c. 610, was deposed and sent to Egypt, where he died. 
3. A name given to Ahaziah, youngest son of Jehoram of Judah, 

2 Chron. xxi, 17. 

JE-HO'ASH (fire of God), Uncontracted form of Joash. 

JE'HO-HA'NAN (grace of God), i. A doorkeeper of the Temple 
in time of David, i Chron. xxvi, 3. 2. A principal man of Judah, 
2 Chron, xvii, 15. 3. A captain of hundreds and counsellor of 
Jehoiada, 2 Chron, xxiii, i. 4. Others mentioned in Ezra x^ 28; 
Neh. xii, 13, 42, 

JE-HOrA-CHIN (strength of God), Son of Jehoiakim and for 
three months and ten days king of Judah, b. c. 599. He surren- 
dered Jerusalem to Nebuchadnezzar and the kingdom of Judah 
was at an end, 2 Kings xxiv, 10, 11 ; Jer. xxix, 2 ; Ezek'. xvii, 12. 
He lived in captivity at Babylon for thirt>'^-six years, and was set 
at liberty by Evil-Merodach, when he became quite an important 
personage, if Joacim, husband of Susanna, be Jehoiachin. 

JE-HOrA-DA (knowledge of God), Father of Benaiah, one of 
David's greatest generals, 2 Sam, vu'i, 18; 1 Kings i, ii. Identi- 
fied with the priest in i Chron. xii, 27. 2. High-priest in time of 
Athaliah of Judah. He rescued Joash and hid him in the Temple 
for six years, then placed him on the throne, after which his high- 
priesthood was continued. He instituted many reforms, and died 
at an advanced age, b, c. 834, 3. An assistant of Seriah the high- 
priest, Jer, xxix, 25-29. 4. An architect in the repairs of the old 
gate at Jerusalem, Neh. iii, 6. 

JE-HOFA-KIM (establishing of God), Originally called Eliakira. 
Nineteenth king of Judah, b. c, 609-598. Son of Josiah and suc- 
cessor to the deposed Jehoahaz. He became tributary to Nebu- 
chadnezzar, rebelled, and was assassinated by some of the Chal- 
deans, 2 Kings xxiv, 1-7 ; Jer. xxii, 18, 19; xxxvi, 30. 

JE-HOTA-RIB (multiplying of God), Head of 24th coufsi' of 
priests, under David, i Chron. xxiv, 7. His descendants are 
mentioned after the captivity, Neh. xi, 10. 



JEH 125 

JE-HON'A-DAB, JON'A-DAB (free giver). Son of Rechab, 
founder of Rechr.bites, an Arc^b tribe of Kenites which entered 
Canaan with the Israelites and settled near Jabez in Judah, i Chron. 
ii, 55; Jer. XXXV, 6; 2 Kings x, 15-23. 

JE-HON'A-THAN (gift of God;, i. Son of Uzziah arid keeper 
of David's storehouses, i Chron. xxvii, 25. 2. A teacher of the 
Law under Jehoshaphat, 2 Chron. xvii, 8. 3. A priest under 
Joiakim the high-priest, Neh. xii, 18, 

JE-HO'RAM, JO RAM (exaltation of God), i. Son of Ahab, 
and successor of his brother Ahaziah on throne of Israel, 
B. C. 896-884. He kept up an alliance with Judah and made war 
upon the Moabites and Syrians, but in a second war with Syria, 
the allies under Jehu revolted, turned upon Jchoram and slew him 
at Naboth's vineyard, in accordance with the prophecy of Elijah, 
I Kings xxi, 21-29. His intimacy with Elisha and oft reproval by 
him are conspicuous. With him perished the family of Ahab, 

1 Kings xxi, 18-29 > 2 Kings i-vi. 2. Eldest son of Jehoshaphat 
and his successor on throne of Judah, b. c. 893-885. He murdered 
his six brothers, established Baal worship, lost the tribute of Edom, 
and had his palace, treasure, and family captured by the Philistines 
and Arabians, all the latter having been put to death except his 
son Ahaziah. He died of a terrible disease, 2 Chron. xxi, xxii. 

JE HO-SHAB'E-ATH, Form of Jehoshebain, 2 Chron. xxii, 11, 
JE-HOSH'A-PHAT (God is judge), i. Son of Asa of Judah and 
his successor on the throne, b. C. 914-892. He was a God-fearing 
king, taught the people the law, reduced neighboring nations, and 
formed a pact with Israel, by giving his son Jehoram in marriage 
to Athaliah, daughter of Ahab, i Kings xv, 24; ^Kings viii, 16; 

2 Chron. xvii-xxi, 3. 2. A recorder under David and Solomon, 
2 Sam. viii, 16 ; i Kings iv, 3. 3. A trumpeter in the procession of 
the Ark, I Chron. XV, 24. 4. .\ purveyor of Solomon, 1 Kings iv, 17. 
5. Father of Jehu, 2 Kings ix, 2-14, 6. Valley of Jehoshaphat 
is a visionary spot where God should judge the nations for their 
misdeeds to Israel, Joel lii, 2-12; Heb. iv, 2 ; v, 4. By some 
associated with the battle field in 2 Chron. xx. Since the Christian 
Era associated with the valley of Kidron. 

JE-HOSH'E-BA (fullness of God>, Daughter of Joram, king of 
Israel, and wife of Jehoiada, the high-priest, 2 Kings xi, 2. Only 
instance of such intermarriage, but providential when read in con- 
nection with the rescue of Joash. 

JE-HOSH'U-A, JE-HOSH'U-AH, Uncontracted forms of Joshua,: 
Num. xiii, 16; i Chron. vii, 27. 

JE-HO'VAH (self-subsisting). The Hebrew word for God. It was 
not pronounced by them, but wherever it occurred in the sacred 
writings the word Adonai, Lord, or Elohim, God, was substituted. 
On the Hebrew tongue it would have sounded like Yahavah ; 
strictly, " He that is," indicating all fullness and perfection of at- 
tributes — God in his moral aspects, while Elohim presented Him 
in an active, creative, and governing capacity, Ex. iii^ 14; vi, 3; 
xvii, I ; xxvi, 11. 

JE-HO'VAH-JFREH (the Lord %vill provide). The name given by 
Abraham to the place where he offered Isaac, in commemoration 
of the sacrifice which was provided. Gen. xxii, 14. 



126 JEP 

JE-HO'VAH-NIS'SI (the Lord my banner). The name of the altar 
erected by Moses to commemorate the victory of Joshua over the 
Amalekites at Rephidim, Ex. xvii, 15. During the engagement 
Moses waved a banner, hence the name. 

JE-HO'VAH-SHA'LOM i^the Lord send peace), The memorial 
altar of Gideon in Ophrah, Judg. vi, 24. 

JE-HOZ'A-BAD (the Lord's dowry), i. A store and gate-keeper 
of David, i Chron. xxvi, 4, 15. 2. A Benjamite captain of Je- 
hoshaphat's forces, 2 Chron. xvii, 18. 3. The Moabite murderess 
of King Joash, 2 Kings xii, 21. 

JE-HOZ A-DAK (justice of the Lord), Son of Seraiah the high- 
priest. He was led captive, and was father of J -shua, the high- 
priest who returned with Zerubbabel, i Chron. v, 14; 2 Kings 
XXV, 18-21. 

JE'HU (he who exists), i. The tenth king of Israel, who extir- 
pated the race of wicked Ahab and reigned b. c. 884-856, i Kings 
xix, 16, 17; 2 Kings ix, x. 2. A prophet of Judah who de- 
nounced Jehoshaphat and Ahab, i Kings xvi, 1-7; 2 Chron. xix, 
2, ^. 3, Others of same name in i Chron. ii, 38; iv, 35 ; xii, 3. 

JE-HUB'BAH (hiding). An Asherite of the family of Beriah, 
I Chron. vii, 34. 

JE'HU-CAL (mighty, perfect), A messenger sent by Zedekiah to 
Jeremiah with entreaties, Jer. xxxvii, 3. 

JE HUD (praising), A town of Dan, some seven miles east of Jaffa, 
Josh, xi.x, 45. 

JE-HU'PI (praising; conferring). Messenger of Jehoiakim to 
Baruch to come and read Jeremiah's denunciation, Jer. xxxvi, 

14-23- 
JE-HU-DrjAH (praise of the Lord), The Jewish wife of Mcred 

J Chron. iv, 18. 
JE'ilUSH (keeping counsel). Son of Eshek, a descend,ant of Saul 

1 Chron. viii, 39. 

JE-I'EL, Unimportant persons mentioned in i Chron. v, 7; xv, 18; 

2 Chron. XX, 14; xxvi, 11; xxix, 13; xxxv, 9 ; Ezra viii, 13; x, 

43- 

JE-KAB'ZE-EL (congregation of God), Uncontracted form of 
Kabzeel a city of south Judah, Nch. xi, 25. 

JEK-A-ME'AAl (the people shall arise), A Levitein time of David, 
I Chron. xxiii, 19 ; x.xiv, 23. 

JEK-A-MI'AH (avenging of God), A son of Shallum, i Chron. 
ii, 41. 

JE-KU'THI-EL (hope of the Lord), Son of Mered and founder of 
Zanoah, i Chron. iv, 18. 

JE-MI'MA (handsome as day), Eldest of the three daughters born 
unto Job after his return to prosperity, Job xlii, 14. 

JEM'NA-AN, Jud. ii, 28. [Jabneel.J 

JE-MU'EL (God's day). Eldest son of Simeon, Gen. xlvi, 10; Ex. 
vi, 15- 

JEPH'THA-E, Heb. xi, 32. Greek form of Jephthah. 

JEPH'THAH (who opens), A Gileadite, driven from home to Tob 
or Ammon by the legitimate sons of his father, where he became 
a renowned captain of a nomad band. Recalled in time of 
trouble, routed Ammon, and nftcrwnrds Ephraim who had chal- 
lenged his right to war without their aid, and then judged Israel 



JER 



127 



for six years, b. c. 1143-1137. His vow and consequent sacrifice 
of his daughter are memorable. Out of charity for him it is now- 
thought she was merely confined during her hie in a house built ibr 
the purpose, Judg. xi, xii. 

JE-PHUN'NEH (who beholds), i. Father of Caleb the Spy. He 
belonged to the Kenezite tribe of Edom, Num. xiii, 6, etc. ; 
I Chron. iv, 15. 2. Eldest son of Jether, i Chron. vii. 38. 

JE'RAH (moon, sweet smelling). Fourth son of Joktan and founder 
of an Arabian tribe. Gen. x, 26; i Chron. i, 20. 

JE-RAH'ME-EL (mercy of. God), i. Son of Hezron, i Chron. ii, 
9-42. 2. A Levite of the family of Kish, i Chron. xxiv, 29. 3, 
An officer of Jehoiakim employed to arrest Baruch and Jeremiah, 
Jer. xxxvi, 26. 

JE-RAH'ME-EL-ITES, A tribe of southern Judah, descended from 
first above named, i Sam. xxvii, 10. 

JER'E-CUS, 1 Esdr. V, 22. [Jericho.] 

JE'RED (ruling), i. Father of Enoch, i Chron. i, 2. 2. Father or 
founder of Gedor, i Chron. iv, 18. 

JER'E-MAI (height, throwing forth waters), A layman, who put 
away his foreign wife at command of Ezra, Ezra x, 33. 

JER'E-MrAH (exaltation of God), i. Second of Greater Prophets, 
son of Hilkiah, a priest of Anathoth. He prophesied during 
reigns of Josiah, Jehoiakim, and Zedekiah, and after captivity of 
latter, b. c. 628-586. Life one of vicissitudes. He advised Josiah 
and Jehoahaz (Shallum) to adhere to the cause of Chaldea as 
against Egypt. But Egypt triumphed in its vassal, Jehoiakim. 
Jeremiah was regarded as a traitor. Egypt fell at Carchemish. 
Jehoiakim was threatened by Nebuchadnezzar. The king's anger 
against Jeremirh waxed hotter. His prophecies were torn up,^ 
himself and scribe, Baruch, were arrested and imprisoned. The 
captivity of his people came and his release from prison. He went 
to Egypt and continued his prophecies till death, in the city of 
Tahpanhes, Jer. i, 1-5 and succeeding chapters. His prophecies 
constitute the twenty-fourth book of Old Testament, and second 
of prophetic books. They are noted for their boldness and beauty, 
are chiefly denunciatory of Judah, and constant in that line of 
policy which favored adherence of the waning and discordant for- 
tunes of Judah to Chaldea rather than to Egypt, which countries 
were making a common battle ground ot Palestine. 2. Seven 
other persons bearing the name of Jeremiah are mentioned in the 
Old Testament, 2 Kings xxiii, 31 ; i Chron, xii, 4-13; i Chron. v, 
24 ; Neh. X, 2-8 ; xu, i, 12, 34; Jer. xxxv, 3. 

JER'E-MI'AS, JER'E-MY, Greek forms of Jeremiah, Matt, ii, 
17 ; xvi, 14; xxvii, 9. 

JER'E-MOTH (who fears death). Persons of this name are men- 
tioned in I Chron, viii, 14; xxiii, 23 ; xxv, 22 ; Ezra x, 26, 29. 

JER I-BAI (chiding, multiplying), A hero of David's guard, 
I Chron. xi, 46. 

JER'I-CHO (his moon, month, or sweet smell"^. An original city of 
Canaan, in valley of Jordan, seven miles from river, and eighteen 
from Jerusalem, due west from Gilgal, and the place where river 
was forded by the Israelites. Destroyed by Joshua and site fell to 
Benjamin, Josh, xvi, 7 ; xviii, 21. A curse was pronounced on him 



128 JER 

who should rebuild it. Josh, vi, 26 ; i Kings xvi, 34. Called " the 
city of Palm trees "in Deut. xxxiv, 3 ; Jadg. i, 16. The revived 
Jericho probably occupied a site near to old. It came into great 
importance, and is frequently mentioned in after history, 2 Kings 
ii, 1-22 ; XXV, 5 ; Matt, xx, 30 ; Mark x, 46. See Ills. Nos. 7, 14. 

JE-RI'AH (fear of the Lord), Chief of the house of Hebron under 
David, I Chron. xxiii, 19. 

JE RI-EL (vision of God), A head of house of Tola at census of 
David, I Chron. vii, 2. 

JE-RI'JAH, I Chron. xxvi, 31. [Jeriah.] 

JER'I-MOTH (who fears or rejects death). Persons of this name 
mentioned in i Chron. xii, 5 ; vii, 8 ; xxiv, 30 ; xxy, 4, 22 ; xxvii, 
19: 2 Chron. xi, 18; xxxi, 13. 

JE RI-OTH (kettles, breaking asunder), A. wife of Caleb the €kier, 
I Chron. ii, 18. 

JER'O-BO AM (who opposes the people), i. First king of Israel 
after division, b. c. 975-954. Son of Nebat, of Benjamin, 1 JCings 
xi, 28. Encouraged by Ahijah's prophecy, he plotted for the 
throne, and had to flee to Egypt to escape the wrath of Solomon, 

1 Kings xi, 29-40. There he married ; returned on death of 
Solomon ; set up the separate kingdom of the ten tribes ; estab- 
lished idolatry at its centres. Bethel and Dan : warred continu- 
ously with Judah till defeated by Abijah, son of Rehoboam ; soon 
after died, i Kings xii-xiv ; 2 Chron. x-xiii. 2. Jeroboam II., 
B. c. S25-784, thirteenth king of Israel, son and successor of Joash. 
Reign the longest and most prosperous of any of Israel's kings. 
Captured Damascus, recovered Hamath, reduced Moab and 
Ammon, restored ancient boundaries of empire; but the destruc- 
tion of his house came about according to the prophecy of Amos, 

2 Kings xiv, 23-29 ; xv, 8-12 ; Amos i, ii. 

JERO-HAM (merciful, beloved), i. Father of Elkanah, the father 
of Samuel, i Chron. v, 27; 1 Sam. i, i. 2. A Benjamite founder 
of a family, i Chron. viii, 27; ix, 8. 3. Leader of sixteenth 
course of priests, i Chron. ix, 12. 4. Others in 1 Chron. xii, 7; 
xxvii, -i'2 ; xxiii, i. 

JE-RUB'BA-AL (let Baal defend himself). Surname of Gideon, 
applied by his father when defending the son against the ven- 
geance of the Abi-ezrites, Judg. vi, 32. 

JE-RUB'BE-SHETH (let the idol of confusion defend itself). 
Another surname of Gideon, 2 Sam. xi, 21. 

JER'U-EL (vision of God), The unknown place where Jehosha- 
phat was to meet Ammon and Moab in battle, 2 Chron. xx, 16. 

JE-RU'SA-LEM (vision of peace )j If not the Salem of Gen. xiv, 
18, certainly the Jebus of Old Testament until the time of David, 
when name Jerusalem was fully adopted. Situated in southern 
portion of Benjamin, twenty-four miles from Jordan, and thirty- 
seven miles from Mediterranean, near the summit ofa broad moun- 
tain ridge. Partially destroyed at time of conquest, or soon after 
death of Joshua, but Jebusite not expelled, Judg. i,8. Assaulted by 
Davi^ (i Chron. xii, 23-39) ^"^ taken b. c. 1046. Rebuilt by 
him ; beautified with palaces ; surrounded by walls ; made his 
capital. Temple added in time of Solomon ; pools and gardens 
built ; more strongly fortified ; made the most beautiful and re- 



JES 



129 



nowned city of antiquity. From Judges to a. d. ioo the city was 
besieged seventeen times, twice razed to the ground, and twice 
had its walls levelled. Largest acreage within old walls, iSo. 
Ma.ximum population, 70,000. Captured and destroyed by Ne- 
buchadnezzar, B, c. 588. Jews returned after seventy years and 
rebuilt it. Taken by Alexander, of Macedon, b. C. 332. A few 
years after fell into hands of Ptolemy, of Egypt, b. C. 170, taken 
by Antiochus Epiphanes, of Syria, b. c. 163, restored to Jews 
by Maccabees, a. d. 70-71, taken and destroyed by Rome. 
Jews banished a. d. 135, and city named JEWo. Capitolina. Name 
restored under Constantine. a. d. 613, captured by Persia, a. d. 
627, recovered by Greeks. Captured by Omar, the Mohamme- 
dan, A. D. 637. A. D. 863, taken by Turks, a. d. 1099-1187 was 
under Christian kings — Crusaders. Since then mostly under 
Turkish rule. Present population, 12,000. See Ills. Nos. 16-22, 

JE-RU"SA-LEM, NEW, The Church of Christ, Gal: iv,26; Heb. 

xii, 22 ; Rev. iii, 12 ; xxi. 
JE-RU'SHA (possession, inheritance), Daughter of Zadok and 

daughter of Uzziah, 2 Kings xv, 33. Written Jerushah in 2 

Chron. xxvii, i. 
JE-SATAH (yah) (health of God), Grandson of Zerubbabel, i 

Chron. iii, 21. Another is mentioned in Neh. xi, 7. 
JE-SHATAH (yah) (salvation of God), i. A son of Jeduthun, i 

Chron. xxv, 3, 15. 2. A Levite in David's time, in line of Mo- 
ses, I Chron. xxvi, 25. 3. Chief of the Bene-Elam, who returned 

with Ezra, Ezra viii, 7. [Josias.] A Merarite, who also returned 

with him, viii, 19. 
JESH'A-NAH, An unidentified town, captured by Abij.ah from 

Jeroboam, 2 Chron. xiii, 19. 
JE-SHAR^E-LAH, Head of twenty-fourth ward of musicians in 

temple service, i Chron. xxv, 14. JAs-^relah.] 
JE-SHEB'E-AB (captivity of the father). Head of fourteenth 

course of priests, i Chron. xipv, 13. 
JE'SHER ('singing, right), A son of Caleb, i Chron. ii, 18. 
JESH I-MON (solitude, desolation). Perhaps the waste of hills 

facing the Dead Sea on west. Num. xxi, 20 ; xxiii, 28. 
JE-SHISH'A-I (ancient, rejoicing), An ancestor of the Gadites, 

dwelling in Gilead, i Chron. v, 14. 
JESH-O-HA-FAH (meditation of God), A Simeonite chief, i 

Chron. iv, 36. 
JE&H'U-A (saviour, deliverer), i. Joshua the son of Nun, Neh, 

viii, 17. 2. Priest of ninth course in time of David, i Chron. 

xxiv, II. 3. A priest under Hezekiah, 2 Chron. xxxi, 15. 4. 

The celebrated high-priest Jeshua or Jesus, returned with Zerub- 
babel, I Chron. vi, 15 : Zech. iii ; vi, 9-15. 5. Others of same 

name in Ezra ii, 40; Neh. x, 14. 
JESH'U-RUN, JES'U-RUN rto be blessed), A symbolical name 

for Israel, Deut. xxxii, 15 ; Isa. xHv, 2. 
JE-SI'AH (sprinkling of God), i. A Korhite, who joined David at 

Ziklag, I Chron. xii, 6. 2. 1 Chron. xxiii, 20. [Jeshiah.] 
JE-SIMT-EL (astonishment of God), Chief of Shinriei, of Simeon, 

I Chron. iv, 36. 



I30 JEU 

JES'SE 'gift, one who is), Son of Obed, and father of David, i 
Sam. xvi, i-i3. Resided at Bethlehem. Flocks tended by Da- 
vid, xvii, 34, 35. Daring David's rupture with Saul, Jesse and 
his family found refuge in cave of Adullam with their son, and 
then went to king of Moab, where they disappear, 

JESSU-E, I Esdr. v, 26. [Jeshu.\.] 

JESU, I Esdr. viii, 63. [Jeshua, Jesus.] 

JES'U-I (even tempered). Son of Asher, and founder of Jeshuites; 
Num. xxvi, 44. Isui and Ishuai in Gen. xlvi, 17 ; i Chron. vii, 30. 

JE'SUS (saviour, deliverer), i. Greek form of Joshua or Jeshua, 
and contraction of Jehoshua, ** help of Jehovah" or "Saviour," 
Num. xiii, 16; Acts vii, 45; Heb. iv, 8. The name is frequent 
in Apocryphal writings, most noted of which is Jesus the son of 
Sirach, native of Jesusalem, and author of Ecclesiasticus. a. A 
Christian with Paul at Rome, Col. iv, 11. 

JE'SUS CHRIST, In Hebrew the name would be Jesus, the 
Messiah, ** anointed;" in the Greek it is Jesus the Christ, 
*' anointed" — ^Jesus, "Saviour," being personal or common; 
Christ, " anointed," being titular. The only begotten of God, 
born of the Virgin Mary at Bethlehem, of Judah, b. c. 4, being 
thirty years of age when he was baptized, Luke iii, 23, which 
was in a. d. 27, a. u. c. 780, or having been born one year be- 
fore Herod's death, a. u. c. 750, corresponding to b. c. 4, or ^t 
least B. c. 3. His life is found in the Gospels, and the elabora- 
tion of his dispensation in the other writings of the New Testa- 
ment. Matthew, Mark, and Luke record his ministry in Galilee ; 
John records it in Judea. The salient points of his life arc his 
birth at Bethlehem, his presentation in the temple and circumci- 
sion, the flight into Egypt, the return to Nazareth, his second 
appearance in temple as teacher at age of twelve, his retiracy in 
Nazareth until his thirtieth year, his baptism at Jordan, his min- 
istry running over three and a half years, his temptation, para- 
bles, sermons, miracles, organi^tion of the apostolate, betrayal, 
trial, crucifixion, burial, resurrection, and ascension. But tow- 
ering above every detail of his life is the glorious faot that his 
coming and going mark a new dispensation ; in Christ mankind 
has a perpetual mediator at the throne of God, and through him 
is the remission of sin made possible. See Ills. Nos. 1-22, 490. 

JE'THER (who excels), i. Firstborn of Gideon's seventy sons, 
Judg. viii, 20. 2. Father of Amasa, general of Absalom's army, 
I Chron. ii, 17. 3. Others mentioned in i Chron. ii, 32; iv, 17; 
vii, 38. 

JE'THETH (giving), A phylarch or duke of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 
40 ; I Chron. i, 51. 

JETH'LAH (heaping up), A city of Dan, Josh, xix, 42. 

JE'THRO (his excellence, posterity), Prince of Midian, and 
father-in-law of Moses. He was a sage counsellor, and at his 
instance Moses appointed the seventy elders or judges of Israel, 
Ex. xviii ; Num. x, 31-33. See Hobab and Raguel. 

JE'TUR, Gen. xxv, 15; i Chron. i, 31 ; v, 19. [IxuRiCA.] 

JE'U-EL (God heaping up\ A chief of Judah, i Chron. ix, 6. 

JE'USH (who is devoxired). i. A son of Esau, Gen. xxxvi, 5-18. 
2. Others mentioned in i Chron. vii, 10, 11; xxiii, 10; 2 Chron, 
xi, 18,19. 



JOA 



131 



JE'UZ (as above). Head of a Benjamite house, i Chron. viii, 10. 

JEW (contracted form of Judah), A Judahite or Judean, Properly- 
applied to member of kingdom of Judah after division, 2 Kings 
xvi, 6 ; XXV, 25, and latter chapters of Jeremiah. Name first 
appeared about time of captivity. After captivity word com- 
prised Hebrews in general, because the ten tribes of Israel had 
lost their identity, Dan. iii, 8-12 ; Ezra iv, 12,23, ^tc. In New 
Testament the name becomes the antithesis of Christian, Rom. i, 
16; ii, 9 ; Col. iii, 11. 

JEW'RY, The dynasty of the Jews, Judah, Judea, Dan. v, 13, 
throughout Apocrypha, and frequently in New Testament. It is 
a Norman French, and old English form. 

JEZ-A-NI'AH (weapon of God), A captain of forces who escaped 
from Jerusalem when taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 2 Kings xxv, 
23 ; Jer. xl, 8 ; xlii, t. 

JEZ'E-BEL (chaste), Daughter of Ethbaal, king of Zidon, and 
wife of the wicked Ahab. Introduced idolatry at her husband's 
court. Her wish to kill Elijah, her perjury and murder in case 
of Naboth, and her terrible death are recorded in i Kings xvi- 
xxi. 

JE-ZE'LUS, I Esdr. viii, 32, 35. [Jahaziel, Jehiel.] 

JF/ZER (island of help). Third son of Naphtali, and founder of 
Jezerites, Gen. xlvi, 24; Num. xxvi, 49. 

JE-ZI'AH (sprinkling of the Lord), Ezra x, 25, 

JE'ZI-EL (as above), A Benjamite friend of David, i Chron. xii, 3. 

JEZ-LI'AH (as above), 1 Chron. viii, 18. 

JEZ'O-AR (clear, white)", A wife of Asher, i Chron. iv, 7. 

JEZ-RA-HI'AH (the Lord arises). Leader of chorus at dedication 
of walls of Jerusalem, Neh, xii, 42. 

JEZ'RE-EL (seed of God), i. A descendant of Etam, of line of 
Judah, I Chron. iv, 3. 2. The city mentioned in Josh, xix, 18, 
but whose historical importance dates from time of Ahab, whose 
chief residence it became. Now Zerin, situated at junction of 
the three valleys, which enlarge into plain of Esdraelon, near 
centre of Issachar, i Kings xvi, xxi ; 2 Kings ix. 3. Plain of 
Jezreel, originally the plain of Esdraelon, stretching from Carmel 
to Jordan, but now properly the middle valley, commencing at 
site of city of Jezreel, and running thence to Jordan between 
Hermon and Gilboa. 4. A town of Judah, where David married 
his first wife, i Sam. xxvii, 3. 5. Eldest son of Hosea, Hos. 1,4, 

JIB'S AM (drought, confusion), A son of Tola, of Issachar, ? 
Chron^ vii, 2, 

JID'LAPH (who distils water). Son of Nahor, Gen. xxji, 23, 

JIM'NA, JIM'NAH, IM'NAH (right hand, numbering). First 
born of Asher, and father of Jimnites, Gei^. :?^vi, y; Num. 
xxvi, 44. 

JIPH'TAH (opening). Unidentified city of- Judah, Josh, xv, 43. 

JIPH'THAH-EL (God opening), A valley between Zebulun an,(i 
Asher, now Wady Abilin, midway between Acre and Lake Gen- 
nesareth. Josh, xix, 14, 27. 

JO'AB (paternity), i. Nephew of David, native of Bethlehem, and 
general-in-chief of David's army, 2 Sam. v, 6-10. One of th^ 
ablest and bravest of officers, but among the most imperious and, 

9 



132 JOB _^ 

cruel of men, 2 Sam. iii, 27. David all the while recognized his 
ability, but his dying words to Solomon were to take vengeance 
on him for his conspiracy with Adonijah, i Kings ii. 2. Son of 
Seraiah, i Chron. iv, 14. 3. Head of a family, who returned 
with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 6. 

JO'A-CHAZ, I Esdr. i, 34. [Jehoahaz.] 

JO'A-CHIM. I. Bar, 1,3. [Jehoiakim, Joacim.] 2. SonofHil- 
kiah, and high-priest at Jerusalem, Bar. i, 7. 

JO'A-DA'NUS, Son of Jeshua, i Esdr. ix, 19. 

JO'AH (fraternity), i. Scribe to Hezekiah, Isa. xxxvi, 3-22. 2. 
Others in i Chron. vi, 21 ; xxvi, 4 ; 2 Chron. xxix, 12 ; xxxiv, 8. 

JO'A-HAZ (seeing, possessing). Father of Joah, scribe to Heze- 
. kiah, 2 Chron. xxxiv, 8. 

JO-AN'N A (grace of God). 1 . Son of Rhesa, and ancestor of Christ, 
Luke iii, 27. Probably same as Hananiah in i Chron. iii, 19. 2. 
Wife of Chusa, steward to Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, 
Luke viii, 3 ; xxiv, 10. 

JO-AN'NAN, Surnamed Caddis, eldest brother^ of Judas Macca- 
beus, I Mace, ii, 2. 

TO'A-RIB, Priestly ancestor of the Maccabees, i Mace, ii, i. 

JO'ASH (who despairs or burns), Short form of Jehoash. i. Son 
of Ahaziah, king of Judah, and only member of his family who 
escaped the assassination instigated by Athaliah. Concealed for 
six years in temple by Jehoshabeath, placed on throne in his 
seventh year, reigned b. c. 878-839. During priesthood of Je- 
hoiada he reigned well, but after his death he fell into idolatry, 
put to death Zechariah, who had rebuked him, and shortly after 
was slain in his bed at Milo in a conspiracy among his servants, 
2 Kings xi, xii ; 2 Chron. xxiii, xxiv. 2. Son and successor of 
Jehoahaz on throne of Israel, b. c. 841-825. Rescued his king- 
dom from Syrian yoke, captured Jerusalem, and did much to 
restore order and strengthen power, 2 Kings xiii, 9-25 ; xiv, 1-8 ; 
2 Chron. XXV. 3. Father of Gideon, Judg. vi, 11-31 ; vii, 14; 
viii, 13-32. 4. A younger son of Ahab, 2 Chron. xviii, 25. 5. 
Others in i Chron. iv, 22 ; xii, 3 ; xxvii, 28 ; vii, 8. 

JO'A-THAM, Matt, i, 9. [Jotham.] 

JOB (he that weeps), A chieftain of Uz in Edom, of high rank, 
great wealth, and eminent learning and piety. The Book of Job 
is the eighteenth of Old Testament, and first of the poetical 
books. It discusses the problem whether goodness can exist irre- 
spective of reward? Job becomes the subject of trial. His 
property and family are taken away. He is afflicted with terrible 
diseases. Doubtful counsellors are supplied. The hero wavers, 
but grows firm again, and at last triumphs, when blessings are 
showered upon him again. Whether Job be a real or imaginary 
character, the subject is highly poetical, and the treatment re- 
sults in a poem, which, for sublimity, pathos, and beauty, is 
without parallel. The authorship of the work is much disputed. 
The line of argument which attributes it to Moses is the most 
plausible. It is important as being the oldest of the sacred writ- 
ings, if either Moses or Job be its author. 

JO'BAB (sorrowful), i. A son of Joktan, of Arabia, Gen. x, 29. 
2. A king of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 33, 34. 3. A king of Madon, 



JOH 



^33 



routed by Joshua, Josh, xi, i. 4. A chief of Benjamin, i Chron. 
viii, 10. 

JOCH'E-BED (honorable), Wife and aunt of Amram, and mother 
of Moses and Aaron, Ex. ii, i ; vi, 20; Num. xxvi, 59. 

JO'DA, I Esdr. v, 58. [Judah.] 

JO'ED (witnessing), A Benjamite, son of Pedaiah, Neh. xi, 7. 

JO'EL (who wills or commands), i. Eldest son of Samuel, and 
father of Heman the singer, i Sam. viii, 2 : i Chron. vi, 33. 2. 
Son of Pethuel, and second of the minor prophets. He was pro- 
bably of Judea, His time is fixed as that of Uzziah, b. c. 810- 
758. His writing constitutes the twenty-ninth book of Old Tes- 
tament. It depicts calamities of famine and war, rises into sub- 
lime exhortation, and closes with a foreshadowing of the Messi- 
ah's reign. In sublimity the book is not surpassed, except by 
Isaiah and Habakkuk. 3. i Chron. vi, 36. [Shaul.] 

JO-E'LAH (lifting up), Son of Jeroham, of Gedor, 1 Chron. xii, 7. 

JO-E'ZER (who aids). One of David's captains, i Chron. xii, 6. 

JOG'BE-BAH (high, exalting), A city of Gad, east of Jordan, 
Num. xxxii, 35. 

JOG'LI (passing over), Father of Bukki, a Danite chief. Num. 
xxxiv, 22. 

JO'HA (who gives life), i. One of David's guard, i Chron. xi, 45. 
2. Son of Beriah, of Benjamin, i Chron. viii, 16. 

JO-HA'NAN (who is liberal), i. Son of Azariah. His pontificate 
fell in reign of Rehoboam, i Chron. vi, 9, 10. 2. A Jewish cap- 
tain, who escaped the captivity of Nebuchadnezzar and retired 
into Egypt, Jer. xii, 11-16. 3, Others of same name in i Chron. 
iii, 24; iii, 15; xii, 4, 12 ; 2 Chron. xxviii, 12; Ezra viii, 12; 
Neh. xii, 23 ; vi, 18. 

JOHN (grace or mercy of the Lord), i. Father of Mattathias and 
grandfather of the Maccabees, r Mace, ii, 1. 2. Eldest son of 
Mattathias, i Mace, ii, 2. 3. Father of Eupolemus and envoy 
of Judas Maccabeus to Rome, i Mace, viii, 17. 4. Brother of 
Judas Maccabeus, i Mace, xiii, 53. 5. A priest, who, with An- 
nas and Caiaphas, sat in judgment on Peter and John, Acts iv, 6. 
6. Hebrew name of the evangelist Mark, Acts xii, 12, 25 ; xiii, 5, 
13 .* XV, 37. 7. John the Baptist, son of Zacharias, priest of the 
course of Abia (i Chron. xxiv, 10) and Elizabeth, of the line of 
Aaron (Luke i, 5), Born six months before Christ, of miraculous 
and predicted conception, in the desert beyond Jordan, where he 
resided till thirty' years of age, yet ordained to be a Nazarite, 
Luke i. He emerged from his hermitage in raiment of the old 
prophets, and came preaching and baptizing. In fulfilment of his 
mission, he baptizes Jesus at Jordan, after which his public min- 
istry seems to have closed, Matt, iii, ji, 12. He was soon cast 
into prison by Herod (Luke iii, 19) to whom he stood as Elijah to 
Ahab. His head was demanded by Salome at the instance of 
Herodias, and it was cut off and set before the eyes of the adul- 
teress, whose sins he had denounced. 8. John the Apostle and 
Evangelist was sofi of Zebedee and Salome, born in Bethsaida, of 
Galilee, Matt. jv,2i ; xxvii, 56. A fisherman, like his father, he 
became a disciple of John the Baptist, then of Christ, Luke v, 5- 
10. He was a favorite apostle, and noted for his amiability', zeal. 



134 JON ^ 

and firmness, John xiii, 23; xix, 26; xx, 2; xxi, 7. After cru- 
cifixion, he resided at Jerusalem till about a. d. 65, when he went 
to Ephesus, where he became the virtual successor of Paul in 
diffusing the gospel in Asia Minor. There his Gospel and Epis- 
tles were doubtless written, and perhaps his Revelation. Ban- 
ished to Patmos by Domitian, and released by order of Nerva. 
B. c. 96. Returned to Ephesus, where his visions were prepared 
and published. Died there at age of nearly 100 years. His Gos- 
pel is the fourth and last of the evangelical writings. It was 
written at Ephesus, refers chiefly to Christ's ministry in Judea, 
of which John was a witness, or had heard from actual witnesses, 
and brings out in greater prominence than the other gospels the 
divine idea as embodied in Jesus. His first Epistle contains 
nearly the same argument as his Gospel, viz., the divine and 
human as united in Christ. His second and third Epistles are 
personal, yet full of tenderness and wisdom. See Revelation. 

JOTA-DA, A high-priest after his father Eliashib, Neh, xiii, 28. 

JOFA-KIM, A high-priest, son of Jeshua, Neh. xii, 10. 

JOI'A-RIB (multiplying of God), i. A returned Jew, Ezra viii, i6. 
2. Founder of a priestly course, Neh. xii, 6, 19. [Jehoiarib.] 

JOK'DE-AM (crookedness of the people), A city of Judah, south 
of Hebron, Josh, xv, 56. 

JO'KIM (that made the sun stand still), A son of Shelah, i Chron. 
iv, 22. 

JOK'ME-AM (revenge of the people), A city of Ephraim, given to 
Levites, i Chron. vi, 68. 

JOK'NE-AM (building up of the people), A Levitical city of Zebu- 
lun, near Carmel, Josh, xxi, 34. 

JOK'SHAN (offence, hardness), Son of Abraham and Keturah, 
whose sons were Sheba and Dedan, Gen. xxv, 2,3;! Chron. i, 32. 

JOK'TAN (contention, disgust). Son of Eber, and progenitor of 
Joktanite Arabs, Gen. x, 25 ; i Chron. i, 19. Name still per- 
petuated in "Kahtan." 

JOK'THE-EL (God subdued). 1. A city of Judah, Josh, xv, 38. 
2. Title given by Amaziah to a stronghold of the Edomites after 
he captured it, 2 Kings xiv, 7. 

JO'NA (dove, who oppresses). Father of Apostle Peter, John i, 
42 ; Matt, xvi, 17. 

JON'A-DAB (who gives liberally). 1. The subtle nephew of David, 
2 Sam. xiii, 3-33. 2. Jer. xxxv, 6-19. [Jehonadab.] 

JO'NAH (dove, who oppresses, destroys). Son of Amittai, of 
Gath-hepher, a town of lower Galilee in Zebulun, 2 Kings xiv, 25. 
Commissioned to denounce Nineveh, probably in time of Jero- 
boam n., B. c. 825-784. Attempted to escape his duty by sail- 
ing from Joppa to Tarshish ; is thrown overboard in storm ; 
miraculously preserved by a fish ; goes to fulfil his mission ; 
Nineveh repents under his preaching, and is saved for the time; 
the prophet is taught generosity and humility in the lesson of the 
gourd. His writing constitutes the thirty-second book of Old 
Testament, and tenth of the prophetic. It is highly instructive 
as applying the providential government of God to all nations, 
and prefiguring the resurrection. Quoted in Matt, xii, 39-41 ; 
xvi, 4; Luke xi, 29-32. 



JOS 



135 



JO'NAN (dove, multiplying). Son of Eiiakim in genealogy of 
Christ, Luke iii, 30. 

JO'NAS. I. Grecian form of Jonah, Matt, xii, 39, 40 ; xvi, 4. 2. 
John xxi, 15-17. [Jonah.] 

JON'A-THAN (given of God), i. Eldest son of Saul, i Sam. xiii, 
2. A man of great strength and dexterity (2 Sam. 1, 23), and pro- 
spective heir to his father's throne. Renowned in the war of 
Micmash, 1 Sam. xiii, 2; xxiv, 2 ; xxvi, i, 2. Became the firm 
friend of David ; was slain in battle of Gilboa ; David lamented 
his death in an elegy, i Sam. xviii-xx ; 2 Sam. i. 2, A nephew 
of David, who slew a Philistine of Gath, 2 Sam. xxi, 21. 3. Son 
of Abiathar and last mentioned descendant of Eli, 2 Sam. xv, 36 ; 

1 Kings i, 42. 4. A hero of David's army, i Chron. xi, 34. 5. 
Son of Gershom, son of Moses. He stole the ephod of Micah, 
and became a priest of Dan at Laish, Judg. xviii. 6. Others, 
mosdy priests, mentioned in Ezra viii, 6 ; x, 15 ; Jer. xl, 8 ; Neh. 
xii, II, 35; I Mace, ix, 19; xiii, 11. 

JON'A-THAS, Tob. v, 13. [Jonathan.] 

JO'NATH-E'LEM-RE-CHO'KIM (a dumb dove in distant places). 
Heading of Psalm Ivi, probably denoting that it should be accom- 
panied with a mournful musical instrument, or sung to plaintive 
music. 

JOP'PA (beauty), A town on Mediterranean coast of Palestine; the 
seaport of Jerusalem, i Kings v, 9 ; 2 Chron. ii, 16; Ezra iii, 7 ; 

2 Kings xiv, 25. Now Jaflfa. It was of Phcenician origin, and 
during the middle ages frequently changed hands by conquest. 
Now belongs to the Turks. See Ills. No. 47. 

JOP'PE, Apocryphal form of Joppa, i Mace, x, 25, etc. 
JO'RAH (showing, cauldron). Head of a returned family, Ezra ii, 

18. Hariph in Neh. vii, 24. 
JO'RA-I (cauldron, casting forth), A Gadite of Bashan, i Chron. 

V, 13- 

JO'RAM (elevated, cast out or up). i. Short form of Jehoram, 
king of Israel, 2 Kings viii, 16, etc. ; and Jehoram, king of Judah, 
2 Kings viii, 21, etc. ; Matt, i, 8. 2. A priest in reign of Jehosha- 
phat, 2 Chron. xvii, 8. 3. Son of Toi, king of Hamath, 2 Sam. 
viii, 10. 

JOR'DAN (river of judgment, the descender). The chief riv«r of 
Palestine ; rises in range of Anti-Lebanus, flows southwardly, ex- 
panding into Lakes 5lerom and Gennesareth, a distance of two 
hundred miles ; empties into the Dead Sea. Its current is rapid ; 
fords are difficult ; valley narrow, except opposite Jericho ; volume 
of water variable ; breadth from seventy-five to three hundred feet ; 
depth from three to ten feet. Though lost in Dead Sea, its valley 
extends to the Gulf of Arabia. Conspicuous in Bible history from 
earliest date, Gen. xiii, 10; Josh, ii, 7; Judg. iii, 28; vii, 24; xfi, 
6 ; 2 Sam. x, 17; Matt, iii, 13. See Ills. Nos. 3, 4. 

JO'RIM (who exalts God), Son of Matthat in genealogy of Christ, 
Luke iii, 29. 

JOR'KO-AM, Doubtful whether person or place, i Chron. ii, 44. 

JOS'A-BAD (having a dowry), i. A warrior of David, Jozabad, 
I Chron. xii, 4. 2. Others in i Esdr. viii, 63 ; ix, 29. 

JOS'A-PHAT, Matt, i, 8. [Jehoshaphax.] 



136 JOS 

JO'SE (raised, pardoner). Son of Eliezer in genealogy of Christ, 
Luke iii, 29. 

JO'SEPH (increase, addition), i. Son of Jacob ty Rachel, Gen. 
xxxvii, 3. Bornin Mesopotamia; came with h'.s father to She- 
chem ; sold to Midianites by his brethren ; carried to Egypt and 
sold to Potiphar, is advanced to a second position in kingdom ; 
receives his brethren and ultimately his father, who are settled in 
Goshen ; dies at advanced age of one hundred and ten, b. c. 1637; 
and a century and a half later his bones are carried back to She- 
chem by the returning Israelites, Gen. xxxvii-1. 2. Others of 
same name in Num. xiii, 7 ; Ezra x, 42 ; Neh. xii, 14; i Mace, v, 
8 ; Jud. viii, i ; Luke iii, 30, 26, 24. 3. The husband of Mary, 
the mother of Christ, resided at Nazareth, carrying on his trade 
of carpenter. He was of the lineage of David. After the return 
from Egypt his history is unknown, John i, 45 ; Luke iii, 23 ; i, 
26, 27. 4. Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the Sanhedrim and 
one who accepted Christ as the Son of God, Mark xv, 43 ; Luke 
ii, 25-28; xxiii, 51. 5. Joseph, called Barsabas, was substituted 
in the Apostolate for Judas, Acts i, 23. 

JO'SES (raised, pardoned), i. Luke iii, 29. [Jose.] 2. One of 
the Lord's brethren. Matt, xiii, 55 ; Mark vi, 3. 3. Acts iv, 36. 

[B.\RNABAS.] 

JO'SHAH (being, owing), Aprince of Simeon in time of Hezekiah, 
I Chron. iv, 34. 

JOSH'A-PHAT, One of David's guard, i Chron. xi, 43. 

JOSH'A-VI'AH (seat of God), Another of David's guard, i Chron. 
xi, 46. 

JOSH-BEK'A-SHAH (requiring, beseeching), Head of 17th course 
of Temple musicians, 1 Chron, xxv, 4, 24. 

JOSH'U-A (saviour, deliverer), i. Son of Nun, of the tribe of 
Ephraim, i Chron. vii, 27. ' Oshea in Num. xiii, 8, 16 ; Jesus in 
Acts vii, 45 ; Heb. iv, 8. The great warrior of Israel during the 
wanderings, Ex. xvii, 9, and commissioned to lead the people 
across Jordanand make conquest of Canaan, Num. xvii, 18. This 
done, he divided the land among the tribes, and died, and was 
buried at Timnath-Serah, at the age of no years, Josh, xxiv, 32. 
His book is the sixth of the Old Testament, and contains a suc- 
cinct history of his conquests and governorship, for in him was 
both military and civil power. This history is about twenty-five 
years in extent, B. c. 1451-1426. The last verses of the concluding 
chapter were added by another hand than his. 2. An inhabitant 
of Bethshemesh, i Sam. vi, 14. 3. A governor of Jerusalem who 
gave his name to a gate, 2 Kings xxiii, 8. 4. Jeshua, son of 
Jozadak, Hag. i, 14. 

JO-SPA H (fire of God), i. Son and successor of Amon on throne 
of Judah, B. c. 641-610, 2 Kings xxii-xxiv, 30; 2 Chron, xxxiv, 
XXXV. He destroyed idolatry', propagated the law which had been 
discovered in the Temple, aided Assyria when attacked by Egypt, 
and fell in battle in the valley of Esdraelon. 2. Son of Zephaniah, 
at whose house Joshua the high-priest was crowned, Zech.*vi, 9. . 

JO-SPAS. I. Greek form of Josiah, i Esdr. i, i ; Bar. i, 8; Matt. 
i, 10, II. 2. I Esdr. viii, 23. [Jeshaiah,] 

JOST-BPAH (seat of the Lord), Father of Jehu of Simeon, i Chron. 
iv, 35. 



jup 137 

JOS'I-PHFAH (increase of the Lord), Father of Shelomith who 
returned with Ezra, Ezra viii, 10. 

JOT BAH, Queen of King Manasseh, 2 Kings xxi, 19. 

JOT'BATH, JOT'BA-THAH (his goodness), A desert station of 
the Israelites, Deut. x, 7; Num. xxxiii, 33. 

JO'THAM (perfection of God), i. Youngest son of Gideon, author 
of the parable of the bramble, the earliest example of the kind, 
Judg. ix, 5-21. 2. Son and successor of Uzziah of Judah, b. c. 
758-742 ; 2 Kings xv; 2 Chron. xxvii. 3. A descendant of Judah, 
I Chron. ii, 47. 

JOZ'A-BAD (having a dowry), Persons of this name are mentioned 
in I Chron. xii, 20; 2 Chron. xxxi, 13 ; xxxv, 9; Ezra viii, 33 ; 
x, 22 ; Neh. viii, 7. 

JOZ'A-CHAR (remembering, male). One of the murderers of 
Joash, king of Judah, 2 Kings xii, 21. Wrongly written Zabad 
in 2 Chron. xxiv, 26. 

JOZ'A-DAK, Ezra iii, 2; Neh. xii, 26. [Jehozadak.] 

JU'BAL (who runs, a trumpet). Son of Lamech and Adah, and in- 
ventor of string and wind instruments, Gen. iv, 21. 

JU'BI-LEE(blast of trumpets). The year of Jubilee occurred every 
fiftieth year, and was inaugurated with blowing of trumpets and 
proclamation of liberty. The slaves were freed and the lands 
which had been alienated during the preceding period reverted to 
their prior owners or their families. It was the outer circle of the 
Sabbatical system, comprehending the Sabbatical year, month, 
and day, Lev. xxv, 8-16 ; 23-55. 

JU'CAL (mighty, perfect). Son of Shelemiah, Jer. xxxviii, i. 

JU'DA (confession, praise), i. Son of Joseph, Luke iii, 30. 2. 
Son of Joanna, Luke iii, 26. Abiud in Matt, i, 13. 3. One of 
the Lord's brethren, Mark vi, 3. 4. Luke iii, 33 ; Heb. vii, 14; 
Rev. V, 5 ;. vii, 5. [Judah.] 

JV-BM'A, JU-DE'A (land of Judah), In a general sense the 
whole of Palestine, but more particularly that southern portion 
which constituted the kingdom of Judah, viz., the allotments of 
Judah, Benjamin, and parts of Simeon and Dan. Word first 
used in Dan. v, 13. Became general after the captivity, Ezra v, 
8; Neh. xi, 3; Matt, xix, i; Mark x, i. Under Rome it was 
governed by a procurator. 

JU'DAH (praise of God, confession), i. Fourth son of Jacob and 
Leah. Went with his father to Egypt, Gen. xLvi, 12. Tribe 
largest at census of Sinai, numbering 74,600, Num. 1,26,27. 
During the wanderings his place was in the van on east side of 
the Tabernacle. His allotment was the southern district of 
Canaan, bounding Edom, the Dead Sea, Benjamin, Dan and 
Simeon. 2. Kingdom of Judah was formed on disruption of 
Solomon's empire. At first only the tribe of Judah followed the 
house of David, but soon Benjamin, Simeon, and great part of 
Dan joined it, with Jerusalem as the capital, 1 Sam. xxvii, 6; 
I Kings xix, 3. The kings of Judah in the main hoped to con- 
quer and reunite Israel to their empire. They failed ; were them- 
selves conquered, but having greater diplomatic powers and 
vitality the kingdom survived Israel nearly 120 years, falling un- 
der Nebuchadnezzar, b. c. 588, 387 years after it was founded. 



138 JUP 

See Ills. No. 95. 3. Other persons of this name are mentioned in 
Ezra iii, 9 ; x, 23 ; Neh. xi, 9. 

JU'DAS, Greek form of Judah. i. Several persons bore the name 
in time of the Maccabees. 2. Owner of house at Damascus in 
which Paul lodged, Acts ix, 11. 3. Matt, i, 2, 3, the patriarch 
Judah. 4. Judas Barsabas was a leading member of the Apos- 
tolic Church at Jerusalem, Acts xv, 22-32. 5. Judas of Galilee, 
leader of a revolt " in days of the taxing," Acts v, 37. 6. Judas 
Iscariot, the son of Simon and the apostle who betrayed Christ. 
He was '' Iscariot " or the one who wore the leather apron or bag, 
/. e. treasurer of the twelve. For history, see Gospels. 

JUDE, JU'DAS, LEB-BE'US, and THAD-DE'US, An apostle 
called by these names ; son of Alpheus and Mary ; brother of 
James the Less, and author of the Epistle, which constitutes the 
twenty-sixth book of the New Testament, Matt, x, 3 ; Mark iii, 
18 ; Jude I. Neither the time nor place where it was written is 
known, but Syria and a. d. 65 are fixed on by conjecture, 

JUDG'ES. I. Those governors of Israel who succeeded Joshua, 
and preceded the kings. Seniority or prowess seem to have been 
requisite qualifications, and the call of God, or election by accla- 
mation, the method of choice. Some were pure usurpers. Their 
authority was arbitrary and the land really never prospered under 
them. The fifteen judges recorded in the Bible do not exhaust 
the list. The time of the judgeship is reckoned from b. c. 1405- 
1095, or 310 years. 2. The Book of Judges is the seventh of the 
Old Testament. It is probably a compilation by Samuel, and em- 
braces the history of Israel during the governors that succeeded 
Joshua, a time full of vicissitudes, whenth* nation was given over 
to petty discords, and repeatedly ground under the heel of ambi- 
tious neighbors. 

JUDGMENT HALL, The word pratorium is thus rendered in 
the New Testament. It properly signifies the residence of the 
governor of a province and in a limited sense the quarters set apart 
for council and hearings. 

JU'DITH (praise of God), i. Daughter of Beeri the Hi ttite and wife 
of Esau, Gen. xxvi, 34. 2. The heroine of the apocryphal book 
which bears her name. The book is an historic novel, agreeable 
but inaccurate, and probably bears date about two centuries be- 
fore Christ. Thought to be of Syro-Chaldaic origin. 

JU'EL, Apocryphal form of Joel. 

JU'LI-A (feminine of Julius), A Christian woman at Rome, saluted 
by Paul, Rom. xvi, 15. 

JU'LI-US (soft haired). The centurion of Augustus who had charge 
of Paul when sent prisoner from Csesarea to Rome, Acts xxvii, 

i. 3- 
JU'NI-A (youth), A kinsfolk and fellow prisoner with Paul at Rome, 

Rom. xvi, 7. 

JU'NI-PER, Generally regarded as a wrong translation, the origi- 
nal referring to a species of Spanish broom which abounds in 
Palestine, i Kings xix, 4, 5; Ps. cxx, 4; Job xxx, 4. 

JU'PI-TER (father of gods and men). The supreme god of the 
Greeks and Romans ; son of Kronos (Saturn) ; husband of Juno; 
residence on Mt. Olympus, 2 Mace, vi, 2 ; Acts xiv, 12 ; xix, 35. 



KED 139 

JU'SHAB-HE'SEA (dwelling place), Son of Zerubbabel, 1 Chron. 

ill, 20. 
JUS'TI-FI-CA'TION, Acquittal on ground of innocence, obtained 

by faith in Christ. The antecedent of sanctification and cause 

of it, Rom. iii, 20-31. 
JUS'TUS (just). I. Surname of Joseph called Barsabas, Acts i, 

23. 2. A Christian at Corinth with whom Paul lodged. Acts 

xviii, 7! 3. Surname of Jesus, a friend of Paul, Col. iv, 11. 
JUT'TAH (turning away), A city in the mountains of Judah, now 

Vuttak, Josh. XV, 55. 

K. 

KAB'ZE-EL (congregation of God), A city of Judah, Josh, xv, 21, 
called Jekabzeel after the captivity. 

KA'DESH (holiness), called also KA'DESH-BAR'NE-A (holiness 
of an inconstant son), and EN-MISHPAT (fountain of judgment). 
Scene of Miriam's death, the spot whence the spies were sent out, 
and seemingly the last halting place of the wandering Israelites on 
their first and direct route to Canaan. Their penal wanderings 
start from this point. It was in Edom, close to the borders of 
Canaan, Num. xiii, 3, 26; xiv, 29-33; Deut. ii, 14. 

KAD'MI-EL (God of antiquity), A returned Levite, Ezra iii, 9; 
Neh. ix, 4. • 

KAD'MON-ITES (ancients, chiefs). Ancient Canaanites, by some 
identified with Cadmus, founder of Greece ; but probably Bene- 
Kedem, "Children of the East," Gen. xv, 19. 

KAL'LA-I (light, voice). Priest in time of Joiakim, Neh. xii, 20. 

KA'NAH (of reeds), i. A landmark of boundary of Asher, Josh. 
xix, 28. 2. A stream forming boundary between Ephraimand Ma- 
nasseh, and running into the Mediterranean, Josh, xvi, 8 ; xvii,9. 

KA-RE'AH (bald, ice). Father of Jonathan who supported the 
conspiracy of Gedaliah, Jer. xl, 8-16. 

KAR'KA-A (floor, coldness), A landmark on south boundary of 
Judah, Josh. XV, 3. 

KAR'KOR (they rested), A spot east of Jordan. where Zebah was 
routed by Gideon, Judg. viii, 10. 

KAR'TAH (calling, meeting), A Levite town of Zebulun, Josh, 
xxi, 34. 

KAR'TAN, Josh, xxi, 32. [Kirjathaim.] 

KAT'TATH, A city of Zebulun, identified with the Cana of Gali- 
lee of the New Testament, Josh, xix, 15. 

KE'DAR (blackness, sorrow), Second son of Ishmael, and father 
of the most powerful of the Arabian tribes, dwelling close on the 
confines of Palestine, Isa. xxi, 13^17 ; Ezek. xxvii, 21 ; Gen. 
XXV, 13. 

KED'E-MAH (ancient, first). Youngest son of Ishmael, Gen. xxv, 
15 ; I Chron. i, 31, 

KED'E-MOTH (antiquity), A Levite town, east of the Dead Sea, 
in tribe of Reuben. It lay near Heshbon and gave name to the 
neighoring desert. Josh, xiii, 18; xxi, 37; i Chron, vi, 79. 



I40 KID 

KE'DESH (holiness), i. Josh, xv, 23. [Kadesh.] 2. A Leviti- 
cal city of Issachar, Josh, xii, 22 ; i Chron. vi, 72. 3. " Kedesh 
in Gahlee," or " of Naphtali," was three miles northwest of Lake 
Merom ; the residence of Barak the Judge ; now Kades, Josh. 
xix, 37 ; Judg. iv, 6 ; 2 Kings xv, 29. 

KE-HEL'A-THAH (congregation, entire), A desert encampment 
of the Israelites, Num. xxxiii, 22. 

KEFLAH (she that divides), i. A town of Judah, noted in the 
contention between David and Saul, i Sam. xxiii, 1-13 ; Neh. iii, 
17. 2. Probably a descendant of Caleb, i Chiron, iv, 19. 

KE-LA'IAH, Ezra x, 23. [Kelita.] 

KEL'I-TA (voice of God), An assistant of Ezra and Nehemiah, 
Neh. viii, 7. 

KE-MU'EL (God has raised him up), i. Son of Nahor, and father 
of Aram, Gen. xxii, 21. 2. A prince of Ephraim, and one of the 
commissioners to apportion the land of Canaan, Num. xxxiv, 24. 
3. A Levite in time of David, i Chron. xxvii, 17. 

KE'NAN (buyer, owner), i Chron. i, 2. [Cainan.] 

KE'NATH (buying, possession), A city east of Jordan taken by 
Nobah and named after him, Num. xxxii, 42. 

KE'NAZ (purchase, lamentation), i. A grandson of Esau and one 
of the dukes of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 15 ; i Chron. i, 53. 2. A 
grandson of Caleb, i Chron. iv, 15. 

KEN'EZ-ITE, KEN'IZ-ZITE (possession, purchase), One of the 
very early tribes of Edom, Gen. xv, 19; Josh, xiv, 6. 14; Num. 
xxxii, 12. 

KEN 'IT E (possession, purchase), The Kenites were closely identi- 
fied with the Israelites, and were doubtless the sameas Midianites 
among whom Moses dwelt. They accompanied the Jews in their 
wanderings and then dispersed, some to the wilderness of Judah, 
and one tribe to the north, Judg. iv, 11 ; Num. xxiv, 21, 22; Ex. 
ii, 15^ 16 ; Gen. xv, 19. 

KER'EN-HAP'PUCH (horn or child of beauty), Youngest daugh- 
ter of Job, Job xlii,i4. 

KE'RI-OTH (cities), i. A town of Judah, Josh, xv, 25. 2. A 
city of Moab, Jer. xlviii, 24. 

KE'ROS (crooked). One of Nethinim who returned with Zerubba- 
bel, Ezra ii, 44. 

KET'TLE (hollow vessel). Was used for culinary and sacrificial 
purposes, i Sam. ii, 14. Same word rendered basket in Jer. 
xxiv, 2. Caldron in 2 Chron. xxxv, 13, and pot in Job xli, 20. 

KE-TU'RAH (that makes incense to burn), A wife or concubine 
of Abraham. She appears to have been of Arab or Amalekite 
descent. Gen. xxv, i ; i Chron. i, 32. 

KE-ZI'A (surface, angle, cassia). Second daughter of Job, bom to 
him after his recovery, Job xlii, 14. 

KE'ZIZ (end), A valley in the eastern portion of Benjamin, Josh, 
xviii, 21. 

KIB'ROTH-HAT-TA'A-VAH (graves of lust), A spot in the wan- 
derings of Israel between Sinai and the Sea, Num. xi, 22, 31-34. 

KIB'ZA-IM (congregation), A Levitical city of Mount Ephraim, 
written Jokmeam in i Chron. vi, 68. 

KID. [Goat.] 



KIR 141 

KID'RON. [Cedron.] See Ills. Nos. 68, 78. 

KI'NAH (possession). A town in the extreme south of Judah next 
to Edom, Josh, xv, 22. 

KINE, Plural of cow. Gen. xli, 17-21. t 

KING (head, chief), The title of the Hebrew ruler from time b. c. 
1095 to B. c. 588, or from Saul to Zedekiah. In Bible sense the 
chief of a clan, head of a family or petty dynasty, as well elective 
or hereditary executive with regal functions. Josh, xii, 9-24, Deut. 
xxxiii, 5. The judges of Israel superseded the elders of Moses, 
and the kings, of whom Saul was hrst, succeeded the judges. The 
empire was united for 120 years under Saul, David, and Solomon, 
each reigning forty years, b. c. 1095-975. Then it was divided 
into the kingdoms of Judah and Israel, the latter of which lasted 
till B. c. 721, -having nineteen kings; the former lasting till b. c. 
588, having twenty kings. 

KINGS, The first and second book of Kings were originally one. 
They are made up of the records kept by the kings, and took shape 
probably under the hand of Ezra or some compiler, who wrought 
just before the Captivity. They cover a period of 427 historic years, 
from the accession of Solomon to the capture of Jerusalem, b. c. 
1015-588. The first book carries the narrative down 126 years to 
the death of Jehoshaphat of Judah, b. c. 890 ; the second book com- 
pletes the history of both kingdoms. Historically they are the 
clearest and most valuable of Bible books, and indeed of all an- 
tiquity. 

KIR (city, wall, meeting). Apparently the eastern counti-y to which 
the Syrians or Araraeans were taken by Tiglath-Pileser, i Kings 
xvi, 9 ; Amos ix, 7. It is identified with the river Kur or Cyrus, 
but may be coupled with Kish or Cush. 

KIR-HAR'A-SETH, KIR-HAR'E-SETH, KIR-HA'RESH, 
KIR-HE'RES, 2 Kings iii, 25 ; Isa. xvi, 7, 11 ; Jer. xlviii, 31, All 
refer to Kir-Moab, " a city of the Sun," now Kerak, once strong 
and perhaps noted for its worship of the sun. 

KIRT-A-THATM, Jer. xlviii, I, 23; Ezek. xxv, 9. [Kirjath- 

AIM.] 

KIRT-ATH^-A'RI-US, i Esdr. v, 19. [Kirjath-jearim.] 
KIR'I-OTH (cities), A place in Moab; unless a common noun, 

Amos ii, 2. 
KIR'JATH (city, vocation, meeting). Probably Kiijath-jearim is 

meant. Josh, xviii, 28. 
KIR'JATH-ATM (the two cities). i. A place east of Jordan in 

original possessions of Moab, taken by Reubenites and given a 

new name. Num. xxxii, 37, 38; Jer. xlviii ; i, 23. 2. A Levitical 

town of Naphtali, Josh, xix, 32-39. 
KIR'JATH-AR'BA (four cities, or fourth city). The name by 

which Hebron was known before the conquest. Josh, xiv, 15; 

Gen. xxiii, 2. 
KIR'JATH-A'RIM, Ezra ii, 25. [Kirjath-jearim.] 
KIR'J ATH-BA'AL, An alternative name of Kirjath-jearim ; also 

Baalah and Baale-of-Judah, Josh, xv, 60; xviii, 14. 
KIR'JATH -HU'ZOTH (city of streets, populous city), A place 

in Moab to which Balak accompanied Balaam, Num. xxii, 

39- 



142 KOA 

KIR'JATH-JE^4-RIM (city of woods), An early city of Canaan, 
in possession of Gibeonites. It fell to Judah, and was situated fif- 
teen miles west of Jerusalem, where western and southern boun- 
daries of Judah met. Known as Baalah and Kirjath-baal, Josh* 
ix, 17; XV, 9; xviii, 14; Judg. xviii, 12. 

KIR'JATH-SAN'NAH (city of enmity), Probably an early name 
for Debir, Josh, xv, 49. 

KIR'JATH-SETHER (city of letters). An early name of Debir, 
|osh. XV, 15, 16. 

KIR OF MOAB, One of the two strongholds of Moab, the other 
being Ar of Moab, Isa. xv, i. Now Kerak, in a high and com- 
manding position, southeast of Dead Sea, and ten miles distant. 

KISH (hard, straw, for age), i. Father of Saul; a Benjamite, i 
Sam. X, 21. 2. Uncle of former, i Chron. ix, 3!. 3. A Benja- 
mite, great grandfather of Mordecai, Esth. ii, 5. 4. Father of 
Jeduthun, the singer in time of David, i Chron. xxiii, 21. 

KISH'I (hardness), Ancestor of Ethan the minstrel, i Ckron. vi, 

44- 

KISH'I-ON (hardness, soreness), A Levitical town of Issachar, 
Josh, xix, 20. 

KI SHON. I. Josh. XXI, 28. [KiSHioN.] 2. A winter torrent of 
central Palestine, the scene of defeat of Sisera and destruction of 
prophets of Baal by Elijah. It drains the valley of Esdraelon and 
empties into Bay of Acre, Judg. iv, 13 ; v, 21. 

KI'SON, Ps. Ixxxiii, 9. [Kishon.] 

KISS, A customary form of salutation in East, Gv^n, xxix, 13; 
Ruth i, 14 ; Acts xx, 37 ; 2 Sam. xx, 9. A token of allegiance, i 
Sam. X, I, and pledge of Christian peace and charity, Rom. xvi, 
16: I Pet. V, 14. 

KITE (quick of flight). An unclean bird of the falcon species, 
though the original is sometimes rendered " vulture," Lev. xi,i4; 
Deut. xiv, 13 ; Job xxviii, 7. See Ills. No. 400. 

KITH'LISH (wall, company of a lioness), A town in lowlands of 
Judah, Josh, xv, 40. 

KIT'RON (making sweet), A town of Zebulun, retained by Ca- 
naanites, Judg. i, 30. 

KIT'TIM (bruising, gold, coloring). Gen. x, 4 ; i Chron. i, 7. 
[Chittim.] 

KNEAD'ING-TROUGHS, Were either small wooden bowls or 
large pieces of leather, which could be rolled up. Both kinds are 
used by Arabs of to-day, Ex. xii, 24. 

KNIFE, Earliest knives were of stone, but those of Bible doubtless 
of metal. Used but little in eating, but for killing and cutting up 
animals (Lev. vii, 33), for sharpening pens (Jer. xxxvi, 23), for 
pruning (Isa. xviii, 5); as lancets (i Kings xviii, 28). , 

KNOP (bud, button). Ornaments in the shape of knobs, or relief- 
work on a pillar, or around the capital, in latter instance some- 
times flowers or wreaths. The precise style of the knop men- 
tioned in Ex. xxv, 31-36; xxxvii, 17-22; 1 Kings vi, i3 ; vii, 24, 
cannot now be ascertained. 

KO'A (hope, line, rule), If a proper noun, it has reference to Baby- 
lonia : but perhaps common noun, meaning " a prince," or one in 
line of descent, Ezek. xxiii, 23. 



LAD 143 

KO'HATH (congregation, wrinkle). Second son of Levi, and 
grandfather of Moses and Aaron, Gen. xlvi, 11 ; Ex. vi, 16-18. 
His name was applied to an order of Levites, the Kohathites, who 
had charge of the sacred vessels of the Tabernacle, Num. iv. He 
went to Egypt with Jacob and Levi, and lived there to the age 
of 133 years, Gen. xlvi, 11 ; Ex. vi, 18-20. 

KOL'A-I'AH (voice of God), i. A Benjamite, whose descendants 
returned from captivity, Neh. xi, 7. 2. Father of Ahab the false 
prophet, burnt by king of Babylon, Jer. xxix, 21. 

KO'RAH (baldness, ice). 1. Third son of Esau, and a duke of 
Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 5-18. 2. Grandson of Esau, and duke of 
Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 16. 3. A son of Hebron, i Chron. ii, 43. 4. 
Grandson of Kohath. He was swallowed up in an earthquake in 
the desert for heading the rebellion against Moses and Aaron, 
Num. xvi, xxvi, 9-11. His rebellion was grounded on his exclu- 
sion from the priesthood. 

KO'RAH-ITE, KO'RATH-ITE, KOR'HITE, This term was 
applied to the sons of Korah, who were porters and doorkeepers 
in the temple, and had charge of a portion of the musical service, 
T Chron. vi, 33 ; Ps. 42-44, 49, 84, 85, 87, 88. 

KO'RE. I. A Korahite ancestor of Shallum and Meshelemiah, 
porters in reign of David, x Chron. ix, 19. 2. Others mentioned 
in 2 Chron. xxvi, 19: xxxi, 14. 

KOZ, Ezra ii, 61 ; Neh. iii, 4, 21. [Accoz, Coz, Hakkoz.] 

KUSH-ATAH (yah), i Chron. xv, 17. [Kishi.] 



LA'A-DAH (to assemble, to testify). Son of Shelah, and grandson 
of Judah, 1 Chron. iv, 21. 

LA'A-DAN (pleasure, judgment), i. An Ephraimite, ancestor of 
Joshua, son of Nun, i Chron. vii, 26. 2. Son of Gershom; called 
also Libni, i Chron. xxiii, 7-9 ; xxvi, 21. 

LA'BAN (shining, gentle, brittle), i. Son of Bethuel, brother of 
Rebekah, and father of Rachel and Leah. He dwelt in Haran, 
in Mesopotamia, imposed upon Jacob in the contract for his 
daughter, but was outwitted by his son-in-law in the end. Gen. 
xxiv, xxvii, 43 ; xxix, xxx. 2. An obscure landmark, mentioned 
in Deut. i, i ; identified with Libnah of Num. xxxiii, 20. 

LAB'A-NA, I Esdr. v, 29. [Lebana.] 

LAC'E-DE-MO'NI-ANS (voice of the people). Inhabitants 01 
Sparta or Lacedemon, i Mace, xii, 2-21, etc. 

LA'CHISH (who exists of himself), A strong city of Southern 
Judah, originally in possession of Amorites, from whom it was 
conquered. Josh. x. Fortified by Rehoboam, 2 Chron. xi, 9. 
Taken by Sennacherib, whose siege is preserved on slabs now 
existing, 2 Kings xviii, 17; xix, 8. Re-occupied by Jews after 
captivity, Neh. xi, 30. See Ills. No, 262. 

LA-CU'NUS, AsonofAddi, who returned with Ezra, I Esdr. ix, 31. 

LA'DAN, I Esdr. v, 37. FDelaiah, 2.] 

LAD'DER OF TY'RUS, A mountain ten miles north of Acre, 



144 LAN 

which marked the northern limit of Simon Maccabeus' captaincy 
under Antiochus VI., b. c. 144. 

LA'EL (to God), Father of Eliasaph, Num. iii, 24. 

LA'HAp (praising), Son of Jahath, of Judah, i Chron. iv, 2. 

LA-HAI'ROI (who liveth and seeth me). The well, probably on 
oasis of the Arabian desert, at which Hagar found relief, and by 
which Isaac afterwards resided. Gen. xxiv, 62; xxv, 11. 

LAH'MAM (bread, war), An unidentified town in lowlands of Ju- 
dah, Josh. XV, 40. 

LAH'MI (my bread, war). Brother of Goliath the Gittite, slain by 
Elhanan, i Chron. xx,5. 

LA'ISH (lion), i. The city in Northern Palestine captured by Dan 
and called Dan. Noted for its idolatries, and as northern limit 
of the country, Judg. xviii, 7-29 ; Isa. x, 30. 2. Father of Phal- 
tiel, to whom Saul gave Michal, David's wife, i Sam. xxv, 44. 

LAKE (pool). The lakes of Palestine are Merom, Gennesareth, 
and the Dead Sea, all in valley of Jordan. The latter and sur- 
roundings furnished type of John's vision. Rev. xix, 20; xxi, 8. 

LA'KUM, LAK'KUM, An unknown landmark on boundary of 
Naphtali, Josh, xix, 33. 

LAMB, Young of the sheep and kid of the goat, Ex. xii, 5. 
Largely used in sacrifices; hence Christ is called the Lamb of 
God, John i, 29. 

LA'MECH (poor, made low), i. Fifth lineal descendant from Cain, 
Gen. iv, 18-24. His was a remarkable family, he being the first 
recorded poet of the Bible, his wives, Adah and ZiDah, having 
the most beautiful names, and his sons being natural inventors. 
2. Son of Methuselah, and father of Noah, Gen. v, 28-31. He 
died only five years before the flood, aged 777. 

LAM'EN-TA'TIONS (mourning), Twenty-fifth book of Old Tes- 
tament, and last of poetical. Written by Jeremiah. It is an 
eltgiac poem, dating about the last days of empire of Judah, or 
beginning of captivity, and bewailing the calamity which came 
upon his people, the persecutions of the poet himself, and ending 
in a prayer for the captive Jews. The style is lively, tender, 
pathetic, 

LAMP (torch), The cup part of the temple candlesticks, and gene- 
rally for candle or torch, Ex. xxv, 37; 2 Chron. iv, 20; Judg. 
vii, i6, 20; Matt, xxv, i. It was of every conceivable design, 
and was fed with oil, tallow, wax, &c. See Ills. Nos. 314, 326. 

LAN'CET (little spear). Probably a javelin or light spear is meant 
in I Kings xviii, 28. 

LAND-MARK, Ancient boundaries were marked by trees, heaps 
of stone, towns and other permanent corners. Their removal was 
heavily punished, Deut. xix, 14; Prov. xxii, 28. 

LAN'GUAGE (tongue), A gift rather than an outgr<^vth of a given 
faculty. Originally only one language for period of 2000 years. 
Gen. xi, i. Diversified at Babel. Three stems or stocks : Ja- 
phetic, or languages of Northern Asia and Europe ; Shemitic, 
/. e., Aramaean, Hebrew and Arabic, languages of Babylon, Me- 
sopotamia, Palestine, Syria, and Arabia; Hamitic, or languages 
of Egypt and Ethiopia. 

LAN'TERN (with clear sides), Mentioned only in John xviii, 3, 



LEA 145 

where an enclosed lamp or candle is meant, as with us, though 
the sides may have been of clarified horn. 

LA-OD'I-CE'A (just people), A town of Phr>'gia in Asia Minor, 
in valley of Maeander, and near Colosse and Hierapolis. First 
called Diospolis ; now Eski-hissar. A Christian church was es- 
tablished there, addressed by Paul, Col. ii, 1, ; iv, 13-16. Spe- 
cially mentioned in Rev. i, 11 ; iii, 14-22. See Ills. Nos. 87, 497. 

LAP'I-DOTH (enlightened, lamps). Husband of Deborah the 
prophetess, Judg. iv, 4. 

LAP'WING, An unclean bird, believed to be the hoopoe. It is 
beautiful, migratory, really unclean, coarse- voiced. Lev. xi, 19. 
See Ills. No. 406. 

LA-SE'A (thick, wise), A city of Crete, near Fair-Havens. Name 
and ruins still exist. Acts xxvii, 8. 

LA'SHA (to call, anoint), A spot mentioned in Gen. x, 19, identi- 
fied with the hot springs of Callirhoe, near Dead Sea. 

LA-SHA'RON, A Canaanite town, whose king was killed by 
Joshua, Josh, xii, 18. 

LAS'THE-NES, A Cretan of high rank, who furnished soldiers to 
Demetrius Nicator of Syria, b. c. 145, i Mace, xi, 31. 

LATCH'ET (string). Fastening of the sandal to the foot. Used 
proverbially, Gen, xiv, 23 ; Luke iii, 16. 

LAT'IN (language of Latium^i, Speech of the Romans, John >»x, 
20 ; Luke xxiii, 38. Many Latinisms in the Greek of New Tes- 
tament. 

LAT'TICE (lath-work). Used for casement or window in Judg, v, 
28; Prov. vii, 6 ; Cant, ii, 9. Synonymous with network in 2 
Kings i, 2. Windows were frequently latticed. See Ills, No, 
146. 

LA'VER (to wash), A sacred vessel of brass, containing water for 
washing of priests' hands and feet before offering sacrifice, Ex. 
XXX, 18-21 ; xxxviii, 8. The lavers of Solomon's temple were 
used for washing the animals offered in sacrifice. Each of the ten 
held about 300 gallons, i Kings vii, 27-39 » 2 Chron. iv, 6. 

LAW (rule). Used in Scripture as elsewhere to express a rule of 
conduct. But in a particular sense the ceremonial, civil, and 
moral law of Hebrews. . 

LAWYERS, Expounders of the law; identified with scribes. 
Matt, xxxii, 35 ; Luke x, 25; xi, 52. 

LAZ'A-RUS (assistance of God), Another form of Eleazar. i. 
Brother of Martha and Mary. He was of Bethany, died, and 
was miraculously restored by Christ, John xi, 1; xii, i-ii. 2, 
The personal type of poverty and distress used by Christ in the 
parable of Luke xvi, 19-31. 

LEAD, This least elastic and sonorous of metals was known at a 
very early date, Ex. xv, 10; Num. xxxi, 22. Used for tablets 
and inipressions like type. Job xix, 24. Found in Egypt, Sinai, 
Tarshish, Ezek. xxvii, 12. 

LEAF, Used in Scriptures in three-fold sense of leaves of trees. 
Gen. viii, 11 ; Matt, xxi, 19 ; leaves, i. e. beams, ribs, and sides 
of dooES, I Kings vi, 34; leaves of a book, Jer. xxxvi, 23. 

LE'AH (weary). Daughter of Laban, passed off by her father on 
Jacob, who had contracted for her more beautiful sister Rachel. 



146 



LEM 



Gen. xxix, xxx. She was the mother of seven children, and is 
supposed to have died before the removal to Egypt. 

LEAS'ING (loose-tongiied, lying \ An old English word^ meaning 
"falsehood," retained in text of Ps. iv, 2; v, 6. 

LEATHER, Doubtless known to Hebrews, but seldom appears in 
Bible, though the word translated " skin" might with propriety 
be often rendered " leather," 2 Kings i, 8. Matt, iii, 4. 

LEAVEN (raising), A lump of old dough in high state of fermen- 
tation, kept over for the purpose of inserting in the newly pre- 
pared mass. Leaven was forbidden during the Passover and in 
all offerings made to the Lord, probably from the fact that in a 
warm climate the mass kept for the purpose was not always clean 
or pure ; hence corrupt doctrine, as in Matt, xvi, 6; i Cor. v, 7. 

LEB'A-NA (moon, whiteness'!, One of Nethinim, whose descend- 
ants returned with Zerubbabel, Neh. vii, 48. Written Lebanah in 
Ezra ii, 45. 

LEB'A-NON (white, incense), The mountains on the north of 
Palestine, Deut. i, 7; xi, 24. There are two parallel ranges run- 
ning northeast to southwest for about ninety miles, between which 
is Coele (hollow) Syria. The western range is Libanus or Leba- 
non proper; the eastern range is the Anti-Libanus. Average 
height 6oDo to 8000 feet. Cliffs are white limestone ; peaks cov- 
ered with snow; hence the name, signifying "white." Fre- 
quently alluded to in Scriptures, Is. x, 34 ; Ps. Ixxii, 16 ; Jer. 
xxii, 23. In Cant, vii, 4, Mt. Hermon is alluded to. See Ills. 
No. 46. 

LEB'A-OTH (whiteness), Josh, xv, 32. Probably Beth-lebaoth. 

LF^B-BE'US (praising, confessing), A form of Thaddeus, and 
another name of Jude the Apostle, Matt, x, 3 ; Mark iii, 18. 

LE-BO'NAH (moon, whiteness). Now El-Lubban, a village eight 
miles north of Bethel, Judg. xxi, 19. 

LE'CAH (walking), A descendant of Shelah, third son of Judah, i 
Chron. iv, 21. 

LEEK, A vegetable resembling the onion in taste and smell, but 
without a proper bulb. The Hebrew word so translated Queans 
"grass," or anything green; but as onion and garlic a.re ex- 
pressed by other words, the leek of Egypt is probably meant. 
Num. xi, 3, and elsewhere. 

LEF2S (to raise). The refuse of the wine-press and the dregs of the 
wine. Wine which stood on the lees of the press was richer and 
of higher color than that earlier drawn off, Isa. xxv, 6. " To 
drink the lees" was typical of extreme punishment, Ps. Ixxv, 8. 

LEGION (gathered, collected), A subdivision of Roman army, 
containing about 6000 infantry, with complement of cavalry. 
Used indefinitely in New Testament for any large body of men. 
Matt. XX vi, S3 ; Mark v, 9, 

LE'HA-BIM (flames, swords'), A Mizraite tribe, whose name is 
supposed to be perpetuated in Lib^'a and Libyans, Gen. x, 13. 

LE'HI (jawbone), A place in Judah, probably on borders of Phi- 
listia, noted for Samson's exploit with the jawbone of an ass, 
Judg. XV, 9-19. 

LEM'U-EL (God with h^m),^ Author of maxims in Prov, xxxi, 1-9. 
By some supposed to be Solomon, by others an Arab chief, bro- 
ther of the Agui-j^ whosQ namQ stands at head of Prov, xxx. 



LIB 1471 

LEN'TIL, A leguminous plant ; but lentil of Scripture is supposed, 
to be the lupine, whose seeds resemble red or brown beans, and 
were prepared the same way. Gen. xxv, 34; 2 Sam. xvii, 28. 

LEOP'ARD (lion-pard or panther), A fierce beast of the feline 
species, richly spotted. It was found in the mountains of Leba- 
non in early times^ Jer. v, 6; Dan. x, 6; Cant, iy, 8.. ^e Ills. 

No. 426. '--:... . ^\ 

LEP'ER, LEP'RD-SY Cscaly), The.kper yras one who was Ipp- 

rous—had the leprosy. The disease was cutaneous ; the skin was 
covered with smooth, shining, depressed white scales; the sur- 
rounding flesh became insensible. It was incurable. A disorder 
common in the East, and, if Manetho be correct, quite marked 
among the Hebrews of Egypt, who were driven out oft accowit 
of the prevalence of this disease anftong them. Lev. xiii, iigiy; 
Luke xvii, 12-19. .. ' . 

LE'SHEM, Another form of Laish, Josh, xix, 47. 

LET'TUS, I Esdr. viii, 29. [Hattush.] 

LE-TU'SHtAI (hammermen), Secondson of Dedan, sonof Joktan, 
and his tribe in Arabia, Gen.^ xxv, 3- . 

LE-UM'MIM (without water, countries). Third son of Dedan, son 
of Joktan and his tribe in Arabia, Gen. xxv, 3. 

LEVI (cfrawn to me), i. Third son of Jacob by Leah^ So-called 
by the mother in the hope that the estranged affections of her 
husband would now be drawn to her, Gen.xxix, 34. He and 
Simeon revenged the outrage on their sister by the Midianites. 
He participated in the crime of selling Joseph (Gen. xxxvii, 4), 
and went into Egypt with his sons (Gen, xlvi, .-n). 2. Great 
grandfather of Joseph, tlie husband of Mary, Luke iii, 24, 3. 
Son of Simeon, Luke iii, 29. 4. Mark ii, 14; Luke v, 27, 29. 
[Maithew.] . , 

LE-VI A-THAN (a twisted animal). An aquatic monster, l^elieved 
to be the crocodile, Ps. Ixxiv, 14; civ,?6; Job xlL See Ills. No.^ 
448. 

LE'VITES, Descendants of L«vi, Ex. vi, 16-25; Josh, iii, 3. On 
account of his treachery, Levi was pronounced against by the dy- 
ing Jacob, Gen. xlix, 5-7; but descendants were blessed by Mo- 
ses, Ex. xxxii, 26-29; Deut.xxxiii, 8-11. The tribe was, how- 
ever, scattered through all Israel, the Levites coming to mean 
those employed in the lower offices of the temple, to distinguish 
them from the regular priests — sons of Aaron — whovy^ere descend- 
ants of Levi also, Num. iii, 6-10 ; xviii, 2-7. They weie assigned 
forty -eight cities among the respective tribes. Num. xxxv. They 
became the scrib^, lawyers, singers, artists, privileged persons, 
as well as menials of Hebrew society. Three families or classes 
are observed in Old. Testament, Gershonites, JCohathites, and^ 
Merarites, Num. iii, 17-20. 

LE-VIT'I-CUS, Third, book of Pentateuch, so-called because it 
contains the laws and regulations relating to Levites, priests, and 
sacriSces. It unfolds the theocratic scheme, type of that other 
system which should come with the sacrifice of the Son of God. 
Authorship ascribed to Moses and Aaron. Time covered by^ 
book, first month of second year after Exode, b. c. 1490. 

LIB'A-NtJS, Greek form of Lebanon, i Esdr. iv, 48;. Jud. i, 7. • 

to 



148 



LIT 



LIB'ER-TINES (frecdmen). In Acts vi, 9, reference is probably- 
made to those Jews who had been made slaves by the Romans, 
and who had returned after being manumitted. Our idea of 
*' licentious " had not then attached to the word. 

LIB'NAH (white), i. A city of Judah, near Lachish, captured by 
Joshua, and assigned to priests. Josh, x, 29 ; i Chron. vi, 57; 2 
Kings xix, 8-35. 2. A wilderness station of Israelites between 
Kadesh and Sinai, Num. xxxiii, 20, 21. 

LIB'NI (whiteness). 1. Eldest son of Gershom, and ancestor of 
Libnites, Ex. vi, 17; Num. iii, 18. 2. Probably same as above, 
1 Chron. vi, 29. 

LIB'Y-A (heart of the sea, fat), The African continent, except 
Egypt ; but more particularly that portion bounding the Mediter- 
ranean on the south, and lying between Carthage and Egypt, 
with contiguous desert. The name is associated with Lubim and 
Lehabim, Acts ii, 10. 

LICE (destroyers). The original Hebrew word so translated has 
been variously interpreted, but the pestiferous insects recognized 
as lice doubtless constituted the third plague, Ex. viii, 16; Ps. 
cv, 31. 

LIEU-TEN'ANT (holding in one's place), Persian Scraps or 
viceroys are so-called in Esther and Daniel. 

LIFE, IsTatural, as in Gen. iii, 17; spiritual, Rom. viii, 6; eternal, 
John iii, 36 ; Rom. vi, 23. 

LIGHT, The first gush of nature. Gen. i, 3. Much used in ima- 
gery, I John i, 5; Jas. i, 17; Ps. cxix, 105. 

LIGN-ALOES (wood of aloes). [Aloes.] 

LIG'URE (transparent gem), A precious stone of red or yellow 
tinge, mentioned as first in third row of high-priest's breastplate, 
Ex. xxviii, 19; xxxix, 12. 

LIK'HI, A descendant of Manasseb, i Chron. vii, 19. 

LIL'Y (smooth), Many varieties of this beautiful nower grow in 
Palestine. It has proved a source of some of the richest imagery 
in the Bible, i Kingjs vii, 19; Cant, ii, i, 2; v, 13; Matt, vi, 28. 
Luke xii, 27. See Ills. No. 385. 

LIN'EN (made of flax), Various words are translated linen in Bible. 
First mentioned in connection with Egypt, centre of its growth 
and manufacture. Gen. xli, 42. Again in Ex. xxv, 4; xxxv, 6. 
Became customary garment for priests, Ex. xxviii, 42; Lev, vi, 
10. Silk and perhaps even cotton cloths are sometimes meant 
when linen is used. 

LIN'TEL (threshold). The horizontal piece of wood or stone 
placed over the door or window to support the upi>er structure, 
1 Kings vi, 31 ; Ezek. xl, 21. 

LFNUS (net), A Christian friend of Paul and Timothy at Rome, 
and perhaps first bishop of that city, 2 Tim. iv, 21. 

LI'ON (seeing, looking, preying), Not now found in Palestine, but 
once there, Judg. xiv, 5, 6 ; 1 Sam. xvii, 34-36; i Kings xiii, 38. 
Thought to be the device of the tribe of Judah, Gen. xlix, 3 ; 
whence Rev. v, 5. See Ills. No. 432. 

LIT'TER (couch), A conveyance borne by men, like a sedan chair 
or palanquin, Isa. Ixvi, 20. Same word elsewhere translated 
"wagon," Num. vii, 3, etc. 



LOT 149 

LIZ'ARD (muscular), A four-footed reptile found in all eastern 

countries. Pronounced unclean. Lev. xi, 30. 5^^ Ills. No. 449. 
LO-AM'MI (not my people). Figurative name applied by Hosea to 

his second son Gomer, Hos. i, 9, 10. 
LOANS, Loans were allowed among Hebrews, but not enjoined. 

After seven years they became a gift, if not paid in.the meantime. 

No usury to be exacted, Ex. xxii, 25; Lev. xxv, 35; Dj^t.'xv, 

3-10. ..;•..'.. 

LO'CUST (grasshopper, leaping), Freqiiently alluded to in the Bible, 
though words so translated are used indiscriminately for several 
destructive insects, as grasshopper, caterpillar, and palmer worm. 
They constituted one of the plagues of Egypt, Ex. x, 4-19; Joel 
ii, 3-10. See Ills. Nos. 454-456. 

LOD (nativity, generation). The town of Benjamin which still 
exists under the name of Ludd.; the Lydda of the Greeks, i 
Chron. viii, 12 ; Ezra ii, 33. ' 

LO-DE'BAR (not the word or oracle). An unknown place early- 
mentioned as beyond, z. e. to the west of Jordan, 2 Sam. xvii, 
27. 

LOG (tobehollow), A Hebrew liquid measure containing five-sixths 

. of a pint. Lev. xiv, 10, 12, 24. 

LOTS (better). Grandmother of Timothy, residing at Lystra, 2 Tim. 
i, 5; iii, 15. . 

LOOK'ING-GLASS'ES,.Were anciently of metal, chiefly Copper, 
of circular form and attached to a handle, Ex. xxxviii, 8 ; Job 
xxxvii, 18. ' 

IX)RP (bread-keeper). By this word the Hebrew ** Adonai," which 
was substituted for" Jehovah," — they deemed it wrong to pro- 
nounce the latter word in the text — is translated. It is thus given 
the idea of *' Supreme ruler," quite different from the purveyor 
or bread-keeper of our Saxon dignitaries. 

LORD'S-DAY, By common acceptation the Sabbath, the day on 
which the Lord arose ; but this interpretation is much disputed. 
Rev. i, 10, only. 

LORD'S-SUP'PER, The substitute for the Paschal feast of the 
Old Dispensation. Instituted by Christ on the night of his be- 
trayal, and symbolizes the renewal of his covenant with mankind. 

: Called the " breaking of bread " in Acts ii, 42 ; xx, 7; ** Com- 
munion of the body and blood of Christ" in i Cor. x, 16; and 
the " Lord's Supper" in i Cor. xi, 20, only. 

LO-RU'HA-MAH (not having obtained mercy). The name of Ho- 
sea's daughter, indicating the hopeless condition of Israel, Hos. 

LOT (hidden, myrrh, rezin). Son of Haran and nephew of Abra- 
ham, Gen. xi, 27-31. Born in Ur of Chaldea; came to Canaan 
with Abraham ; parted with his uncle at Bethel ; setded in the 

> valley of the Jordan or Dead Sea at Sodom ; is captured and res- 
cued by Abraham ; is delivered from the destruction of the cities 
of the plain ; and through incest with his daughters became the 
father of the Ammonites and Moabites, but this latter history is 
indefinite and legendary. Gen. xii-xix. 

LOTS, Casting of lots was a favorite method of settling doubtful 
questions. It was usually done by driwing pebbles from a gar- 



150 ^ LUZ 

ment or urn in which they were first shaken. The land of Canaan 
was so divided. Num. xxvi, 55, 56. See also Ps. Xxii, 18; -Prov. 
•xvi, 33; Lev. xvi, 8-10; Acts xiii, 1:9. :- ■ 

LO'TAN (wrapt up, hidden). Eldest son of Seir the Horite, Gen. 
xxxvi, 20-29.: > . ' ; 

LOTH'A.SU'BUS, i Esdr. ix,. 44, Corruption of Hashum in Neh. 
viii, 4. 

LOTS, Feast of. [Purim.] 

LOVE-FEASTS, Instituted after the community of goods had 
ceased. The offerings of the more wealthy were partaken of by 
the poorer members of the Church. This is Chrysostom's ac- 
count. Eorbidden by Gounciivcdf Laodicea, a. x)..32o, Jude 12:; 2 
Pet. ii, 13. 

LO'ZON, A descendant of ** Solomon's servants,'* who returned 
with Zerubbabel, i.Esdr. v, 33. 

LU'BIM (heart of man, or sea), Were warlike people of northern 
Africa who furnished soldiers to Shishak, and other Egyptian 
kings, 2 Chron. xii, 3; xvi, 8; Nahum iii, 9 ; Dan. xi,-43. The 
name is identified with Lehabim and the more modern Libya^ 
which see. . • ■. 

LU'CAS (luminous white). The physician and evangelist, Luke, 
Col. iv, 14; 2 Tim. iv, ii. 

LU'CI-FER (light-bearer), " The morning star," Made to repre- 
sent the king of Babylon in Isa. xiv, 12. In after Biblical times 
applied in a perverted sense to Satan. 

LU CI-US (born at day-break), i. A Roman consul who extended 
the protection of Rome to Simon i, the Asmonean, b. c. 139. 2. 
A kinsman of Paul and traditional bishop of Cenchrea, Rom. xvi, 
21. 3. Lucius of Cyrene, a convert of Paul and fellow-laborer 
with him, Acts xiii, i ; xi, 19, 20. 

LUD (nativity, generation). Fourth son of Shem and the tribe de- 
scended from him. Identified with the Lydians of Asia Minor", 
by others with Assyrians generally, Gen. x, 22; i Chron, i, 17. 

LU'DIM (nativity, generation), A Mizraite people assigned to nor- 
thern Africa. Not to be confused with the Shemite Lud, though 
spoken of in connection with him, Isa. Ixvi, 19; Jer. xlvi, 9 ; 
Ezek. xxvii, 10. But to be associated with Lubim, Libyans, i 

LU'HITH (made of boards), Apparently the ascent to a celebrated 
sanctuary in Moab ; unidentified, Isa. xv, 5 ; Jer. xlviii, 5. 

LUKE (Lucas, luminous), The physician and evangelist. Col. iv, 
14 ; 2 Tim. iv, 11 ; Philemon 24. Born in Antioch of Gentile afti- 
cestors, propably one of the seventy disciples. Companion of 

' Paul on more than one of his missionary tours, and fellow-pris- 
oner with him at Rome. After PaiJ's death Luke's history ii 
unknown. He was the author of the third gosj)el, and of the 
Acts of the Aposdes. Both were doubtless written under the in- 
fluence of Paul, who had a high respect for Luke's abilities as a 
scholar and historian. 

LU'NA-TICS (moon-struck men), Those thus described in the 
New Testament were doubtless afflicted with some bodily disease, 
as epilepsy, Matt, iv, 24; xviii, 15. Now applied only to those 
mentally deranged. -' 

LUZ (departure, almond), Probably primitive name of Bethel, Gen, 
xxviii, 19 ; Josh, xvi, 2 ; Judg. i, 23. 



MAA 151 

X,Y-CA-0'NI-A (she wolf), An undefined, wild, barren district of 
Asia Minor, inhabited by restless outlaws of a strange admixture 
of speech, and attached arbitrarily to Cappadocia and Galatia, 

' Acts xiv, II. its towns were Iconium, Derbe, and Lystra. 

LY'CI-A, With Caria, the south western district of Asia Minor, 
jutting into the Mediterranean. Namied after Lukos (wolf ), son 
of Pandion. Of its cities, Patat^ and Myra are mentioned in the 
New Testament, Acts xxi, i, 2 ; xxvii, 5. 

LYD'DA, Greek form of Lud or Lod. It stands in the plain of 
Sharon, nine miles from Joppa, and is called Lidd or Ludd. It 
acquired great importance during the Crusades as the native place 
of St. George, patron saint of England, Acts ix, 33, 34. See Ills. 
No, 63. .: ■ 

LYD'I-A, (from LudoS (the ludicrous), son of Atys). i. A maritime 
province of Asia Minor, between Caria and Mysia, For associ- 
ate idea, See Lud. Captured by Romans from Antiochus, b. c. 
190, I Mace, viii, 8. 2. A woman of Thyatira, residing at Phil- 
ippi. She was a Jewish proselyte, but was converted to Chris- 
tranity by; Paul, ^t whose house he resided. Acts xvi, 14, 15, 

■ 49- ' 

LY-SA'NI-AS (that drives away sorrow), A tetrarch of Abilene, co- 
temporary with Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, Luke iii, i. 

LY'SI-AS (dissolving), i. Governorof southern Syria under Anti- 
ochus Epiphanes, B. c. 166. Put to death by Demetrius Soter, 
B. c. 163. 2. Claudius Lysias, the commander of the Roman 
guard at Jerusalem, who saved Paul from the malice of the Jews, 
Acts XX, 27-40: xxii, xxiii. 

LY-SIM'A-CHUS (scattering the battle), i. Son of Ptolemaeus of 
Jerusalem, translator of Esther, Esth. ix, 20. 2. Brother of the 
high-priest Menelaus, b. g. 170 ; 2 Mace, iv, 29-42. See Ills. 
No. 487. 

LYS'TRA (that dissolves), A city of Lycaonia; native place of 
Timothy and the place where Paul was stoned; now Latik, 
Acts xiv, 6-21 ; xvi, i; 2 Tim. iii; ir. 



M. 

'MA'A-CAH, MA' A-CHAH (pressed down, worn), i. Daughter 
of Talmai, king of.Geshur, and mother of Absalom, 1 Chron. iii, 
3 ; 2 Sam. iii, 3. _ 2. A little principality east of Jordan and con- 
tiguous to Argob and Bashan, Josh, xii, 5. 3. Daughter of Na- 
hor. Gen. xxii, 24. 4. Father of Achish, king- of Gath, i Kings 
ii, 39. 5. Daughter of Absalom and wife of Rehoboam, r Kings 
XV, 2. e. Concubine of Caleb, i Chron. ii, 48. 7. Others in i 
Chron. viii, 29; xi, 43; xxvii, 16. 

MA-AD' AI (pleasant, testifying), Son of Bani, Ezra x, 34. 

MA-A-DI'AH (pleasantness), A priest who returned with Zerubba- 
bel, Neh. xii, 5. 

MA-A'I (belly, heaping up), A musician who took part in dedica- 
ting the new walls of Jerusalem, Neh. xii, 36.' 



152 MAD 



MA-AL'EH-A-CRAB'BIM (ascent of scorpions), Full form of the 
pass Akrabbim, Josh, xv, 3. 

MA'A-NI, I Esdr. ix, 34. [Baana, 4.] 

MA'A-RATH (den, watching), A town of Judah, probably tcthe 
north of Hebron, Josh, xv, 58. 

MA-A-SE'IAH (ya) (work of the Lord), A favorite name among 
the Levites, borne by persons mentioned in Ezrax, 18, 21, 22, 30; 
Neh. iii, 23 ; viii, 4, 7; x, 25, and frequent in 2 Chron. 

MA-AS'I-AI (defence of the Lordj, A priest after the captivity, 
I Chron. ix, 12. 

M A' ATH (breaking, fearing). Son of Mattathias in genealogy of 
Christ, Luke iii, 26. . . . 

MA'AZ (wooden). Son of Ram, i Chron. ii, 27. 

MA-A-ZI'AH (work of the Lord), Priiests m^ntioaed in i Chron. 
xxiv, 18 ; Neh. x, 8. "i/ >ii>* 

MAB'DA-I, I Esdr. ix, 34. [BenaiahJ , .. ■ 

]SLA.C'A-LON, 1 Esdr. v, 21. [Michmash.] 

MAC'CA-BEES (hammer), Some say derived from the initials of 
the device on their banner, " Who among the gods is like unto 
Thee, Jehovah," which when put together form " Maccabi." 
Called also Asmoneans, from Chasmon, great-grandfather of Mat- 
tathias. They were the line of princes who made glorious the in- 
ter-Biblical period by the wars for Jewish independence. Their 
dynasty extended from u. c. 166, to the time of Herod the Great, 
B. c. 40. Their history is found in the two apocryphal books of 
Maccabees. 

MAC'E-DO'NI-A (burning, adoration). That country above Greece 
proper and extending around the head of the iEgeau Sea. The 
empire was of great antiquity, but reached its height under Alex- 
ander the Great, b. C 336-323. It passed into the possession of 
his generals and became a Roman province, b, c. 148. Paul often 
visited it, and his first European converts were made at Philippi, 
Acts xvi, 9-12 : xvii, 1-15. 

MACH'BA-NAI (poverty), a Gadite warrior who joined David at 
Ziklag, I Chron. xii,i3. \ \ . , , ., 

MACH'BE-NAH (poverty, smitten of his son), A doubtful person 
in I Chron. ii, 49. 

MA'CHI (poor.smiter), Fathef of Geuel the spy. Num. xiii, 15. 

MA'CHIR (selling, knowing), i. Eldest son of the patriarch Ma- 
nasseh. His name came to represent the tribe of his father, Josh. 
xvii, 1 ; Num. xxxii, 39. 2. Son of Ammiel, a prince of Gad or 
Manasseh, 2 Sam. ix, 4; xvii, 27. 

MACH'MAS, I Mace, ix, 73- [Michmash.] 

MACH'NA-DE'BAI (smiter), A son of Bani, Ezra x, 40. 

MACH-PELAH (double). The family burying ground of Abraham, 
" facing Mamre/' Gen. xxiii, 17-19 ; xxv, o ; xlix, 30 ; 1, 13 It 
was on the hill slope above Hebron, and is now marked by a 
mosque. - ^ , e ^ 

MA'CRON (the great). Surname of Ptolemy a governor of Cy- 
prus under Ptolemy Philometer, b. c. 180, i Mace, iii, 38. 

MAD'A-I ^measure, garment), Ason of Japheth, and progenitor of 
the Medes, Gen. x, 2. . ^ , 

MA-DI'A-BUN, His sons help superintend the restoration of the 
Temple, i Esdr. i. 



MAH 153 



MA'DI-AN, Jud. ii, 26 ; Acts vii, 29. [Midian.] 

MAD-MAN'NAH (measure of a gift), A town of Judah not far 
from Gaza, Josh, xv, 31. 

MAD-MEN, An unknown place in Moab, Jer. xlviii, 2, 

MAD-ME'NAH (preparation of a garment). An unknown village 
of Benjamin north of Jerusalem, Isa. X, 31. 

MAD'NESS (weak, broken), Mental derangement and ebullition of 
passion are both recognized in the Bible, John x, 20. 

MA'DON (garment, measure), A principal city of the north of 
Canaan before the conquest. Its king joined Jabin at Lake Me- 
rom and was killed by Joshua, Josh, xi, i ; xii,'ip. 

MAG'BISH (height), Person or place not known, Ezra ii, 30. 

MAG'DA-LA (tower, greatness), A village on the west shore of 
the Sea of Galilee near Tiberias, now Medjel, Matt, xv, 39. 

MAG'DA-LE'NE, A native of Magdala. 

MAG'DI-EL (fruit of God), A son of Esau and duke of Edom, 
Gen. xxxvi, 43. 

MA'GED, I Mace, v, 36. [Maked.] 

MA'GI (priests), Persian men of learning. A class who kept up the 
science, art, law, religion, and magic of the eastern kingdoms. 
They had doubtless read the prophecies concerning the Prince 
whose coming should be heralded by a star, and so were led bjr 
the new luminary to Bethlehem, Num. xxiv, 17; Luke ii, 25-38; 
Matt, ii, II. ' 

MAG'IC, MA-GI'CIAN (art of the Magi, the Magians), Magic was 
practised by all Eastern peoples. With the low^r races it was a 
religion. In a Bible sen^e it. includes the arts practised by sorcer- 
ers, enchanters, necromancers, exorcists, astrologers, soothsayers, 
fortunetellers, etc., all of which were forbidden. Lev. xix, 31; 
XX, 6. 

^lA'GOG (covering, dissolving).^ .1. Second son of Japheth, and 
his descendants. Gen. x, 2. 2. The land of which Gog was the 
prince, * Ma" standing for " land." It was to the north and has 
been associated with Scythia and the unknown regions north of 
Armenia, Ezek. xxxviii, 15; xxxix 2-6. 

MA'GOR-MIS'SA-BIB (fear on all sides). Name conferred on Pa- 
shur, the priest who arrested Jeremiah and put him in durance, 
Jer. XX, 3. 

MAG'PI-ASH (thrust together), A head of the people who signed 
the covenant with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 20. 

MA'HA-LAH (sickness, dancers, harp), A child of Hammoleketh, 
sister of Gilead, I Chron. vii, 18. 

MA-HA'LA-LE'EL (praising God), i. Son of Cainan and fourth in 
descent from Adam, Gen. v, 12-17. 2. A descendant of Perez of 
Judah, Neh. xi, 4. . 

MA'HA-LATH (dancers, harp), i. A wife of Esau, Gen. xxviii, 
9. 2. A wife of King Rehoboam, 2 Chron. xi, 18. 3. Probably 
an instrument of music, but perhaps the tune or melody to which 
psalms were to be sung, Ps. liii, Ixxxviii. 

MA'HA-LI (harp, pardon), Mahli son of Merari, Ex. vi, 19. 

MA'HA-NATM (tents, fields, armies). The place so named 
by Jacob when he saw the ** hosts of God" encamped. It 
was in Bashan, and the town which afterwards sprung up fell 



154 MAL 

to the lot of Gad, Gen. xxxii, x, 2; Josh, xxi, 38.; 2 Sam. ii, 
■ 8-17. ■ ■■ ' 

MA'HA-NEH'DAN (tents of judgment), The last encampment of 

the six hundred Danites before going to Laish. It was near Kir- 

jath-jearim, Judg. xviii, 12. 
MA-HAR'A-I (hasting, hill). One of David's captains, 2 Sam. 

xxiii,28; 1 Chron. xi, 30. 
MA'HATH (breaking, smiting). 1. A descendant of the house of 

Korah, 1 Chron. vi, 35. 2. Another of same family, 2 Chron. 

xxix, 12. 
MA 'H A- VITE (messenger, marrow), Designation of one of David's 

warriors, 1 Chron. xi, 46. • 

MA-HA'ZI-OTH (seeiag a sign or letter), Son^of Heman, 1 Chron. 

XXV, 4, 30. 
MA'HER-SHAL'AL-HASH'^AZ (hastening to the spoils), Son 

of Isaiah, whose naiHe by divine direction was given to indicate 

that Damascus and Samaria were soon to become the spoil of 

Assyria, Isa. viii, 1-4. : ' 

MAH'LAH (infirmity, h^rp, pardon). 1. Grandson of L6vi and 

father of Mahlites, Niim. iii, 20. 2. Son of Mushi, i Chron. vi, 

47. 
MAH'LON (harpj pardon), Son of Elimelech the Bethlehemite and 

husband of Ruth, Ruth i, 2-5 ;'iv, 9, 10. 
MA'HOL (harp, pardon), Father of Ethan, Heman, Chalcol, and 

Daida, the four men who were only second to Solomon in wisdom, 

I Kings iv, 31 ; i Chron. ii, 6. 
MA'KA2 (end, hope), An unidentified place- mentioned in i Kings 

iv, 9. 
MA'KED, A stong city of Gilead in which the Jews w^e besieged 

by Timotheus the Ammonite, i Mace, v, 26-36. 
MAK-HE'LOTH (assemblies), A desert encampment of fite Israel- 
ites, Num. xxxiii, 25. 
MAK-KE'DAH (worshipping, burning). Scene of the execution of 

the five captive kings of Canaan, located by consent southwest of 

Jerusalem and near Lachish, Josh, x, 10-30. i 

MAK'TESH (a hollow, a mortar), A quarter of Jerusalem', in some 

of the lower or sunken streets, given to money-lending ahd trade, 

Zeph. i, II. 
MAI/A-CHI (my messenger), The last and therefore ''the seal" 

of the prophets. Born after captivity, but lineage and plact of 

birth unknown ; contemporary with Nehemiah, b. C. 445-433 ; his 

writing foretells the coming of John the Baptist and Christ. 
MAL'A-CHY, 2 Esdr. i, 40. [Malachi.] • ■ . 

MAL'CHAMf their king). 1. Head of a Benjamite house, i Chron. 

viii, 9. 2. The idol Molech, Zeph. i, 5. 
^lAL-CHI'AH (king, counselor), i. A descendant of Gershom, i 
v' Chron. vi, 40. 2. Returned Jews, Ezra x, 25, 31 ; Neh. iii, 14, 
- 31 ; viii, 14. 3. The prison keeper into whose dungeon Jeremiah 

was thrown, Jer. xxxviii, 6. 
MAL'CHI-EL (God my King), Founder of the MalchiditeS or Bir- 
i 2avith, Gen. xlvi, 17; Num. xxvi, 45; i Chron. vii, 31. 
*IAL-CHI^JAH (God my King), Priests and returned Jews, i 
' Chron. ix, 12; xxiv, 9; Ezra x; 25^; Neh. iii, 11; x, 3; xii, 42. 



MAN' 155; 



MAL-CHI'RAM (counselor). Son of Jeconiah or Jehoiachin, i 

Chron. iii, 18. 
MAL-CHI-SHU'A, A son of Saul who perished at Gilboa, i Sam. 

xiv, 49; I Chron. ix, 39. 
MAL'CHUS (king, counselor), Servant 6f the high-priest, whose 

ear was cut off by Peter at time of the arrest i)f 'Christ, Matt. 

xxvi, 51; Luke xxii, 49. 
MA-LE'LE-EL, Luke iii, 37. [Maijalaleel.] 
MAL'LOS, An important city of Cilicia, on the coast about twenty 

miles from Tarsus, 2 Mace, iv, 30. 
MAL'LO-THI (fullness, circumcision), One of the fourteen sons of 

Heman the singer, i Chron; xxv, 4, 26, ' - 
MAL'LOWS (soft). The Jew's mallow of botany is a pot-herb, re- 
sembling lettuce. But some suppose that nettles are meant in Job 

XXX, 4. 

MAL'LUCH (reigning, counseling). Persons mentioned in i Chron. 

vi, 44; Ezra X, 29, 32; Neh. x, 4, 27; xii, 2. 
MA-MATAS (yas). [Shemaiah.] : 
MAM'MON (riches), A Chaldee word, signifying " treasu^-housfe," 

*' riches," and used to personifyriches in Matt, vi, 24; Luke xvi, 

M^iM-NI'TA-NAFiMUS; 1 Esdr. ix^ 34. Corruption of *' Matta- 
niah, Mattanai," irt Ezra x, 37. • 

MAM^RE (set with trees, rebellious). The ancient Amorite who 
owned the vale and grove where Abraham dwelt at intervals be- 
tween his residence at Bethel and Beersheba. Hebron marks the 

■ spot, Gen. xiv, 13-24, and elsewhere in Genesis only. 

MA-MU'CHUS, I Esdr. ix, 30. [Malluch.] 

MAN'A-EN (comforter, leader), A brother or companion of Herod 
Antipas, early converted to Christianity, and a preacher at Anti- 
och. Acts xiii,'i. 

MAN'A-HATH (lady, prince), i. 1 Chron. viii. "Probabl^'^ same as 
Menuchah in Judg. xx, 43. 2. Son of Shohal, Gen. xxxvi, 23, 

- who was father of the Manahethites, i Chron. ii, 52, 54. 
MA-NAS'SEH (forgetting), i. Eldest son of Joseph, so named 

because in his birth the father was made to forget his toil and his 
father's house. He. lost his birthright in favor of Ephraim. His 
tribe numbered 32,000 men at the census of Sinai. In the setde- 
. ment of Canaan the tribe was divided, one-half occupying either 
side of the Jordan, Gen. xli, 50, 51; Josh, xvi, xvii. 2. 
Son and successor of Hezekiah on throne of Judah, b. c. 698- 
643. During his reign the kingdom sunk to its lowest ebb. Idola- 
try was practised and that policy of subserviency to Babylon in- 
.. troduced which Isaiah so loudly condemned. He was carried 
' captive to Bab^don in the twent^^'-second year of his reign, but was 

- restored and began a system of reforms which did much to make 
the rest of his long reign peaceful and prosperous, 2 Kings xxi; 2 

. Chron. xxxiii. 3. A returned Jew, Ezra x, 30. 
MA-NAS'SES. I. I Esdr. ix, 33'; Matt, i, 10 • Rev." vii, 6. [Ma- 
NASSEH,] 2. Husband of Judith, Jud. viii, 2-7. 3. The prayer 
of Manasses (Manasseh) on hil release from captivity and his re- 
storation to the throne is found in the Apocrypha. It .is the in- 
vention of some inter-Biblical author, intended to satisfy ' the 
allusion in 2 Chron. xxxiii, 18, 19. 



156 



MAR 



MAN'DRAKE (speaking in the field ; on the supposition that it 
had animal life and cried out when pulled up), A powerful nar- 
cotic plant, resembling a beet or parsnip. Doubtful whether the 
original of Gen. xxx, 14-16; Cant, vil, 13, refers to the plant as 
we know it. See Ills. No. 373. 

MA'NEH, A Hebrew weight of sixty shekels of silver, and one hun- 
dred of gold, Ezek. xlii, 12. 

MANAGER (place for eating). Crib or feeding trough for cattle, but 
the original of Luke ii, 7, 12, 16, would be better rendered ** stall '* 
as in xiii, 15. 

MA'NI, I Esdr. ix, 30. [Bani.] 

MAN'LI-US, No such person known, 2 Mace. xi. 

MAN'NA{What is this ? ) The miraculous food sent to the wander- 
ing Israelites, Ex. xyi, 14-36; Num. xi, 7-9; Deut. viii, 3, 16; 
Josh. V, 12. According to some the name implies a "^gift from 
heaven," but probably it is from tnln hu, " What is this? " the 
natural inquiry when it was first seen upon the ground. It was 
the substitute for bread daring the whole period of the wanderings. - 

MA-NO AH (rest, present). The reverent father of Samson. He 
was a Danite of Zorah, Judg. xiii, 1-23. 

MAN'SLAY-ER, The law provided cities of refuge for those guilty 
of manslaughter, /. e. of killing withoutmalice aforethought. What 
constituted the offence was also laid down, Num. xxxv, 22 • Deut. 
xix, 5. . 

MANTLE (cloth, vestment). [Garment.] 

MA'OCH, Father of Achish, kingof Gath, with whom David took 
refuge, i Sam. xxvii, 2. 

MA ON (house, place of sin), A town of Judah. There is a hill now 
called Mj.in, about seven miles south of Hebron, Josh, jcv, 55 ; 
I Sam. xxiii, 24, 25. 

MA'ON-ITES, Probably the Midianites are meant, Judg. x, 12. 

MA'RA (^bitter), " Call me not Naomi (pleasant), but Mara A)it- 
ter)," was the expression of Naomi when she returned to Bethle- 
hem, Ruth i, 20. 

MA'RAH (bitter), A spot in the wilderness of Shur, three days* 
journey from the Red Sea, whose bitter waters were made sweet 
by Moses, Ex. xv, 22-24 \ Num. xxxiii, 8. 

MAR'A-LAH (sleep, ascension), A landmark on the boundary of 
Zebulun, Josh, xix, 11. 

MAR-A-NATH'A (the Lord is coming), An expression used by 
Paul in concluding his Epistle to the Corinthians, i Cor. xvi, 22. 

MAR'BLE (white or shining stone), The white limestone of Pales- 
tine was the substance meant, though the marble of Paria was 
used largely in the second or Herodian temple. 

MAR-CHESH'VAN, The eighth month of the Jewish Calendar, 
called also Bui, corresponding to parts of October and November. 

MAR'CUS (polite, shining)^ The Evangelist Mark, Col. iv, 10 ; i 
Pet. V, 13. 

MAR'DO-CHE'US. i. Apocryphal form of Mordecai. 2. A re- 
turned Jew, I Esdr. v, 8. 

MA-RE'SHAH (from the beginning, inheritance), A city of Judah, 
not far from Hebron, Josh, xv, 44 ; 2 Chron. xi, 8. 

MART-MOTH, 2 Esdr. i, 2. [Meraioth.] 



MAS 157 

MARK or MAR'CUS (polite, shining), This is the surname of 
John. John Mark was son of a certain Mary residing at Jerusa- 
lem and cousin of Barnabas. He was a convert of Peter, com- 
panion of Paul and Barnabas, whom he left at Pamphylia,''and 
author of the second gospel, which bears his name, Acts xii, 12- 
25 ; xiii, 5-ri3. His gospel was written probably at Rome, in the 
Greek language, about a. d. 61, and gives a vivid picture of the 
earthly acts of Jesus, intended chiefly for Gentile minds. 

MAR'MOTH, 1 Esdr. viii, 62. [Meremoth.] 

MA'ROTH (bitterness), A town of Judah, Micah i, 12. 

MAR^RIAGE (husband taking). An ordinance of God. Was mono- 
gamic when founded. Gen. i, 27; ii, 18-24 ; vii, 13. Polygamy 
arose with Lamech, Gen. iv, 17 ; vi, 2, and was continued with 
evil results, Gen, xvi, 30 ; Judg. viii, 30 ; 2 Sam. iii, 3-5 ; i Kings 
xi, 1-8, Marriage forbidden within certain degrees. Lev. xviii, 
20; Deut. xxvii ; and with foreign peoples, Ex. xxxiv, 16. Re- 
regulated under the New Dispensation, Matt, v, 28-32 ; xix, 3-5. 

MARS-HILL. [Areopagus.] 

MAR'S E-NA (bitterness of a bramble), A prince or "wise man" 
of Persia, Esth. i, 14. 

MAR'THA (who becomes bitter). Sister of Lazarus and Mary at 
Bethany, a careful housekeeper and confirmed . Christian, yet 
needing rtprxjof for want of calmness, Luke x, 38-42 ; John xi, 
5-28. 

MAR TYR (a witness who testifies with his blood), The word ap^ 
pears twice in the New Testament, Acts xxii, 20; Rev. ii, 13. 

MA'RY (rebellion), Greek form of Miriam, i. Mar>', wife of Cleo- 
phas (John xix, 25), was the same as Mary mother of James the 
Little and of Joses (Mark xv,4o; Matt, xxvii, 56). She was 
sister of Mary the mother of Jesus, and mother of James, Joses, 
Jude, and Simon; James and Simon being apostles. She resided 
with her sister after the crucifixion, and was present at the scenefc 
attending the resurrection of Christ. 2. Mary Magdalene=6t 
Magdala, was delivered of evil spirits by Christ and became a fol- 
lower of him. Matt, xxviii, i-io; Mark xvi, i-io; Luke xxiv, i- 
12 ; John XX, i-i8. 3. Mary, the mother of Mark, was sister of 
Barnabas and one of the earliest disciples of Christ, Col. iv, 10; 
Acts iv, 37; xii, 12. 4. Mar>', sister of Lazarus and Martha, was 
of Bethany. . She was an early follower of Christ and anointed 
him at the feast, Luke x, 40 ; John xi. 5. Mary, the virgin 
mother of Christ, was of the tribe»of Judah and the lineage of 
David, Ps. cxxxii; Luke i, 32; Rom. i, 3. She resided at Naza- 
reth, was betrothed to Joseph, received the angelic announce- 
ment, went to Hebron, was .saluted by Elizabeth as the mother of 
the Lord, returned to Nazareth, she and Joseph went to Bethle- 
hem, where the Lord was born in a stall, the inn being full of 
guests ; (b. c. 4) the parents flee to Egypt with the child, return 
to Nazareth after an interval, where nothing more is heard of 
them until Christ enters his ministry, a. d. 26, when she reappears 
in history, John ii ; Matt, xii, 46; Luke xi, 27. 6. A Roman 
Christian mentioned by Paul, Rom. xvi, 6. 

MAS'A-LOTH (steps, terraces), A place in Arbela captured by the 
generals of Demetrius, i Mace, ix^ 2. 



158 



MAT 



MAS'CHIL (I will instruct thee), The title of thirteen different 
psalms, denoting that they are didactic ; but Ewald says it means 
** Sing we praises with understanding," and indicates the melody. 

MASH (who is drawn by force), A ^ on of Aram, Gen. x, 23, ap- 
pearing in I Chron. i, 17 as Meshech. 

MA'S HAL (parable, governing), i Chron. vi, 74. [Misheal.] 

MA-SrAS, A servant of Solomon who returned with Zerubbaoel, i 
Esdr. viii, 4.3, . jfllSk' 

MAS'MAN, I Esdr. vni, 43. [Shemaiah.] »•■ 

MAS'PHA, I Mace, iii, 46; V, 35. [Mizpeh.] 

MAS'RE-KAH (whistling, hissing). An ancient place in Edom, 
n)w Masrak, south of Petra, Gen. xxxvi, 36 ; 1 Chron. i, 47, 

MAS'SA (burden, prophecy), Son of Ishmael, Gen. xxv, 14; i 
Chron. i, 30. His descendants are identified with Masani on bor- 

, ders of Arabia next to Babylonia. 

MAS'SAH (temptation), A name given to the spot, Meribah, where 
Israel tempted Jehovah, Ex. xvii, 7; Ps. xcv, 8, 9 ; Heb. iii, 8. 

MAS-SI'AS, Bar. i, i, [Masseiah.J 

MAS 'TIC TREE (chewing gum). The fragrant gum of the Pistacia 
lentisczis, used for strengthening the gums in ancient times and at 

: present, Susan. 54. See Ills. No. 382. 

MA-THU'SA-LA, Luke iii, 37. [Methuselah.] 

MATURED (wand of power), Mother of Mehetabel, Gen. xxxvi, 

39- 

MA'TRI (rkin, prison), A family of BenjaTnin to which Saul be- 
longed, i Sam. x, 21. 

MA'TRIX, The womb, Ex. xiii, 12-15. 

MAT'TAN (gifts, rains), i. A priest of Baal slain before the altar 
of his temple in Jerusalem, 2 Kings xi, 18. 2. Father of Shepha- 
tiah, Jer. xxxviii, i. 

MAT'lA-NAH (gifts, rains), A desert station of the Israelites, 
• near to the boundary of Moab, Num. xxi,i8, 19^ 

MAT'TA-NI'AH (gift of God), i. Original name of Zedekiah 
king of Judah ; changed when Nebuchadnezzar enthroned him in 
place of Jehoiachin, 2 Kings xxiv, 17. 2. Leader of the Temple 
choir after the restoration, Neh. xi, 17, etc. Others of same name 
in 2 Chron. xx, 14; xxix, 13; Ezra x, 26, 27, 30, 37; Neh. xiii, 
13 ; I Chron. xxv, 4. 

MAr'TA-THA (his gift). Son of Nathan and grandson of David, 
Luke iii, 31. 

MAT TA-THAH, A returned Jew, Ezra x, 33. 

MAT'TA-THI'AS (gift of God), i. An assistant of Ezra, 1 Esdr. 

- ix, 43. 2. Father of the Maccabees, i Mace. ii. 3* Son of Absa- 
lom, I Mace, xi, 70. 4. Son of Simon Maccabeus, i Mace, xvi, 

- 14. 5. An envoy of Nicanor, 2 Mace, xiv, 19, 6. Son? of Amps 
and Semei in line of Christ, Luke iii, 25, 26. 

MAT'TE-NA'I (hope of God), Returned Jewsy Ezra x, 33, 37 ; 
Neh. xii, 19. 

MAT'T HAN (gifts, rains), Son of Eleazer, and grandfather of Jo- 
seph the husband of Mary, Matt, i, 15 ; Matthat in Luke iii, 24. 

MA'r-THA-NI'AS, i Esdr. ix, 27. [Mattaniah.] 

MAT'THAT, Luke iii, 24, 29. [Matthan.] 

MAT'THEVV (given, a reward), The Apostle and Evangelist, the 



MED i59i 



Levi" of Luke v, 27-29, wais son of Al^pheus, Mark fi, 14, farmer 

of Roman taxes in Capernaum, where in the midst of business he 

was called to the Apostolate. His after history is not known. 

His gospel is the first of the New Testament. It was Avntten in 

Hebriew and thert transcribed into Greek ; place, Palestine ; time, 
■between a. d. 50 and 6o ; purpose^ to show Jewish converts that 

Jesus of Nazareth was the Messiah of the Old Testament. 
MAT-THrAS(giftof God),- The apostle elected to fill the place 

made vacant by the suicide of Judas. Nothing farther is known 

of him. Acts, i, 26. . :- ■ 

MAT'TI-THFAH (gift of God), Persons mentioned in i Chron. 

ix, 31 ; xvi, 5 ; Ezra x, 43 ; viii, 4. 
MAT'TOGK, The mattock of the ancients was a crude instrument 

resembling our grubbing hoe, and was of metal or wood. See Ills. 

No. 286. 
MAUL (hammer, mall), A heavy hammer of wood, Prov. xxv, 18/ 

Nearly the same word is rendered " battle axe " in Jer. li, 20. 
MAZ-I-TI'AS, I Esdr. ix, 35. [Mattithiah.] 
MAZ'ZA-ROTH (the twelve signs of the zodiac). Nothing more 

can be said of it. Job xxxviii, 32. 
ME'AH (hundred cubits), A tower of the rebuilt walls of Jerusalem, 

standing between the sheepgate and tower of Hananeel, Neh^ iii, 

i; xii, 39. 
ME-A'RAH^(cave), A cave or town in the neighborhood of Zidon, 

Josh, xiii, 4. - • 

MEAT, In Bible sense includes food of whatever kihd', Geni i^'^g^ 

Matt. XV, 37; Luke xxiv, 41. ■-::,■'■:'■■.'■' 

MEAT-OFFERING. Its conditions are described in LSw. ii an* 

vi, 14-23; and its meaning in i ChrOn. xxix, 10-14. ' - • 

ME-BUN'NAI (son, building). One of David's guard^-a Sain, xxiii/ 

27. [SiBBECHAI.] ' - 

MECH'E-RATH-ITE, Shoold be Maachathite/iChrdn. xi^26/ 

[Maacah.] . . • - - • -• • 

MED'A-BA, I Mace, ix, 36. [Medeba.] 

ME'DAD (who measures). [Eldad.] 

ME'DAN(judgmeiU)j Son of Abraham and Keturah, Gen. xxv, 2; 
I Chron. i, 32. Name, and probably tribe, allied with Midian 
and Midianite. - 

MED'E'BA (waters of grief), A town and district east of Jordan, 
captured from Moab by Ammon and falling in lot of Reuben. It 
was near Heshbon, Num. xxi, 30; Josh, xiii, 9^. 

MEDES, Dwellers in Media. 

ME'DI-A (measure, habit, covering). The Madai 6f the Hebrews, 
lay north-west of Persia and south of the Caspian Sea. Area 
150,000 square miles. The Medes constituted one of the most 
powerful nations of western Asia. They were of Japhetic origin ; 
bore sway in Babylon, b. g. 2458-2234 ; occupied a tributary place 
till B. c. 880, when they revolted from Assyria ; in -league with 
Assyria Babylonia was conquered; Assyria itself fell next- and the 
Median empire was at its height, b. c. ^25 ; overthro^wn -by Per- 
sian Cyrus, B. c. 536, and Medo-Persian empire founded, which 
lasted until the conquest of Alexander the Great, b. c, 330, Isa. 
xiii, 17; Esth. i, 19 ; Dan. vi, 8-12; i Chron. v, 26. 



i6o MEL 

MED'I-CINE (healing). The science was known to Egypt and 
drawn thence by the Jews, Ex. xxi, 19 ; 2 Kings viii, 29 ; Prov. 
iii, 8 ; vi, 15. 

ME-GID'DO (precious fruit), A town of Manasseh on southern 
Hmit of the plain of Esdraelon, Josh, xii, 21. Scene of the great 
conflict between Sisera and Barak andof Josiah's death, Judg. iy, 
13 ; 2 Kings xxiii, 29; 2 Chron, xx'xv, 22. 

ME-GID'DON, Valley of. Another form of Megiddo, 2ech. 

ME-HET'A-BEEL, Neh. vi, 10. [Mehetabel.] 
ME-HET'A-BEL (God is good), i. Ancestor of Shemaiah, Neh. 

vi, 10. 2. Wife of Hadar last king of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 39. 
ME-HI'DA (riddle, quick witted). His family returned with Zerub- 

babel, Ezra ii, 52. 
ME'HIR (reward). Son of Chelub, i Chron. iv, 11. 
ME-HOL'A-THITE, AnauveofMeholah. [Abel, 4.! 
ME-HU'JA-EL (who proclaims God), Spn of Irad, fourth ftQm 

Cain, Gen. iv, 18. ; ' :".'■/ 

ME-HU'MAN (uproar, multitude). One of the seven chamTae'rlains 

(eunuchs) of Ahasuerus, Esth. i, 10. 
ME-HU'NIM, 2 Chron. xxvi, 7. A corrupted form of Maonite. 
ME-JAR'KON (waters of Jordan), A town of Dan near Joppa, 

Josh, xix, 46. 
M£K,'0-NAH (foot of a pillar). An unknown town of Judah, men- 
tioned only after captivity, Neh. xi, 28. 
MEL-A-TFAH (deliverance of God), A Gibeonite who assisted in 

rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem, Neh. iii, 7. 
MEL'CHI (king, counsel), i. Ancestor of Joseph in genealogy 

of Christ, Luke iii, 24. 2. Son of Addi in same, Luke iii, 21. 
MEL-CHI'AH (God my king). A priest, father of Pashur, Jer. 

M EL-CH FAS, Apocryphal form of Melchiah. 

MEL'CHI-EL, A governor of Bethulia, Jud. vi, 15. 

MEL-CHIS'E-DEC, New Testament form of Melchizedek, Heb. 
V, vi, vii. . 

MEL'CHI-SHU'A (king of health), A son of Saul; written also 
Malchisua, i Sam. xiv, 49; xxxi, 2, 

MEL-CHIZ'E-DEK (king of justice), King of Salem, who met and 
blessed Abraham in the valley of Shaveh, Gen. xiv, 18-20. He 
Was a priest of God ; stands alone in the midst of history ; with- 
out order of coming or going ; and is therefore fittingly made the 
prototype of Christ, Ps. ex, 4 ; Heb. v, vi, vii. 

ME'LEA (supplied). Ancestor of Joseph in genealogy of Chnst, 
Luke iii, 31, 

ME'LECH (king, counselor). Second son of Micah, i Chron. viii, 

MEL'I-CHU, Neh. xii, 14. [Malluch.] 

MEL'I-TA (giving honev), An island of the Mediterranean, south 

of Sicily, settled by Phoenipians, and scene pf Paul's shipwreck. 

Now Malta, Acts xxvii, xxviii. 
MEL'ON (mellow apple, or apple ripened in the sun). Melons of all 

kinds grow in PaJestine and are much prized for food. Num. 

xi, 5. 



MER i6i 



MEL'ZAR (steward). Wrongly rendered a proper name in Dan. 
i, II. 

MEM PHIS (abode of the good), A city of Ancient Egypt on wes- 
tern bank of the Nile. It is the Noph of Isa. xix, 13 ; Jer. ii, 16 ; 
Ezek. XXX, 3 ; and the Moph of Hosea, ix, 6. Built by Menes, 
earliest historic king of Egypt. This "city of pyramids " was 
rich in temples and works of art. It never recovered from the 
blow inflicted by Cambyses of Persia, b. c. 525- 

ME-MU CAN (impoverished, true). One of seveix princes of Persia 
under Ahasuerus, Esth, i, 14-21. 

MEN'A-HEM (comforter, leader). Son of Gadi, who slew Shallum 
and seized the throne of Israel. Reign B.C. 772-761. He was 
idolatrous and cruel. During his reign the Assyrians made their 
first inroads and their friendship was purchased for one thousand 
talents of silver, 2 Kings xv, 14-22. 

ME NAN (numbered, rewarded j. Ancestor of Jjoseph in genealogy 
of Christ, Luke iii, 31. 

ME'NE (numbered). First word of mysterious inscription which 
appeared on the wall of Belshazzar's palace. Mene, " he is num- 
bered;" 7>^^/, "he is weighed;" Upharsin, "and they are 
dividing," Dan. v_, 25, 26.- 

MEN-E-LA'US (abiding the people), A usurping high-priest who 
obtained office from Antiochus Epiphanes, 2 Mace, iv, 23-25. 

ME-NES'THEUS (abiding God), Father of Apollonius, 2 Mace, iv, 
21. 

ME-ON'E-NIM (charmers, soothsayers), A plain, or more cor- 

. rectly "oak," mentioned in Judg. ix, 37. In latter sense identi- 
fied with the oak grove at Shechem; in former sense with dwell- 
ing-place of the Maonites. 

ME-ON'A-THAI, A son of Othniel, younger brother of Caleb, i 
Chron. iv, 14. 

MEPH'A-ATH (force of waters), ALevitical town of Reuben near 
Heshbon, Josh, xiii, i8 ; xxi, 37. 

ME-PHIB'O-SHETH (out of my mouth cometh reproach), i. Son 
of Saul ; surrendered by David to Gibeonites and by them sacri-. 
ficed to avert famine, 2 Sam. xxi, 8. 2. Son of Jonathan and 
grandson of Saul; fled to mountains of Gilead, but was sought 
out by David after his succession and treated with kindness, 2 
Sam. iv, 4 ; ix ; xvi ; xix, 24-30. 

ME'RAB (who fights). Eldest daughter of Saul; betrothed to Da- 
vid ; but afterwards married to Adriel, i Sam. xiv, 49; xviii, 17; 
xxi, 8. 

MER'A-I'AH (rebellious), A priest in days of Joaikira, Neh. xii, 12. 

ME-RA'I-OTH (bitterness, rebellious), i. A priesdy descendant 
of Eleazar, son of Aaron, and thought to have been the immediate 
predecessor of Eli, i Chron. ix, 11. 2. Head, of house of priests 
in time of Joaikim, Neh. xii, 15. : 

ME'RAN, Probable corruption, of Medan or Midian, Bar. iii, 23. 

MER'A-RI (bitter, to provoke). Third son of Levi and father of the 
Merarites. They had charge of the framework of the Tabernacle 
during the wanderings. Twelve cities were assigned them out of 
Reuben, Gad, and Zebulun, Gen. xlvi, 11; Ex. vi, 16; Num. iii, 
17; iv, 29-33, Tosh, xxi, 7-40. 



i62 MES 

MER'A-THA'IM (double rebellion), Poetical allusion to Chaldea 
and the double captivity indicted on Israel, Jer. 1, 21. 

M£R-CLJ'K1-US (, orator, interpreter). Mercury ofthe Romans and 
Hcriues oi the Greeks ; the god who presided over eloquence and 
trathc; hence the identification of Paul with this divinity. Acts xiv, 
12. , - 

MER^CY-SEAT, Appears to have been the lid of the ark of the 
covenant; hence figuratively ** covering," i.t'. atonement df sin, 
I Chron. xxviii, II ; Heb. ix, 4, 5, :.' 

ME'RED (rebellious, ruling), A son of Ezra ; but traditionally 
identified with Caleb and Moses, i Chron. iv, 17, 18. ■ ■ - . 

MER E-MOTH (bitterness, myrrh of death), i. Son of Uriah and 
priest in charge of the Temple vessels and treasury, Ezra viii, 33; 
Neh. iii, 4. 2. Others in E^ra ii, 36 ; Neh. x, 5. 

ME RES (imposthume). One of seven wise men of Ah'&suert» t>i 
Persia, EsLh. i, 14. . ' - ' ' .' 

MER I-BAH (dispute), A wilderness station M^here the people 
murmured for water and the rock was smitten, Ex.xvii, 7. Called 
also Massah. Name applied also to Xadesh, Num. xx, 13, ^4, 
for similar reasons. 

MER'IB-BA'AL (who resists Baal), Son of Jonathan and same 
as Mephibosheth, i Chron. viii, 34; ix, 40. 

ME-RO'DACH (bitter contrition). Another name for the Babylon- 
ian god Bel or Belus, and frequent compound of the kingly names 
of tue empire, Jer. I, 2. 

ME-RO DACH-BAL'A-DAN (bitter contrition without judgment)^. 
Kmg of Babylon in time oi Hezekiah, b. c. 721-709; 2 Kings 
XX, 12 ; Is. xxxix, i. He sent an embassy to Hezekiah to inquire 
after an astronomical marvel, but really to effect an alliance with 
Judea against Assyria, 

ME'ROM (eminences)," The waters of Merom," Josh, xi, 5-7, are 
identified with Lake Merom on the Jordan above the sea of Gall*- 
lee ; now (with valley), Huleh; The lake is clear, shallow, and 
covered with plants. ^ -'^ 

ME-RON'O-TrllTE (singing, rejoicing). Would be a native of Me- 
ronoth if such place were known. The keeper of David's royal 
asses, and an architect at rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem are 
. designated as Meronotliites, i Chron, xxvii, 30; Neh. iii,. 7. 

ME'ROZ (secret, leanness), An unknown place in Galilee cursed in 
song of Deborah and -Barak, Judg. v, 23. 

ME'RUTH, I Esdr. v, 24. [Immer.] 

ME SECH, ME'SHECH (who is drawn by force), Son of Japheth 
and progenitor of a rude mountain race on confines of Colchis 
and Armenia, Gen. x, 2; Ex. xxxviii, 2; Ezek. xxvii, 13. 

ME'SHA (burden, salvation), i. A limit ofthe Joktanitesin south- 
western Arabia; associated with Mensa near Suez, Gen. x, 30. 
2. King of JNIoab and tributary to Ahab, king of Israel, 2 Kings 
iii, 4. He successfully defended himself against the combined at*- 
tack of Jehorara and Jehoshaphat. 3. Eldest son of Caleb son of 
Hezron, i Chron. ii, 42. 4. A Benjamite, i Chron. viii, 9. 

ME'SHACH (who draws by force), Chaldean name of Mishael, the 
companion of Daniel, who was thrown into the furnace by Nebu- 
chadnezzar for refusing to worship his gods, Dan. iii. 



MIB 163 

ME-SHEL'E-MFAH (peace of God), A Korhite who with his 
seven sons were gatekeepers of the temple in time of David, i 
Chron. ix, 21. 

ME-SHEZ'A-BE'EL (God taking away). Returned Jews and as- 
sistants of Nehemiah, Neh. iii, 4; x, 21 ; xi, 24, 

ME-SHIL'LE-MITH (^peaceable, perfect), A priestly functionary 
in time of Nehemiah, Neh. xi, 13 ; i Chron, ix, 12. 

ME-SHIL'LE-MOTH (as above), A chief of Ephraim in dme of 
King Pekah, 2 Chron. xxviii, 12. , 

ME-SHUL'LAM (peaceable, perfect), A frequent name among the 
Hebrews, mentioned in 2 Kings xxii, 3 ; i Chron. iii, 19 ; v, 13 ; 
viii, 17; ix, 7, 8, 11, 12; Ezra viii, 16, and in several places 
in Nehemiah. 

ME-SHUL'LE-METH (peaceable). Wife of Manasseh, king of Ju- 
dah, and mother of Amon, 2 Kings xxi, 19. 

MES'O-BA'ITE (the Lord's standing place), Jasiel in i Chron. xi, 
47, is thus described, but the place is unkown, unless it be Zoba. 

MES'O-PO-TA'MI-A (between two rivers). The country between 
the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Though not a definite empire, 
hut belonging at times to Babylonia, Media, and Persia, it is as- 
sociated with the earliest historic places of the Bible; with Aram, 
Padan-Aram, the garden of Eden, Ararat, and the patriarchal 
forefathers of Abraham, Gen. xxiv, lo^ Deut. xxiii, 4; Judg. iii, 
8-10. ' ■ ' 

MES-SI'AH (anointed). Applied to high-priest in Lev. iv, 3, 5, 16, 
but in general the Hebrew equivalent of Christ, by way of excel- 
lence. The Greek word KristoSy " anointed," supersedes -in the 
New Testament, except in John i, 4x ; iv, 25. 

MES-SI'AS, Greek form of Messiah, John i, 41 ; iv, 25. 

MET'ALS (which are dug from a mine). Allusions to metals of va- 
rious kinds frequent in Bible. Earliest nations acquainted with 
their use, Gen. ii, 11, 12 ; iv, 22 ; Num. xxxi, 22 ; Ex. xv, 10. 
Gold, silver, tin, lead, copper, and iron, were used in industries, 
arts, and for money. 

ME-TE'RUS, His sons returned with Zerubbabel, i Esdr. v, 17. 

ME'THEG-AM^]MAH (bridle of bondage, mother city), A place 
captured from the Philistines by David. Probably the " mother 
city," Gath,is meant, 2 Sam. viii, i ; i Chron. xviii, i. 

ME-THU'SA-EL (who demands his death). Father of Lamech and 
fourth in descent from Cain, Gen. iv, 18. 

ME-THU'SE-LAH (he has sent his death), Son of Enoch, sixth 
from Seth and father of Lamech the father of Noah. He lived 
969 years and was the oldest of the ante-diluvian patriarchs. Gen. 

ME-U'NIM, Neh. vii, 52. [Mehunim.] 

MEZ'A-HAB Tgilded), Grandfather of Mahetabel, wife of Hadar, 

last king of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 39 ; i Chron. i, 50. 
MI'A-MIM (right hand). Two of this name returned with Zeruhba.- 

bel, Ezra x, 25; Neh. xii, 5. 
MIB'HAR (chosen, youth). One of David's heroes, i Chron. xi, 

38. 
MIB'SAM (smelling sweet), i. A son of Ishmael, Gen. xxv, 13. 

2. A son of Simeon,! Chron, iv, 25. 

11 



i64 MIG 

MIB'ZAR (defending), A phylarch or duke of Edom after death of 
Hadar, i Chron. i, 53 ; Gen. xxxvi, 43. 

MI'CAH (Who is like God ? ). 1, The erratic Ephraimite whose 
story is told in Judg. xvii, xviii. He was an enthusiast of the 
Samson order. 2. The sixth in order of minor prophets. A 
Morasthite; cotemporary with Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, 
B. c. 756-697; prophecies relate to Israel and Judah ; style ele- 
vated and vehement. 3. Others of same name in i Chron. v, 2 ; 
viii, 34; xxiii, 20; 2 Chron. xxxiv, 20. 

MI-CA'IAH (ya) (Who is like God?), i. A prophet of Samaria 
consulted by Ahab, who in face of the four hundred, and in spite 
of bribes, foretold Ahab's defeat, i Kings xxii, 8-38. 2. A prince 
of Judah who nobly seconded the reforms of Jehoshaphat, 2 
Kings xvii, 7-9. 

Ml'CHA (as above), Persons so-named are mentioned in 2 Sam. 
ix, 12 ; Neh. x, it ; xi, 17; Jud. vi, 15. 

MI'CHA-EL (who is perfect), Type of angelic strength and per- 
fection. The archangel who was guardian of Israel and leader 
of the hosts of heaven against the armies of Satan, Dan. x, 13, 
21 : xii, i ; Rev. xii, 7. 

MrCHAli, I Chron. xxiv, 24, 25. Son of Uzziel, written Micah 
in I Chron. xxiii, 20. 

MI-CAI'I AH (ya), Full farm of Micah. 

MI'CHAL (Who is perfect?). Younger of Saul's two daughters. 
She married David and saved him from assassination, 1 Sam. xiv, 
49 ; xviii, 20-20 ; xxv, 44. 

MI-CHE'AS, 2 Esdr. i, 39. [Micah.] 

MICH'MAS, Ezra ii, 27. [Michmash.] 

MICH'MASH (who strikes), A ♦jwn of Benjamin, about seveii 
miles north of Jerusalem. Noted in wars with Philistia, i Sam. 
xiii, xiv. 

MICH'ME-THAH (death of a striker), A place on boundaries of 
Ephraim and Manasseh, facing Shechem, Jo.sh. xvii, 7. 

MIC^H'RI, Head of a Benjamite family, i Chron. ix, 8. 

MICH'TAM (golden psalm), A term applied to Ps. xvi, Ivi-lx, pro- 
bably to denote their musical character. 

MID'DIN (judgment, striving), A wilderness city of Judah. Site 
unknown. Josh, xv, 61. 

MID'I-AN (judgment, covering), Son of Abraham and Keturah, 
Gen. xxv, 2; I Chron, i, 32, and progenitor of the Midianites or 
Arabians dwelling beyond the Arabian Gulf or Elanitic arm of 
the Red Sea, though some make it the peninsula of Sinai, They 
were nomads, though rich in flocks, Ex. iii, i ; Num. xxii, 1-4; 
Judg. vii, 13. 

MIG'DAL-EL (tower of God), A town of Naphtali ; not identified. 
Josh, xix, 38. 

MIG'DAL-GAD (encompassed tower), A place in Judah, near As- 
calon, where probably the ancient deity Gad was worshipped. 
Josh. XV, 37. 

MIG'DOL (tower), i. A town or shepherd's watchtower on the 
frontier of Egypt, spoken of in connection with the exodus, Ex. 
XIV, 2; Num. xxxiii, 7. 2. Probably same as above, mentioned 
in Jer. xliv, i ; Ezek. xxix, 10. 



MIN 165 

MIG'RON (fear, farm, throat), A town or spot near Gibea, i Sam. 
xiv, 2 :_Tsa. x, 28. 

MIJ'A-MIN (right hand), i. Chief of 24th course of priests under 
David, I Chron. xxiv, 9. 2. Probably descendants of the former 
who signed the covenant with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 7. 

MIK'LQTH (little voices), i. Son of Jehiel, prince ofGibeon, i 
Chroh, viii, 32. 2. Leader of second division of David's army, i 
Chron. xxvii, 4. 

MIK-NE'IAH (ya) (possession ofGod), A temple musician in time 
of David, i Chron. xv, 18-21. 

MIL'A-LA'I (circumcision, talk), A Levite who assisted at dedica- 
tion of the walls of Jerusalem, Neh. xii, 36. 

MILi'CAH (queen), i. Daughter of Haran and wife of Nahor, 
Abraham's brother. Gen. xi, 29; xxiv, 15-47. 2. Daughter of 
Zelophehad, Num. xxvi, 32. 

MIL'COM (their king). The Molech and Malcham of Ammon, and 
probably a varia.tion of Malcham. [Molech.] 

MILE (thousand paces), In Matt, v, 41, the Roman niile is meant 
which was one thousand paces, or 1618 yards, ours being 1760 
yards. 

MI-LE'TUS, MI-LE'TUM (red, scarlet), A city of Ionia, formerly 
on the coast, but now back from the sea. Paul there met the 
presbyters of Ephesus, Acts xx, 15-38, and visited it a second 
time, 2 Tim. iv, 20. See Ills. No. 38. 

MILK, A substantial food in the East. Symbolizes fertility and 
wholesome truth. Gen. xlix, 12 ; Heb. v, 12. 

MILL (making soft). The mill of the Hebrews — and still among 
Eastern peoples— consisted of an upper and nether stone about 
eighteen inches in diameter, the lower one fixed, the upper one 
turned by hand. Grinding was chiefly done by the women, seated 
on the ground, Isa. xlvii, 1, 2; Matt, xxiv, 41. The mill-stone 
could not be pawned, Deut. xxiv, 6, See Ills. No. 211. 

MIL'LET, A plant of which our broom corn is a prominent species. 
The same may be meant in Ezek. iv, 9. 

MIL'LO (fulness), i. A rampart in the city of Jerusalem. It was 
probably the key to the situation, 2 Sam. v, 9 ; i Kings ix, 15 ; 2 
Chron. xxxii, 5. 2. A family or elan of Shechem, Judg. ix, 6-20. 
3. The spot or house where Joash was murdered, probably same 
as I. 

MI-NI'A-MIM (right hand), Levites nientioned in 2 Chron. xxxi, 
15 ; Neh. xii, 17, 41. 

MIN'NI (reckoned), A portion of Armenia, mentioned in connec- 
tion with Ararat, Jer. li, 27. 

MIN'IS-TER (attendant), In sense of attendant and, assistant in 
Matt. XX, 28 ; i Kings xix, 21 ; Ex. xxiv, 13, and throughout the 
Bible. 

MIN'NITH (reckoned, prepared), A spot near Heshbon in Reu- 
ben, to which Jephthah pursued the Ammonites, Judg. xi, 33. 

MIN'STREL (minister, harpist). Harpers of the courts and armies 
as well as strolling players, were called minstrels, i Sam. x, 5-11. 
But the minstrels of Matt, ix, 23, were flute players employed as 
professional mourners, 2 Chron. xxxv, 25; Jer. ix, 17-20. . 

MINT, The miflt of Matt, xxiii, 23, is no doubt one 01 the familiat 



i66 MIT 

garden species. The Pharisees paid tithe with it in literal obser- 
vation of the law. 

.MIPH'KAI>, A gate in the rebuilt walls of Jerusalem, Neh. iii, 31, 

MIR'A-CLE (something wonderful), A wonder or mighty work ac- 
complished in contravention of natural law and in such a way as 
to evince the special interposition of God. They were used to 
show God's power and personal superintendence, to establish the 
divinity of Christ and to confute the impious and overweening. 
They ceased with the new revelation, which, as an agency for 
conviction, supersedes all miraculous performances. Over seventy 
miracles are recorded in the Old Testament, and nearly as many 
in the New Testament. As samples. See Num. xxii, 28 ; i Kings 
xvii, 6; Matt, ix, 18; xiv, 25, 

MIR'I-AM (rebellion), i. Sister of Moses and Aaron. As a pro- 
phetess as beautiful as in prophecy, Ex. ii, 4; xv, 20. Tempor- 
arily stricken with leprosy for murmuring against Moses' marri- 
age, Num. xii, I, 2^ Died near close of wanderings at Kadesh, 
Num. XX, I. 2. A person (gender unknown) mentioned i Chron. 
iv, 17. 

MIR'MA, A Benjamite chief born in Moab, i Chron. viii, 10. 

MIS'A-EL. I. I Esdr. ix, 44. [Mishael.] 2. Meshach in Song 
of Three Children. 

MIS'GAB (high fort). An unknown place in Moab, Jer. xlviii, i. 

MISH'A-EL (who is asked for), Son of Uzziel and uncle of Moses, 
Ex. vi, 22 ; Lev. x, 4, 5. 2. An assistant of Ezra, Neh. viii, 4. 
3. One of Daniel's three companions in captivity, [Meshach,] 
Dan. i, 6-19 ; ii, 17. 

MISH'AL, MISH'E-AL (parables, lent, pit), A Levitical town of 
Asher, Josh, xix, 26; xxi, 30. 

MrSHAM (their saviour, taking away), 1 Chron. viii, 12. 

MISH'MA (hearing, obeying), i. A son of Ishmael, Geni. xxv, 
14. 2. A son of Simeon, 1 Chron. iv, 25. 

MISH'MAN'NAH (fatness), A lion-faced Gadite who joined David 
at Ziklag, i Chron. xii, 10. 

MISH'RA-ITES (spread abroad), Fourth of the colonies that went 
out from Kirjath-jearim, 1 Chron. ii, 53. 

MIS'PE-RETH (numbering), A returned Jew, Neh. vii, 7. 

MIS'RE-POTH-MA'IM (hot waters), A place in northern Pales- 
tine, near Sidon ; probably Zarephath, Josh, xiii, 6. 

MITE (minute), A coin current in Palestine; the smallest known 
to the Hebrews. It was equal to about two mills of our currency, 
Mark xii, 41-44 ; Luke xxi, 1-4. See Ills. No. 474, 475. 

MITH'CAH (sweetness), A desert encampment of the Israelites, 
Num. xxxiii, 28. 

MITH'NITE (loin, gift, hope), A designation of Joshaphat one of 
David's guard, i Chron. xi, 43. 

MITH'RE-DATH (breaking the law), i. Treasurer of Cyrus of 
Persia, ordered to restore the treasures of the Temple to Zerub- 
babel, Ezra i, 8. 2. Governor of Samaria under Artaxerxes or 
Smerdis, Ezra iv, 7. 

MITH'RI-DA'TES, Apocryphal form of Mithredath, i Esdr. ii, 
II. See Ills. No. 474. 

MI'TRE (head-band). The sacred turban or boanet of the high- 



MOL 167 

priest. It was linen, wound many times about the head, and hav- 
ing a plate of gold in front inscribed with *' Holiness unto the 
Lord," Ex. xxviii, 4, 36, See Ills. No. 336. 

MIT'Y-LE'NE (purity, press). Chief town on the island of Lesbos. 
The island is now called Mitelino, after the town. Paul touched 
there on his way from Greece to Jerusalem, Acts xx, 14, 15. 

MIXED MULTITUDE, Those not of pure Israelite blood who 
left Egypt at the time of the Exode, Ex. xii, 38. So on the return 
from captivity in Babylon, Neh. xiii, 3. 

MFZAR (little), A hril from which, in imagination perhaps, the 
author of Ps. xlii uttered his appeal (ver. 6). 

MIZ'PAH, MIZ'PEH (watch tower), i. The heap piled up by 
Jacob and Laban in the mountains of Gilead. Jacob called it 
Galeed, and Laban, Jegar-sahadutha, so that Mizpah must have 
been the original name of the spot. Gen. xxxi, 48. 2. Mizpeh 
Moab, associated with Kir-Moab and Pisgah, i Sam. xxii, 3. 3. 
Land of Mizpeh, dwelling place of Hivites ; unknown. Josh, xi, 3. 
4. Valley of Mizpeh, with former, associated with Coele-Syria, 
Josh, xi, 8. 5. An unidentified city of Judah, Josh, xv, 38. 6. 
A town of Benjamin near Ramati, Josh, xviii, 26 ; Judg. xx, i ; i 
Kings XV, 22. 

MIZ'PAR, Ezra ii, 2. [Mispereth.] 

MIZ'RA-IM (tribulation), Hebrew name of Egypt. Applied on 
the supposition that the descendants of Mizraim, son of Ham, 
settled or occupied the country. But without disputing the ethnic 
fact, the name would better signify " black," after the Arabic 
iJ/zzr and Egyptian ICem,hoth of which, as applied to the country, 
indicate the color of the soil which is dark colored. Gen. x, 6. 

MIZ'ZAH (catarrh). Grandson of Esau, Gen. xxxvi, 13. 

MNA'SON (exhorter, seeker), A Cyprian by birth, converted to 
Christianity, and residing afterwards at Jerusalem, Acts xxi, 16. 

MO'AB (of his father). Son of Lot's eldest daughter. Zoar was the 
cradle of both Moabites andAmmonites. The Moabites gradually 
gained possession of the country east of the Dead Sea, as far 
north as Gilead, driving out the Enim or giants, but were eventu- 
ally restrained to the south of the Arnon by the Amorites, Num. 
xxi, 26-30 : Deut. ii, 10, 11. Moab refused to let Israel cross the 
Jordan, after the wanderings, within her territory. Num. xxii, 
xxiv. They were idolatrous worshippers of Chemosh and Baal- 
peor, and were at times tributary to the Israelites. Read Isa. xv, 
xvi ; Jer. xlviii. 

MO'A-DI'AH, Neh. xii, 17. [Maadiah.] 

MOCH'MUR, A torrent or brook mentioned in Jud. vii, 18.. 

MO'DIN, Native and burial place of the Maccabean family, near 
Lydda, 1 Mace, xiii, 25. 

MO'ETH, I Esdr. viii, 63. [Noadiah.] 

MOL'A-DAH (birth, generation), A city of Judah, near to Edom, 
Josh. XV, 26. 

MOLE (mold turner), A lizard, chameleon, or as some would have 
it, a swan, is meant in Lev. xi, 18. 

MO'LECH (king), The Hebrew is Molech ; usual English spelling 
Moloch. The tutelary deity (fire-god) of the Ammonites, as 
Chemosh was of the Moabites. In 2 Sam. xii, 30 ; Zeph. i, 5, 



i68 MOS 

the title is Malcham, who was an Ammonite king. In i Kings 
xi, 5, it is Milcom, ** their king," the root being the same in all 
cases. He was worshipped with the horrid rites of human sacri- 
fices, purifications and ordeals by fire, devoting of the first born, 
and vows of perpetual celibacy and virginity. His worship was 
introduced among the Israelites during the wanderings, and after 
their settlement in Palestine, 2 Kings j^xjij, : no; Ezek. xx, 26; 
Actsvii,43. [TOPHET, HiNNOM.] '7. .,;. ^.j';! 

MO'LI, I Esdr. viii, 47. [Mahli.I ' ' ' 

MO'LID (nativity, generation), Son of Abishur and Abihail, i 
Chron. ii, 29. 

MOLOCH. [MoLECH.] 

MOM'DIS, I Esdr. ix, 34. [Maadai.] 

MON'EY (^advising, warning). Ancients used coined and uncoined 
money. The latter passed by weight and was the primitive cur- 
rency. No mention of coined money in the Old Testament until 
after the return from captivity. Gen. xxili, 16; Matt, xxii, 16-2;?. 

MONTH (moon). The Hebrew month was a lunar month, reckoned 
from new moon to new moon. This rendered an inter alary 
month necessary about every three years. The names of their 
months are thought to be of Persian origin. Coincidence between 
their time and ours is a subject of nice calculation. 

MOON (measurer), Conjointly with Sun used largely in the Scrip- 
tures to measure times and seasons, Gen. i, 14-16, and in figures. 
Its worship was practised by most Eastern nations ; in Egypt un- 
der the name of Isis, in Syria as Karnaim, in Greece as Diana, 
etc., Deut. iv, 19; 2 Kings xxi, 3; Isa. Ixv, 11. 

MO'RAS-THITE, Native of Moresheth, Jer. xxvi, 18; Mic. i, i. 

MOR'DE-CAI (contrition). The deliverer of the captive Jews in 
Shushan, from the plot of Haman, minister of King Ahasuerus 
(Xerxes). He was uncle and guardian of the beautiful Esther and 
a Benjamite by birth. His period is about b. c. 479. History in 
book of Esther. 

MO'REH (stretching), i. The oak or plain of Moreh is the first 
recorded halting place of Abram after entering Canaan. The spot 
is identified with Shechem, Gen. xii, 6; Deut. xi, 30. 2. The hill 
of Moreh, Judg. vii, i, has been located by conjecture in the val- 
ley of Jezreel, near Gilboa. 

MOR'ESH-ETH-GATH, An unknown town of Judah, mentioned 
by Micah only, and doubtless his birth-place, Rlic. i, 14. 

MO-RI'AH (bitterness of God), i. Probably Moreh, and if so, 
referable to Shechem. It was Jehovah-jireh, " God provides," 
after a sacrifice had been provided Abraham in place of his son 
Isaac, Gen. xxii, 2, etc. 2. Mount Moriah was the spot on which 
Solomon built the Temple^in Jerusalem. It was the eminence for- 
merly occupied as a threshing floor by Araunah the Jebusite, and 
on which God had appeared to David, 2 Chron. iii, 1 ; 2 Sam. 
xxiv. 

MOR'TAR, A hollow vessel of stone used for breaking corn. Its 
use probably preceded *hat of the Egyptian and Hebrew hand mill. 
Num. xi, 8; Prov. xxvii, 22. 

MO-SE'REH, Deut. x, 6. [Moseroth.] 

MO'SES (drawn out). So-named because he was " drawn out" of 



MUS 169 

the water by the Egyptian princess. The great leader, law-giver, 
poet, and historian of the Hebrews, Born in Egypt, of Amram 
and Jochebed, Levites, about b. c. i57i- Adopted by Pharaoh's 
daughter, liberally educated, fled to Midian. Called thence to 
lead in Exode, led in it, promulgated the law, chose the elders, 
handed over his commission to Joshua^ and expired in Moab in 
sight of the promised land, aged 120 years. He was the author 
of the five books of the Pentateuch and probably Job. His wri- 
tings contain his history. 

MO-SOL'LAM, MO-SOL'LA-MON, i Esdr. viii, 44; ix, 14. 
[Meshullam.] 

MOTH, Reterence to the common clothes-moth is frequent, Job iv, 
19; xiii, 28 ; Ps. xxxix, 11; Matt, vi, 19, 20. In Job xxvii, 18, 
some leaf-building species is alluded to. 

MOTH'ER, Held in profound respect by Hebrews. Often used 
indiscriminately for grandmother or remote ancestor, 1 Kings 
XV, 10; Gen. iii, 20. 

MOURN'ING, Hebrew mourning very demonstrative; period, 
seven days ; methods, weeping, tearing of clothes, smiting of 
breast, throwing dust on head, walking barefooted, pulling and 
cutting hair and beard, cutting breasts, wearing sackcloth, etc.. 
Gen. xxxvii, 29-34; 2 Sam. xiii, 19 ; Lev. x, 6. 

MOUSE (pilferer). Used generically and includes all species of mice. 
Lev. xvi, 29 ; i Sam. vi, 4 ; Isa. Ixvi, 17. 

MOWING, The "king's mowings" in Amos vii, 1, is supposed 
to refer to some royal right of pasturage. 

MO'ZA (unleavened), i. Son of Caleb, i Chron. ii, 46. 2. A de- 
scendant of Saul, I Chron. viii, 36. 

MO'ZAH (spring head), A city of Benjamin, supposed to have been 
about four miles west of Jerusalem on the Jaffa road. Josh, xviii, 
26. 

MUL'BER-RY (dark-colored berry). The word rendered mulberry 
in 2 Sam. v, 23, 24; i Chron. xiv, 14, is variously interpreted. 
Some make it the " pear tree," some the " poplar," and others 
have different fancies. See Ills. No. 383. 

MULE, Mules were clearly an importation into Palestine as they 
are not spoken of till the time of David, when horses were being 
largely introduced from Arabia and Eg>'pt. Mention of them 
ceases with the Old Testament, 1 Kings i, 33, 34. In Gen. xxxvi, 
24, the word rendered mules is now conceded to mean " warm 
springs." See Ills. No. 422. 

MUPTIM (out of the mouth), A Benjamite descendant of Jacob 
and Rachel, Gen. xlvi, 21. Shupham in Num. xxvi, 39. 

MUR'DER, Punished with death, Ex. xxi, 12-14; Num. xxxv, 
Q-14 ; Deut. xix, 1-13. City of refuge provided foT unintentional 
nomicide. 

MU'SHI (who touches, or takes away), A son of Mcrari, Ex. vi, 
19. 

MU'SIC (muse). Invented by Jubal, Gen. iv. First mention after 
deluge, Gen." xxxi, 27, from which it would seem to have been 
preserved through Syriac channels. Greatest perfection of He- 
brew music in temple choir of David, where it was both vocal and 
instrumental. Favorite instruments, the harp, timbrel, psalter, 
trumpet, flute, syrinx or Pandean reeds ; but there is no class 



I70 NAB 

of Hebrew words so uncertain as those referring to their musical 

instruments. See Ills. No. 288. 
MUS'TARD (must). Grows to a larger size in the East than with 

us, hence Matt, xiii, 31; xvii, 20; Mark iv, 31,- Luke xiii, 9. 

5^^ Ills. No. 380. '. ■ . ' I' "'"' 

MUTH-LAB'BEN (on the death df the sdn), Title of Ps. he. -But 

aU is conjecture respecting it. 
MYN'DUS, A town of Caria, between Miletus aiid Halicarnassus, 

I Mace. XV, 23. , , 

MY'RA (flow, weep), A town of Lycia, where Paul changed slii^ 

on his way to Rome, Acts xxvii, 5. 
MYRRH (bitter), A gum yielded by a low, thorny, hard-wooded 

tree growing in Arabia. It was used as designated in Ex. xxx, 

23; Ps. xlv, 8; Prov. vii, 17; Mark xv, 23; John xix, 3^.. 
MYR'TLE, An evergreen tree, growing wild in- Asia, Afnca, and 

Southern Europe. Its leaves and branches were used in orna- 
mentation, and its berries for spice and as a tonic medicine, Neh. 

viii, 15; Isa. xli, 19 ; Zech. i, 8. 
MY'SI A (criminal). The northwestern district of Asia Minor. Paul 

preached there on his way to Europe, Acts xvi, 7, 8. 



N, 



NA'AM (fair, pleasant), A son of Caleb, son of Jephunneh, i ChroH. 
iv, 15. 

NA'A-MAH (beautiful, agreeable). 1. Daughter of Lamech, and 
sister of Tubal-Cain, Gen. iv, 22, 2. An Ammonite, who became 
wife of Solomon, and mother of Rehoboam, i Kings xiv, 21 ; 2 
Chron. xii, 13. 3. An unknown town in lowlands of Judah, Josh. 
XV, 41. 

NA'A-MAN (beautiful, agreeable), i . A distinguished Syrian officer 
of Benhadad's army, who was cured of leprosy by following the 
orders of Elisha, 2 Kings v. 2. A son of Bela, of the family of 
Benjamin, Gen. xlvi, 21, and founder of Naamites. 

NA'A-MA-THITE, Designation of Zophar, one of Job's frieiids, 
but the place is unknown. Job ii, it. 

NA'A-RAH (young person), * Second wife of Ashur, 1 Chron. iv, 
5,6. 

NA'A-RAI (young person), Ah Arbite, and one of David's mighty 
men, i Chron. xi, 37. Paarai in 2 Sam. xxiii, 35, 

NA'A-RAN, I Chron. vii, 28, [Naarath.] 

NA'A-RATH (youth), A town or landmark on boundary -of 
Ephraim, north of Jericho, Josh, xvi, 7. 

NA-ASH'ON. [Nahshon.] - V'. 

NA-AS'SON, Greek form of Nahshon, Matt, i, 4; Luke iii, 32.; 

NA'A-THUS, A member of the family of Addi, i Esdr. ix, 31. 

NA'BAL (fool, senseless). The land and flock owner of Carmel, 
who received protection at the hand of the wandering David and 
his company of outlaws, and afterwards refitsed him food for his 
troop. David determined to kill him, but relented on the petition 



NAH 171 



of Abigail. When Nabal learned of his narrow escape he was ' 
stricken with paralysis, and died in ten days, i Sam. xxv. 
NAB'A-Ri<AS, Apparently a corruption of Zecharias, i Esdr. x, 

44- 

NA'BATH-ITES, i Mace, v, 25. [Nebatoth.] . ■ ^ 

NA'BOTH (prophecies), Owner of the vinej-ard outside of the 
walls of Jezreel, which Ahab wished to purchase. On his refusing 
to sell, the wicked Jezebel had him charged with treason and put 
to death, with his sons. Ahab then took his possessions, 2 Kings 
ix. 

NAB'U-CHO-DON'O-SOR, Apocryphal form of Nebuchad- 
nezzar. 

NA'CHON (ready, sure"). The threshing-floor of Nachon was the 
spot in the journey of the Ark from Kirjath-jearim, where Uzzah 
was punished with death for his thoughtless zeal, 2 Sam. vi, 6. 

NA'CHOR, Josh, xxiv, 2 ; Luke iii, 34. [Nahor.] 

NA'DAB (prince, free gift), i. Eldest son of Aaron, Ex. vi, 23. 
With seventy old men he stood by Sinai when Moses disappeared 
in the mountain, Ex. xxiv, i. Struck dead before the sanctuary 
for kindling the incense with strange fire. Lev. x, 1. 2. Son and 
successor of King Jeroboam, b. c. 954-953. Slain by Baasha, his 
successor, i Kings xv, 25-31, 3. Son of Shammai, of Judah, i 
Chron. ii, 28. 4. Son of Gibeon, of Benjamin, 1 Chron. viii, 30. 

NA-DAB'A-THA, An unknown place east of Jordan, connected 
with the incident in i Mace, ix, 37. 

NAG'GE (clearness). An ancestor of Christ, Luke iii, 7. 

NA'HA-LAL (praised, bright), A Levitical city of Zebulun, ideti- 
tified with the modern Mahlul, in plain of Esdraelon, four miles 
west of Nazareth, Josh, xxi, 35. 

NA-HA'LI-EL (vr.lley of God), A halting place of the Israelites in 
Ammon, north of the Amon, Num. xxi, 19. 

NA-HAL'LAL, Josh, xix, 15. [Nahalal.] 

NA'HA-LOL, Judg. i, 30. [Nahalal.] 

NA'HAM (comforter), A brother-in-law of Ezra, i Chron. iv, 19. 

NA-HAM'A-NI (comforter, leader), A chief of the company which 
returned with Zerubbabel, Neh. vii, 7. 

NA-HAR'A-I (nostrils, anger). The armor-bearer of Joab,i Chron. 

xi, 39- , 

NA'HA-RI, 2 Sam. xxiii, 37. [Naharai.] 

NA'HASH (serpent), i. A king of the Ammonites, who befriended 
David, 2 Sam. x, 2, but who fell under the displeasure of Saul, i 
Sam. xi, i-ii. 2. A possible name of Jesse, father of David, 
though some would have him same as above, 2 Sam. xvii, 25. 
Compare i Chron. ii, 16. 

NA'HATH (rest, leader), i, A duke or phylarch of Edom, Gen. 
xxxvi, 13, 17. 2. A Levite, son of Zophai, i Chron. vi, 26. 3. 
Another Levite, 2 Chron. xxxij 13. 

NAH'BI (secret), A Naphtalite, and one of twelve spies. Num. 
xiii, 14. 

NA'HOR (hoarse, dry, hot), i. Grandfather of Abraham, Gen. xi, 
22-25. 2. Brother of Abraham and Haran, Gen. xi, 26, and hus- 
band of Milcah. 

NAH'SHON (who foretells), Son of Amminadab, and prince of Ju- 



172 NAT 

dah at census of Sinai. His sister, Elisheba, was wife of Aaron, 
Ex. vi, 23; Num. i, 7; xxvi, 64. 

NA'HUM (comforter). Seventh of minor prophets. The Elkosh, 
of which he was a native, is referred to both Galilee and Assy- 
ria. But it is only clear that he wrote before the fall of Nineveh, 
whose destruction is the burden of his prophecy. Hezekiah's 
reign, b. c. 726-698, is fixed upon as the probable period in whicTi 
he flourished. His book is noted for its vigor and beauty. 

NA'I-DUS, 1 Esdr. ix, 31. [Benaiah. | 

Nail (hold, claw). The nails of the Tabernacle, and frequently in 
Old Testament, were tent pegs, either of wood or metal, Gen. 
xxvii, 19 ; Judg. fv, 21, 22. 

NATN (beauty, dwelling). Now Nein, is a small village of Galilee, 
near Mt. Tabor. Near its gate Christ raised from death the 
widow's son, Luke vii, 12. 

NA'IOTH (yoth) (beauties, dwellings), The abode of Samuel and 
his school of prophets, to which he and David fled from the ven- 
geance of Saul. It was probably in neighborhood of Ramah, i 
Sam. xix, 18-23; xx, i. 

NA-NE'A, A Persian goddess, corresponding to Greek Artemis. 
Her temple, at Elymais, was plundered by Antiochus Epiphanes, 
I Mace, vi, 1-4. 

NA-O'Ml (pleasant, beautiful). Wife of Elimelech, and mother-in- 
law of Ruth, Ruth i, 2, etc. 

NA'PHISH (soul, who rests). Last but one of the sons of Ishmael, 
Gen, XXV, 15 ; i Chron. i, 31. 

NAFH'LSI, 1 Esdr. v, 31. [Nephusim.] 

NAPH'TA-LI (who struggles). Fifth son of Jacob and his tribe. 
Gen. XXX, 8. At census of Sinai his tribe numbered 53,400 fight- 
ing men. This number was reduced to 45,400 at Jordan, Num. i, 
43 ; xxvi, 48. During wanderings, his position was north of Ta- 
beft-nacle, with Dan and Asher. His allotment was to the north 
in Galilee, and immediately south of the Lebanon ranges. Barak 
is one of the heroes whom Naphtali produced. The tribe was 
carried captive in reign of Pekah, of Israel, by Tiglath-Pileser, 
about B, c. 730. The Mount of Naphtali, Josh, xx, 7, means the 
mountains of Naphtali. 

NAPH'THAR (naphtha). The substance found in the pit of the 
temple in which the sacred fire of the altar had been hidden, after 
the return from captivity. This mention is remarkable, as being 
the first made of the material known as petroleum, 2 Mace, i, 36. 

NAPH'TU-HIM (bowmen), A Mizraite tribe, settled probably in 
or near Egypt, Gen. x, 13. In Coptic the city of Marea corres- 
ponds to the name. 

NAR-CIS'SUS (narcotic, stupefying), A friend of Paul at Rome, 
Rom. xvi, II. 

NARD. [Spikenard.] 

NAS'BAS, Nephew of Tobit, Tob. xi, 18. 

NA'SITH, I Esdr. v, 32. [Neziah.] 

NA'SOR, I Mace, xi, 67. [Hazor.] 

NA'THAN (given, rewarded), i. A celebrated prophet in time of 
David and Solomon, first appearing in consultation with David 
respecting the building of the temple, 2 Sam. vii, 2-17. He sig- 



NEB 173 

nally rebuked David for his sin with Bathsheba, 2 Sam. xii, 1-12, 
and appears to have been the tutor of Solomon, i Kings i, 8-45. 
He wrote the lives of both David and Solomon, whose loss litera- 
ture must ever regret. 2. A son of David by Bathsheba, i Chron. 
iii;5; Lukeiii,3i. 3. Son of a member of David's guard, 2 Sam. 
xxiii, 36. 4. An Israelite returned with Ezra, Ezra viii, 16, 

NA-THAN'A-EL (gift of God), i. A disciple of Jesus, bom in 
Gana, of Galilee. He was noted for his simple, truthful character. 
Identified by some with Bartholomew, John i, 47-51 ; xxi, 2. 2. 
I Esdr. i, 9 ; ix, 22, [Nethaneel.] 3. An ancestor of Judith, 
Jud. viii, I. 

NATH-A-NI'AS, i Esdr. ix, 34. [Nathan.] 

NA'THAN-ME'LECH (gift of the king), A eunuch in court of 
King Josiah, 2 Kings xxiii, 11. 

NA'UAI (comforter). Father of Amos in genealogy of Christ, Luke 
iii,25. 

NAVE (hub), I Kings vii, 33. 

NA'VE, Another form of Nun, father of Joshua, Ecclus. xlvi, i. 

NAZ'A-RENE, An inhabitant of Nazareth. Jesus was so-called 
because his parents abode at Nazareth. The Messiah was pro- 
mised under the name of a Netser, i. e., "sprout" or "shoot" 
of Jesse. Hence, when called Nazarene, there was reference to 
his royal descent as well as humble condition. The name is still 
used in Arabic to designate Christians, Acts xxiv, 5 ; Matt, xxi, 
II, etc. 

NAZ'A-RETH (separated, sanctified). First mentioned in Matt, ii, 
23. A town of Galilee among the hills north of plain of Esdraelon, 
and about midway between Jordan and the Mediterranean. It 
was the residence of Jesus, and called his city, Luke 1,26; iv, 16, 
29. Yet called En-Nazirah, a neat village of 3000 or 4000 inhab- 
itants, 5<?^ Ills. Nos. 2, 529. 

NAZ'A-RITE (one chosen or set apart). One bound by a vow to 
be set apart for a limited time, or for life, to the service of God. 
The regulations for Nazariteship are mentioned in Num. vi, 1-21, 
Sacrifices were made when the vow expired. Num. vi ; Amos ii, 
II, 12 ; Acts xxi, 20-26. Samson, Samuel, and John the Baptist 
were Nazarites for life. 

NE'AH (moving), A landmark on boundary of Zebulun, Josh.xix,i3. 

NE-AP'O-LIS (new city), The present Kavalla, a Turkish town 
on the coast of Roumelia, and probably, in Paul's time, the sea- 
port of Philippi. At any rate, Paul first landed there on his way 
to Europe, Acts xvi, 11 ; xx, i, 6. 

NE-A-RI'AH (child of God). 1. A son of Shemaiah, in royal line 
of Judah, I Chron. iii, 22. 2. A Simeonite captain, who drove 
out the Amalekites in days of Hezekiah, i Chron. iv, 42. 

NEB'A-I (budding, prophesying), A co-signer of the covenant with 
Nehemiah, Neh. x, 19. 

NE-BATOTH (yoth), NE-BA'JOTH (words, prophecy, buds). 
First son of Ishmael, Gen. xxv, 13, and father of an Arabic tribe, 
Isa. Ix, 7. Identified with the Nabatheans of profane historj'. 

NE-BAI/LAT (prophecy, budding). A town of Benjamin after 
captivity, Neh. xi, 34. 

NE'BAT (who beholds). An Ephrathite, and father of King Jero- 
boam, I Kings xi, 26; xii, 2-15. 



174 NEH 

' '■ '■ — '■ — '" ' " — ^-: — i-* 

NE'BO (who speaks or prophesies), i. The mountain from which 
Moses took his last look of the Promised Land, Deut. xxxii, 49 ; 
xxxiv, I. It was in Moab, facing Jericho, and the head of the 
range called Abarim, yet it has not been identified. 2. A city of 
Reuben, recaptured by the Moabites, Num. xxxii, 3, 38. 3. A 
returned family with Ezra, Ezra ii, 29. 4. A celebrated Chaldesan 
god, who presided over learning and letters, corresponding to 
Greek Hermes. His name appears in iV(?^«-chadnezzar, Nabo- 
polassar, iVa3«?-nassar, etc. See Ills. No. 124. 

NEB'U-CHAD-NEZ'ZAR (Nebo protects against misfortune). 
Son and successor of Nabopolassar on the throne of Babylon, 
B. c. 605-561. At the head of his father's armies he defeated 
Pharaoh-Necho, of Egypt, at Carchemish, Jer. xlvi, 2-12 ; con- 
quered Syria, Phcenicia, and Palestine, took Jerusalem, Dan. i, 
I, 2; returned to home to accept his father's crown; came back 
to punish King Jehoiakim, who had rebelled and joined Egypt; 
besieged Jerusalem a second time, took it, and put Jehoiakim to 
death ; placed his son, Jehoachinj on the throne, but returned 
after three months, captured the city the third time, and carried 
away its treasure and many inhabitants, including Mordecai ; 
placed Zedekiah in power, who foolishly leagued with Egypt, 
causing another attack upon the city and its total destruction, 
B. c. 588-586. The wealth, greatness, and prosperity of Nebu- 
chadnezzar are portrayed in Daniel. For his vanity he was pun- 
ished by a disease known as lycanthropj', imagining himself a 
beast. He died at a very great age, after a wonderful reign of 
forty-four years. 6V^ Ills. Nos. 115, 126. 

NEB'U-CHAD-REZ'ZAR, Jeremiah so writes the name of Nebu- 
chadnezzar. 

NEB'U-SHAS'BAN (favorable speech). An officer under Nebu- 
chadnezzar at time of capture of Jerusalem, Jer. xxxix, 13 ; 
Dan. i, 3.. 

NEB'U-ZAR-A'DAN (fruits of prophecy), Captain of Nebuchad- 
nezzar's guard. He directed the siege of Tyre, and seems to have 
had the disposition of all the king's conquered territories, 2 Kings 
XXV, 18-20 .• Jer. Hi, 30. 

NE'CHO (lame, beaten), 2 Chron. xxxv, 20. [Pharaoh Necho.] 

NE-CO'DAN, I Esdr. v, 37. [NnkoDA.] 

NED'A-BI'AH (prince of God), A S(.%» ot Jeconiah or Jehoiachin, 
ofjudah, I Chron. iii, 18. 

NEGT-NAH, NEG'I-NATH, Ps. Ixi, Singular of Neginoth; 
which see. 

NEG'I-NOTH (stringed instruments), General name, including all 
stringed musical instruments, used as title of Ps. iv, vi, liv, Iv, 
Ixvii, Ixxvi, and indicating that the same are dedicated to the 
leader of that portion of the choir in which these instruments 
were used. 

NE-HEL'A-MITE (dreamer), Designation of the false prophet 
Shemaiah, but whether it refers to his birth-place or family is not 
known, Jer. xxix, 24-32. 

NE'HE-MI'AH (consolation, repentance). 1. Son of Hachaliah, 
and probably of tribe ofjudah. History opens among the captive 
Jews at Shushan, where he is cup-bearer of Artaxerxes. He 



NER 175 



received an appointment as governor of Judea, came up to Jerusa- 
lem, rebuilt the walls, and strengthened the city ; was recalled on 
account of the deceitful letters of Sanballat, but was re-commis- 
sioned governor, came back and began his work of reconstruction, 
not only in architecture, but in morals, politics, and the social 
state. In the thirty-second year of Artaxerxes he disappears 
from history. The history of his active life is contained in his 
book, the last in point of time of the histories of the Old Testa- 
ment, covering the period between b. c. 445 and 433. 2, A leader 
of the first expedition from Babylon to Jerusalem under Zerubba- 
bel, Ezra ii, 2; Neh. vii, 7. 3. An assistant at rebuilding the 
walls of Jerusalem, Neh. iii, 16. 

NE'HE-MI'AS, I Esdr. v, 8, 40. [Nehemiah.] 

NE'HI-LOTH (wind instruments). General name for hollow or 
wind instruments, as pipes and flutes. Ps. v is dedicated to the 
superintendent of that branch of the temple choir which used these 
instruments. 

NE'HUM (comforter), A Jew, returned with Zerubbabel, Neh. 
vii, 7. " 

NE-HUSH'TA (made of brass). Daughter of Elnathan, wife of 
King Jehoiakim, and mother of Jehoiachin, 2 Kings xxiv, 8. 

NE-HUSH'TAN (a small brazen thing). The name of the brazen 
serpent worshipped in the wilderness, which had been preserved 
and turned again to idolatrous purposes. It was destroyed by 
King Hezekiah, of Judah, b. c. 726-698, 2 Kings xviii, 4. 

NE-I'£L (moving of God), A landmark on boundary of Asher, 
near Acre, Josh, xix, 27. 

NE'KEB, An unidentified town on boundary of Naphtali, Josh. 
xix, 33. 

NE-KO'DA (painted, inconstant), i. His descendants returned 
from captivity, Ezra ii, 48. 2. Descendants of another Nekoda 
returned, but could not prove their Jewish descent, Ezra ii, 60. 

NE-MU^EL (sleeping of God), i. Eldest brother of Dathan and 
Abiram, Num. xxvi, 9. 2. Eldest son of Simeon, and founder of 
Nemuelites, Num. xxvi. 12. Written Jemuel in Gen.,xlvi, 10. 

NE'PHEG (weak, slack)., i. Son of Izhar, Ex. vi, 21. 2. A son 
of David, 2 Sam. v, 15. 

NE'PKI, 2 Mace, i, 36. [Naphthar.] 

NE'PHIS, I Esdr. v, 21. Probably Nebo of Ezra ii, 29. 

NE''PHISH, I Chron. v, 19. Corruption of Naphish. 

NE-PHISH'E-SIM (diminished). His children returned with Ze- 
rubbabel, Neh. vii, 52. 

NEPH'TA-LI, Vulgate form of Naphtali, Tob. i, 2-5. 

NEPH'TA-LIM, Another variation of Naphtali, Matt, iv, 13-15; 
Rev. vii, 6. 

NEPH'TO-AH (open), A spring on boundary between Judah and 
Benjamin. It has been identified with a celebrated spring north- 
west of Jerusalem, and a few miles distant, Josh, xv, 9. 

NE-PHU'SIM, Ezra ii, 50. [Nephishesim.] 

NER (lamp, new land). Grandfather of King Saul, and father of 
Kish and Abner, i Chron. viii, 33. 

NE'REUS, A Roman Christian, saluted by Paul, Rom. xvi, 15. 

NER'GAL (hero). An Assyrian or Babylonian deity, corresponding 



176 



NIG 



to Mars, and worshipped under the symbol of a man-lion, 2 
Kings xvii, 30. 

NER'GAL-SHA-RE'ZER (treasurer of Nergal), An officer of Ne- 
buchadnezzar, who released Jeremiah from prison. He has been 
identified with Neriglissar, who murdered Evil-Merodach, son of 
Nebuchadnezzar, seized the throne, and reigned from b. c. 559 to 
556, Jer. xxxix, 3, 13. 

NE'RI (my light). Son of Melchi in genealogy of Christ, Luke iii, 
27. 

NE-RI'AH (light, lamp of God), Father of Baruch, Jer. xxxii. 12. 

NE'RFAS, Bar. i, i. [Neriah.] 

NET, Used in hunting and fishing, styles and methods of making 
borrowed from Egyptians by Jews, Isa. xix, 8. 

NE-THAN'E-EL (gift of God), Persons of this name are mentioned 
inNum. i, 8; i Chron. ii, 14; xv,24; xxiv, 6; xxvi,4; 2 Chron. 
xvii, 7 ; XXXV, 9 ; Ezra x, 22 ; Neh. xii, 21, 36. 

NETH'A-NI'AH (gift of God), i. Father of the Ishmael who mur- 
dered Gedaliah, 2 Kings xxv, 23-25. 2. Others in i Chron. xxv, 
2 ; xvii, 8 ; Jer. xxxvi, 14. 

NETHT-NIM (offered), Those set apart to assist the priests. The 
Levites were the first Nethinim, Num. iii, 9, The Gibeonites, 
and afterwards the slaves taken from other nations, were set apart as 
Nethinim, r. e., doorkeepers and servants in the temple, Judg. ix, 
27; I Kings ix, 20. After captivity many of them returned, when 
their services were of vastly more importance, Ezra viii, 17-20. 

NE-TO'PHAH, An unknown town near Bethlehem, Ezra ii, 22; 
t Chron. xxvii, 13-15. Its inhabitants were the Netophathi of 
Neh. xii, 28 ; and Netophathites of 1 Chron. ii, 54. 

NET'TLE (prick, sting). The common stinging nettle is supposed 
to be referred to in Job xxx, 7; Prov. xxiv, 31; though many 
contend for other translations. 

NEW MOON, The New Moon was the beginning of each Hebrew 
month, the first day of which was set apart as a holy day. Num. 
xxviii, 11-15. It was proclaimed by trumpets, and observed with 
sacrifices, Ps. Ixxxi, 3. The seventh new moon of the religious 
year, corresponding to the month Tisri, commenced the civil 
year, and had peculiar rites of its own. 

NE-ZI'AH (conqueror). His descendants were among the returned 
Nethinim, Ezra ii, 54. 

NF/ZIB (standing place), A city in lowlands of Judah, now Nuzib, 
a few miles northwest of Hebron, Josh, xv, 43. 

NIB'HAZ (to bark), A deity, introduced into Samaria by Avites, 
and worshipped under form of a dog-headed man, 2 Kings xvii, 31. 

NIB'SHAN (prophecy), A city in wilderness portion of Judah. 
Site not known, Josh, xv, 62. 

NI-CA^NOR (conqueror), i. A general under Antiochus Epiphanes, 
and governor of Judea under Demetrius. He was slain in the 
battle of Adasa, b. c. 161, i Mace, iii, 38; vii. 2. One of the 
first seven deacons chosen at Jerusalem, Acts vi, 1-6. 

NIC'O-DE'MUS (victory of the people), A Pharisee, ruler of the 
Jews, and member of the Sanhedrim, who inquired secretly of 
Jesus, John iii, i-io^ and perhaps finally believed in him, though 
with timidity, John vii, 50; xix, 39. 



NIN 177 

NIC'O-LA'I-TANS (followers of Nicolas), An heretical sect that 
sprang up in the Apostolic Church, and by many supposed to 
have been headed by the deacon Nicolas. But Nikolaos in Greek 
being nearly equivalent to Baal, John may have simply used the 
word stigmatically. Rev. ii, 6, 15. 

NIG'O-LAS (victory of the people), A native of Antioch and a 
proselyte to the Jewish faith, but afterwards a Christian convert 
and chosen one of the first seven deacons. The sect known as 
Nicolaitans in the second century claimed him as a founder, but 
his faith was grossly perverted by them, Acts vi, 5. 

NI-COP'O-LIS (city of victory). Cities by this name existed in 
Thrace, Cilicia, and Africa. It was probably at that of Thrace 
in Macedonia that Paul wrote for Titus to meet him, and where 
he spent the last winter of his life, Titus iii, 12. 

NI'GER (black). Surname of Simeon, a prophet and teacher in 
the church at Antioch, Acts, xiii, i. 

NIGHT, The Hebrews began their day at evening and considered 
it as extending to the next evening, thus including the night in it. 
to which tv/elve hours were assigned, same number as to the day 
proper, Gen. i, 5; viii, 13. 

NIGHT-HAWK, An unclean btrd, mentioned in Lev. xi, 16 ; 
Deut. xiv, 15. Some think the ostrich was meant, others the owl. 

NILE (dark^blue, black), The great river of Egypt is not called 
Nile in the Scriptures, but '* the black," '* the river," " the river 
of Egypt," *' the Nachal of Egypt," " the river of Cush or Ethi- 
opia," the dark blue river or ** Shihor." Isa. xxiii, 3; Gen. xv. 
18; Jer. ii, 18; Josh, xiii, 3: i Chron. xiii, 5. The Nile proper 
is 1600 miles long ; is subject to periodical overflows which de- 
posit a rich sediment over the valley rendering it very productive, 
is divided into a number of mouths enclosing the celebrated Delta. 
The Egyptians worshipped the river as a god. See Ills. Nos. 96, 

103, 530- 
VI'RAH (leopard, rebellion), A portion of Gilead which fell to 
Gad or Reuben, Num. xxxii, 3, 36. 

NIM'RIM (as above), A stream of Moab, southeast of the Dead 
Sea, Isa. xv, 6 ; Jer, xlviii, 34. 

NIM'ROD (rebellion, impiety). Son of Cush and grandson of Ham 
renowned for prowess as a ** hunter " or conqueror ; established 
an empire in Shinar (Babylonia), whose chief towns were Babel, 
Erech, Accad and Calneh ; extended his conquest northward 
over Assyria, establishing a second group of capitals, as Nineveh, 
Calah, Resen. His time is so remotely prehistoric, that all else 
is conjecture respecting him. Gen. x, 8-10 ; i Chron. i, 10. 

NIM'SHI (rescued from danger), Grandfather of Jehu, i Kings 
xix, 16. , 

NIN'E-VEH (dwelling of Ninus), Capital of Ancient Assyria, on^ 
east bank of Tigris, below Mosul. Founded by Ashur or Nimrod. 
Gen, X, II, soon after the flood. In time of Jonah and Nahum. 
B. c. 800, the city was of great size, beauty and wealth, but about 
B. c.'75o, it was tsksn by the Medes, and a century and a half later, 
was captured and nearly destroyed by Cyaxeres, in accordance 
with the prophecies of Nahum, i-iii ; Zeph. ii, 13. See Ills. Nos, 
X2I, 127, 140. 



NIAI 



178 



NOS 



NI'SAN (standard, miraclel, Seventh month of Hebrew civil year, 
and first of sacred year, Ex. xii, 2, called Abib in time of Moses, 
Ex. xiii, 4. It corresponds to parts of March and April. 

NIS'ROCH (temptation, eagle). The Assyrian god whom Senna- 
cherib was worshipping when assassinated by his sons, 2 Kings 
xix, 37. Usually represented as a man with an eagle's wings, 
head and beak. 

NI'TRE (cleanser). Carbonate of soda, and not our saltpetre, which 
is a nitrate of potassa. It effervesced with vinegar, and was used 
in washing, Prov. xxv, 28 ; Jer. ii, 22. 

NO (stirring up, forbidding), A city of Egypt, properly No-Amon 
or Ammon, identified with Thebes, Nah. iii, 8 ; Jer. xlvi, 25. 

NO'A-DI'AH (ornament of God), i. A Levite who assisted in 
weighing the Temple vessels of gold and silver brought back from 
captivity, Ezra viii, 33. 2. A prophetess who joined Sanballat in 
his attempt to intimidate Nehemiah, Neh. vi, 14. 

NjO'AH (consolation, repose), i. Son of Lamech, and tenth in de- 
scent from Adam in line of Seth. At the age of 500 he begat 
Shem, Ham, and Japheth. At a warning from God he built the 
ark and escaped the ravages of the flood with his family. Through 
him and his sons the earth was repeopled, each son representing 
a stock of the human family. The Shemitic branches setded 
Asia, the Hamitic, Africa, and the Japhetic, Europe, Gen.,v-ix. 
2. A daughter of Zelophehad, Num. xxvi, 33. 

NO-A'MON, Nah. iii, 8; Jer. xlvi, 25; Ezek. xxx, 14-16. [No.] 

NOB (discourse, prophecy), A priestly city of Benjamin, near Je- 
rusalem, celebrated for the massacre in the reign of Saul, i Sam. 
xxi, 2; xxii, 9-23. It was re-settled after the captivity, Neh. 
xi, 32. 

NO'BAH (who barks), i. That portion of territory of Kenath 
conquered by Nobah and named after him, Num. xxxii, 42. It 
was in northern Gilead. 2. A warrior of Manasseh, who con- 

auered Kenath and circumjacent villages, Num. xxxii, 42. 
'D (wandering), An undefined region east of Eden, so-called 
from the wandering and settlement in it of the exiled Cain, Gen. 
iv, 16. 

NO'DAB (vowing voluntarily). An Arab tribe supposed to be de- 
scended from Ishmael, i Chron. v, 19. 

NO'E, Apocryphal and New Testament form of Noah, Tob. iv, 
12 ; Matt, xxiv, 37 ; Luke iii, 36. 

NO-E'BA, I Esdr. v, 31. [Nekoda.] 

NO'GAH (brightness). One of thirteen sons of David born to him 
in Jerusalem, i Chron. iii, 7. 

NO'HAH (rest, guide), Fourth son of Benjamin, i Chron. yiii, 2. 

NON, Another form of Nun, father of Joshua, i Chron. vii, 27. 

NOPH (honeycomb, good abode), Isa. xix, 13; Jer. ii, 16; Ezek. 
xxx, 13; Moph in Hos. ix, 6. Memphis in Egypt. Contracted 
from Men-nu/r or nefru, '' abode of the good." 

NO'PHAH (fearful, binding). An unknown place mentioned in song 
of the Amorites after their conquest of Heshbo« from Moab. It 
may have been Nobah, Num. xxi, 30. 

NOSE-JEWEL, Gold rings hung in the nose were favorite orna- 
ments of Eastern women, Prov. xi, 22 ; Ezek. xvi, 12. 



OB A 179 

NOVICE fnew), A neophite, or recent convert to the Christian. 
&ith, I Tim. iii, 6. 

NUM'BERS (to deal out, distribute), i. Hebrews used the letters 
of the alphabet in their notations. They also used largely pre- 
ferential numbers, as ** seven," *'ten," " seventy," etc., Gen. iv, 
24; Num. vii, 13, 2. The fourth book of the Pentateuch. So- 
called because its initial chapters contain the result of the num- 
bering, or census, of Sinai. Historically it contains the doings 
of the Israelites after they left Sinai until they arrived on the bor- 
ders of Moab. Ecclesiastically it embraces the laws supplemen- 
tary to those in Leviticus. Its authorship is ascribed to Moses, 
and the time covered by it about thirty-eight years. 

NU-ME'NI-US (approval). Son of Antiochus and ambassador of 
Jonathan and Simon to Rome and Sparta, i Mace, xii, 16. 

NUN (posterity, eternal). An Ephraimite and father of the great 
Joshua, Ex. xxxiii, 11 ; i Chron. vii. 

NURSE (nourish). The position of nurse was one of great honor 
and importance among Hebrews as well as the Greeks and Ro- 
mans, Gen. xxiv, 59 ; 2 Sam. iv, 4 ; 2 Kings xi, 2. 

NYM'PHAS (spouse, bridegroom), A Christian at Laodicea, whom, 
with his house, Paul salutes. Col. iv, 15. 



O. 



OAK, Many varieties of oak are found in Palestine, and several 
Hebrew words of kindred root are rendered oak, the signification 
being ** .strong," "vigorous," Gen. xxxv, 8; Isav xliv, 14; Amos 
ii, 9. The oaks of Hebron or Mamre are celebrated. See Ills, 
No. 369. 

OATH, Appeals to God for the vindication of an assertion, or as 
tests of allegiance, are early found, Ex. xxiii, 13 ; Deut. xxix, 12. 
For principle of an oath. See Heb. vi, 16. To swear by a false 
god was idolatry, Jer. v, 7; xii, 16. Witnesses were examined 
on oath. Lev. v, i. Lifting of the hands, placing them under the 
thigh, standing before the altar, placing hands on the law, these 
were favorite forms of taking an oath. Gen. xiv, 22 ; Lev. xxiv, 
14.; I Kings viii, 31. 

O-BA-DFAH (servant of God), i. An unknown person of this 
name is mentioned in i Chron, iii, 21. %. A chief man in tribe 
of Issachar, i Chron. vii, 3. 3. A son of Azel, i Chron. viii, 38. 
4. A leader in the Temple choir, Neh. xii, 25. 5. A Gadite who 
joined David at Ziklag, i Chron. xii, 9. 6. A prince of Judah in 
reign of Jehoshaphat, 2 Chron. xvii, 7. 7. Son of Jehiel who re- 
turned with Ezra, Ezra viii, 9. 8. A priest who sealed the cove- 
nant with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 5. 9. The fourth of the minor 
prophets, probably contemporary with Jeremiah, before b. c. 586. 
The burden of his short prophecy is denunciation of the Edomites, 
which is believed to have been fulfilled in their conquest by Nebu- 
chadnezzar, about five years after he captured Jerusalem. 

O'BAL (wretchedness of old age). Son of Joktan and founder of an 
Arabic tribe, Gen. x, 28. Written Ebal in i Chron. i, 22. 

12 



i8o OLI 

OB-DI'A, I Esdr. v, 38. [Habaiah.] 

O'BED (servant, workman). 1. Son of Boaz and Ruth, and 
grandfather of David, Ruth iv, 17; Luke iii, 32. 

O'BED-E'DOM (servant of Edom), A Levite of Gath-Rimmon. 
The ark was kept in his house for three months after the death of 
Uzzah, 2 Sam. vi, 10; 1 Chron. xv, 25. 2. A Levite, son of Je- 
duthun, who with his sons, was made a gatekeeper in the Temple, 
I Chron. xvi, 38; xxvi, 5. 

O'BETH, I Esdr. viii, 32. [Ebed.] 

O'BIL (who weeps). An IshmaeUte who kept David's Camels, i 
Chron. xxvii, 30. 

O'BOTH (dragons, fathers), An encampment of the Israelites east 
of Moab, Num. xxi, 10. 

O'CHI-EL, I Esdr. i, 9. [Jeiel.] 

OC-I-DE'LUS, Ezra x, 22. [Jozabad.] 

OCT-NA, Jud. ii, 28. [AccHO.] 

OC'RAN (disturber). Father of Pagiel^Num. i, 13 ; ii, 27. 

O'DED (to sustain). 1. Father of Azariah the prophet, 2 Chron. 
XV, i. 2. A prophet of God in Samaria at time of Pekah's inva- 
sion of Judah, 2 Chron. xxviii, lo. 

O-DOL'LAM, Greek form of Adullanu 2 Mace, xii, 38. 

OD-A-NAR'KES, Chief of a nomad tribe, slain by Jonathan, 1 
Mace, ix, 66. 

OF'FER-ING (bringing to). Distinguished from the sacrifice by 
being bloodless, though the two are often confounded. Of various 
kinds : i. Flour and meal. 2. Cakes baked in an oven. 3. Cakes 
baked on plates. 4. Cakes cooked in oil. 5. Fruits of the new 
corn. 

OG (cake bakeci in ashes), An Amoritish king of Bashan, the last 
of the giant-race of Rephaim, defeated and slain by the Israelites 
at Edrei. His kingdom was divided between Gad, Reuben, and 
the half-tribe of Manasseh, east ot Jordan, Num. xxi, 33; Deut. 
i, 4; iii, 3-13 ; Josh, ii, 10. 

O'HAD (praising), A son of Simeon, Gen. xlvi, 10. 

O'HEL (tent, tabernacle). One of seven sons of Zerubbabel, 1 
Chron. iii, 20. 

OIL (olive). Used from earliest times for purposes of consecration, 
for burning, as ointment for the hair and beard, and for food. As 
the name signifies, the product of the olive fruit was the most 
prized for oil, Gen. xxviii, 18 ; Ezek. xvi, 13 : Lev, v, ii. 

OINT'MENT (anointment, smearing). Much prized by Jews and 
made of many costly perfumes held in a solution of olive oil. 
Used as cosmetics, Ruth iii, 3; at funerals. Matt, xxvi, 12; as 
medicines, Isa. i, 6; in ritual services, Ex. xxix, 7. 

OL'IVE, A favorite tree of Palestine, growing about thirty feet 
high, and bearing a fruit resembling the plum. It is an evergreen, 
and its branches and leaves are almost universal emblems of 
peace, Gen. viii, 11 ; Deut. vi, 11. See Ills. No. 379. 

OL'IVES, OLT-VET, The mount of Olives, Olivet, or Elaion, is 
that well known eminence or ridge directly east of Jerusalem and 
beyond the brook Kidron. It rises about two hundred feet and 
overlooks the city. Originally covered with olive trees, whence 
its name, 2 Sam. xv, 30 ; 1 Kings xi, 7 ; Luke xix, 29 ; xxi, 37 ; 



OPH i8l 

Acts i, 12. On its eastern slope was Gethsemane, and western^ 
Bethany, Matt, xxiv, 3 ; Mark xiii, 3. See Ills. No. 19. 

O-LYM'PAS (heavenly), A Christian at Rome, Rom. xvi, 15, 

O-LYM'PI-US (Olympus), The Grecian deity Zeus or Jupiter, so- 
called from his residence, Olympus, 2 Mace, vi, 2. 

OM'A-E'RUS, I Esdr. ix, 34. [Amram.] 

O'MAR (who speaks, bitter). Grandson of Esau and duke of Edom, 
Gen. xxxvi, ii, 15. 

O ME-GA (great or long O), The last letter of the Greek alphabet ; 
used figuratively to indicate the last of anything. Rev. i, 8-ii. . 

O'MER, A Hebrew measure, equal to one-tenth of an ephah, or 
about five pints. 

OM'RI (sheaf of corn), i. A general under Elah, king of Israel, 
who slew his successor, Zimri, and obtained the throne, b. c. 
929-918, I Kings xvi, 2. Others of same name in 1 Chron. vii, 8; 
ix, 4; xxvi, 18. 

ON (pain, force, iniquity), i. A chief of Reuben who conspired 
with Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, Num. xvi, i. 2. Heliopolis, 
'* city of the Sun," situated on the Nile about twenty miles north 
of Memphis. It was a city of great antiquity, noted for its learn- 
ing and opulence. Supposed to have been built by the captive 
Hebrews ior Pharaoh, Gen. xli, 45. It was denounced by the 
prophet Jeremiah under the name of Beth-Shemesh, Jer. xliii, 13, 
and by Ezekiel under the name of Aven, "vanity," Ezek. xxx, 
17. See Ills. No. 104. 

O'NAM (pain, iniquity), i. Grandson of Seir, Gen. xxxvi, 23. 2. 
Soa^of Jerahmeel, i Chron. ii, 26. 

O'NAN (pain, force, iniquity). Second son of Judah, slain for his 
wickedness, Gen. xxxviii, 4-9. 

O-NES'I-MUS (profitable), A slave or servant of Colossae in whose 
behalf Paul wrote the Epistle to Philemon, his master, Col. iv, 9 ; 
Phil. 10. 

ON'E-SIPH'O-RUS (who brings profit), A friend of Paul at Ephe- 
sus and at Rome during his imprisonment, 2 Tim. i, i6-i8 ; iv, 19. 

O-NI'A-RES, Corruption or combination of Onias and Areus, i 
Mace, xii, 19. 

O-NI'AS, Name of five high-priests during the inter-Biblical period. 
See books of Maccabees. Also a city in Egypt founded by 
Onias IV as a place of refuge for Jews. Unidentified. 

ON'ION (un'yun) (unus, one). The single bulbed plant so common 
in our gardens. A favorite food of the Egyptians, the loss of 
which Israel regretted. Num. xi, 5. 

O'NO (grief, strength of iniquity), An unidentified town of Bcnja«- 
min, built by Shamer, i Chron. viii, 12. 

ONUS, I Esdr. V, 22. [Ono.] 

ON'Y-CHA (claw, nail), A species of muscle found in India, whose 
shell, when burned, yields a perfume, Ex. xxx. 34. 

O'NYX (claw), A precious stone, forming one of those in the high- 
priest's breastplate. It is veined, suggesting the shell of the ony- 
cha, whence the name. 

O'PHEL (tower, darkness, cloud). One of the salient points in or 
about Jerusalem, strongly fortified and occupied by the Levites, 
2 Chron. xxvii, 3 ; Neh. iii, 26, 37; xi, 21. 



l82 OTH 

O'PHIR (fruitful region), i. The eleventh son of Joktan and the 
tribe or district which he founded or settled in Arabia, Gen. x, 29. 
2. The place which yielded fine gold, gems, and precious wood 
for Hebrew commerce, i Chron. xxix, 4; Job xxviii, 16; Ps. 
xiv, 10. It has been variously located in Arabia, the Red Sea, 
the Indian Ocean, in India itself and in Africa. But all is con- 
jecture respecting it. 

OPH'NI (tired, folding together), A town of Benjamin, now yufna, 
near Bethel, Josh, xviii, 24. 

OPH^RAH (dust, lead, a fawn), i. A place in Benjamin, five 
miles east of Bethel, Josh, xviii, 23 ; i Sam. xiii, 17. 2. Native 
place of Gideon, somewhere near Shechem, Judg. vi, 11, 24; viii, 
32 ; ix, 5. 3, Son of Meonothai, i Chron. iv, 14. 

OR'A-CLE (speaking), In a Scripture sense, divine revelation. 
Acts vii, 38 ; Rom. iii, 2. 

O'REB (raven), i. A Midianite chieftain defeated by Gideon, 
Judg. vii, 25 ; Isa. x, 26. 2. 2 Esdr. ii, 33. [Horeb.] 3. The 
rock of Oreb, ** raven crag," was the spot where the chieftain 
Oreb was slain by the Midianites, Isa. x, 26. 

O'REN, Son of Jerahmeel, 1 Chron. ii, 25. 

OR'GAN (implement, engine), A wind instrument. As used in 
Gen. iv, 21, it implies all perforated or wind instruments. 

O-RI'ON (standard, landmark), A celebrated southern constellation, 
pictured as Orion or Nimrod, *' the hunter," with two hounds. 
Job ix, 9 ; Amos v, 8. 

OR'NA-MENTS, Of infinite variety among Eastern peoples and 
very costly, Ex. iii, 22 ; Num. xxxi, 5-52 ; Judg. viii, 26; Isa. 
iii, 18-23. See Ills. Nos. 177-193. 

OR'NAN (that rejoices), A J^busite king, i Chron. xxi, 15. Writ- 
ten Araunah in Samuel. 

OR'PAH (neck, skull), A Moabite woman, wife of Chilcon, son of 
Naomi. She started for Bethlehem with Ruth, but left her on 
the way and returned to her own country, Ruth i, 4-14. 

OR'THO-SrAS (straight), A city on the northern boundary of 
Phoenicia, 1 Mace, xv, 37. 

O-SE'A, 2 Esdr. xiii, 40. [Hoshea.] 

O-SE'AS, 2 Esdr. i, 39. [Hosea.] 

O'SEE, Greek form of Hosea, Rom. ix, 25. 

O-SHE'A, Original name of Joshua, son of Nun, Num. xiii, 8, 

OS'PRAY (corruption of ossifra^e, "bone breaker"), An unclean 
bird, identified with the sea or fishing eagle. Lev. xi, 13; Deut. 
xiv, 12. See Ills. No. 397. 

OS'SI-FR AGE (bone breaker), An unclean bird, supposed to be the 
Lammergeyer or bearded vulture. Lev. xi, 13; Deut. xiv, 12. See 
Ills. No. 303. 

OS'TRICH (bird), The Hebrew words translated ostrich signify 
" daughter of greediness," and seem to refer to the ravenous dis- 
position of the bird. It is the largest of the bird species, inhabits 
the deserts and is called the " camel bird" by Arabs and Greeks, 
Job xxxix, 13-18. See Ills. No. 3S8. 

OTH'NI (my hour). Son of Shemaiah, i Chron. xxvi, 7. 

OTH'NI-EL (hour of God), Son of Kenaz and younger brother of 
Caleb, Josh, xv, 17; Judg. i, 13. He captured Debir and won 



PAL 183 

the prize of Caleb's daughter ; afterwards judged Israel, Judg. 

iii, 9. 
OVEN (arched), Eastern ovens of two kinds, fixed and portable. 

Latter made of clay like a large jar, Hosea vii, 4 ; Ex. viii, 3. 
OWL (howl;. Our owl is doubtless meant. It was pronounced un- 
clean and used as a type of desolation. Lev. xi, 17; Isa. xxxiv, 

II. See Ills. No. 396. 
OX. I. An ancestor of Judith, Jud. viii, i. 2. The male of the 

cow-kind, and in the Bible synonymous with bull. Used for 

plowing, Deut. xxii, lo; treading corn, xxv, 4; draught. Num. 

vii, 3; for burden, i Chron. xii, 40; for beef, Deut. xiv; and in 

sacrifices, i Kings i, 9. Not to be muzzled when threshing, Ex. 

xxiii, 12. 6"^^ Ills. No. 423. 
O'ZEM (who fasts): i. Sixth son of Jesse, and brother of David, 

I Chron. ii, 15. 2. Son of Jerahmeel, i Chron. ii, 25. 
O-ZFAS (strength of God), i. A Simeonite governor of Bethulia, 

Jud. vi, 15. 2. An ancestor of Ezra, 2 Esdr. ii, 2. 3. Matt, i, 
I, Uzziah, king of Judah. 
■EL, An ancestor of Judith, Jud. viii, i. 
OZ'NI (ear), A son of Gad and father of the Oznites, Num. xxvi, 

16. 
O-ZO'RA, Corruption of Machnadebai, 1 Esdr. ix, 34. Compare 

Ezra x, 40. 



8,9, 
O'ZI-] 



P. 



PA'A-RAI (opening), One of David's mighty men, 2 Sam. xxiii, 
35. Written Naarai in x Chron. xi, 37. 

PA'DAN (table land). Gen. xlvui, 7. 

PA'DAN-A'RAM (table land of Aram), By this name the Hebrews 
designated the cultivatable portion of Syria or Mesopotamia, in 
order to distinguish it from the mountainous portion. It was the 
country of Abraham after he left Ur and before became to Canaan, 
Gen. xxv, 30 ; xxviii, 2. 

PARDON (ox-yoke), Ancestor of a family of Nethinim who re- 
turned with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 44. 

PA^GI-EL (prayer of God), A chief of the tribe of Ashur at time of 
Exode, Num. i, 13. 

PA'HATH-MO'AB (ruler of Moab), A chief of Judah who perhaps 
made conquests in Moab, i Chron. iv, 22. 

PAl. [Pau.] 

PA'LAL (thinking). An assistant of Nehemiah, Neh. iii, 25. 

PAL'ES-TFNA, PAL'ES-TINE (Philistia), The Hebrew word 
Pelesheth, is translated " Philistia," " Palestine," " Palestina," 
and " Philistine." Palestine, then, was originally the country of 
the Philistine, Ex. xv, 14; Isa. xiV, 29-31 ; Joel iii, 4. It included 
that narrow strip between Canaan and the Mediterranean, and be- 
ing better knawn to the Greeks and Romans than the^country fur- 
ther inland, its name, Philistia, Philistina, or Pakstina, camA 
to be applied to the whole country between Jordan and tlte 



i84 



PAR 



Sea. The name, " Holy Land," was first applied by Zech. ii, 
12. I:s length is about 140 miles, and width 40 miies. Its topo- 
graphy is* rather forbidding, being rolling, mountainous, yet wiih 
fertile valleys and an equable climate. Its position on the great 
trade route between the East, Egypt and the sea, made it a desi- 
rable acquisition, and gave it a prominence in the history of every 
age. See Ills. Nos. 51, 52, 535. 

PAL'LU (marvelous), Second son of Reuben, and founder of Pal- 
luites, Ex. vi, 14; Num. xxvi, 5. 

PAL'MER-WORM (pilgrim-worm), A species of canker-worm or 
caterpillar. Some suppose the locust is meant, Joel i, 4 ; ii, 25 ; 
iv, 9. See Ills. No. 452. 

PALM-TREE (with leaves like the hand). The palm-tree of the 
Bible is principally the date-palm. Frequently alluded to, and 
often gives designation to places. It sometimes grows 100 feet 
high and very straight, which feature of it the Hebrew words 7a- 
mar and Tadmor preserve, Ex. xv, 27, Deut. xxxiv, 3; Judg. 
i, 16. See Ills. No. 377. 

PAL'S Y (paralysis), Partial or entire death of the muscles and 
nerves of the body. Incurable. Yet miraculously healed by 
Christ, Matt, iv, 24; xii, 10. 

PAL'TI (deliverance, flight), The Benjamite spy. Num. xiii, 9. 

PAL'TI-EL (deliverance), A prince of Issachar, appointed as. one 
of the apportioners of Canaan, Num. xxxiv, 26. 

PAL'TITE, Designation of one of David's guardsmen, 2 Sam. 
xxiii, 26. 

PAM-PHYL'I-A (admixture of nations), A coast country on the 
south of Asia Minor, giving its name to the sea between it and 
Cyprus. Its principal town was Perga, in which Paul preached. 
Acts xiii, 13 ; xiv, 24. 

PAN'NAG, A word rendered ''millet," "sweet meat," "spice," 
and in other ways. In the Septuagint it is rendered " cassia," an 
Arabic species of cinnamon. An old Norman French word,/a«- 
nai^e, hovapanis, "bread," signified "mast," or nuts in general. 

PA'PER. [Papyrus.] 

PA'PHOS (what boils or is hot), A town on western end of island 
of Cyprus. The Paphian goddess Venus was worshipped largely 
there, the spot where she was fabled to have risen from the sea. 
It was visited by Paul and Barnabas, Acts xiii, 6. 

PA-PY'RU3 (rush, flag, reed). An Egyptian rush or flag, from 
whose inner lining paper was made. See Ills. No. 376. 

PAR'A-BLE (comparison), An allegorical representation of some- 
thing in nature, from which a moral is drawn. In Hebrew sense 
it embraced the Proverbs of Solomon and the disquisitions of Job, 
Job xxvii, 1 ; XXIX, i. It was a favorite method of teaching, and 
admirably adapted to the figurative Hebrew and Eastern speeches. 
Christ was author of over fifty parables, Matt, vii, 24-27, etc. 

PAR'A-DISE (pleasure grounds), In the Septuagint version this 
Greek word stands for the " Garden of Eden," and in New Tes- 
tament for heaven, or the abiding place of happy souls, Luke 
xxiii, 43 ; 2 Cor. xii, 4 : Rev. 11, 7. 

PA'RAH (cow, increasing), A city of Benjamin, supposed to h?' 
been near Bethel, Josh, xviii, 23. 



PAS 185 

PA'RAN, EL-PA'RAN (beauty, ornament), That undefined wil- 
derness which lay between Palestine and Sinai, and west of the 
valley of Arabah, which runs from the Dead Sea to the head of 
the gulf of Akaba. It was the scene of most of the wanderings. 
Num. X, 12 ; Deut. xxx, 2. On the north it included the deserts 
of Kadesh and Zin, Gen. xxi, 14-21. Mount Paran is referred 
to in Deut. xxxiii, 2; Hab. iii, 3. See Ills. No. 113. 

PAR'BAR (suburb), A spot between the west wall of the temple at 
Jerusalem and the city beyond, i Chron. xxvi, 18. 

PARCH'ED-GROUND, In Isa. xxv, 7, this expression is supposed 
to refer to the mirage, or optical illusion, frequent or great deserts. 

PARCH'MENT (Pergamus), The skin of sheep or goats prepared 
so as to serve for writing paper. It is so called from Pergamus, 
at which place it was invented by Eumenes, to take the place of 
papyrus, the supply of which had been cut off by an order of 
Ptolemy of Egypt. Jewish sacred and state records were kept on 
parchment scrolls or rolls. 

PAR'LOR (speaking chamber). In Bible sense the king's audience 
chamber, Judg. iii, 20-25. 

PAR-MAS H'T A (a yearling bull). One of the ten sons of Haman 
slain by the Jews in Shushan, Esth. ix, 9^ 

PAR'ME-NAS (that abides). One of the seven deacons of the 
Apostolic Church, Acts vi, 5. 

PAR'NACH (a bull striking). Father of Elizaphan, prince of the 
tribe of Zebulun, Num. xxxiv, 23. 

PA'ROSH (flea, larva). His descendants returned in numbers from 
the captivity, Ezra ii, 3 ; Neh. vii, 8. 

PAR-SHAN'DA-THA (given by prayer). The eldest of Haman's 
ten sons, slain by the Jews, Esth. ix, 7. 

PAR'THI-ANS, The agile, fierce, semi-nomadic dwellers in Par- 
thia, a country illy defined, but stretching along the inountains 
north of Media and Persia. These people were not subdued by 
either Greeks or Romans, but extended their conquests and 
founded an empire, which included parts of what were Persia and 
Media, and lasted for five centuries, b. c. 250-A. d. 250. Many 
Jews found their way into Parthia, and these are referred to in 
Acts ii, 9. 

PAR'TRIDGE (lying low, squatting). Three varieties of partridge 
are found in Palestine. They were hunted by the Arabs till ex- 
hausted, then killed with clubs. Whence the figure in i Sam. 
xxvi, 20. A habit of sitting on strange eggs is alluded to in Jer. 
xvii, II, See Ills. No. 410. 

PAR'U-AH (flourishing). Father of Jehoshaphat, Solomon's com- 
missariat in Issachar, i Kings iv, 17. 

PAR- V ATM (eastern). Probably used generally for "the East," 
whence the gold was brought for Solomon's temple, 2 Chron. 
iii, 6. 

PA^S ACH (broken piece). Son of Japhlet, of Asher, i Chron. vii, 33. 

PAS-DAM'MIM (portion of blood), i Chron. xi, 13. Written 
Ephes-Dammim in i Sam. xvii, i. See Elah, 7. 

PA-SE'AH (passing over, halting), i. Son of Eshton, of Judah, z 
Chron. iv, 12. 2. His sons were among the returned Nethinim, 
Ezra ii, 49. 



1 86- PAU 

PASH'UR (whiteness). Head ot a family of priests about the time 
of the captivity, Jer. xx, i-6; xxi, i;, xxxviii, i. The above 
passages refer to three distinct persons. 

PAS'S ION (suffering). In Acts i, 3, the word refers to the last suf- 
ferings of Christ. 

PASS O-VER ^passing over). First of the three great annual fes- 
tivals of the Hebrews celebrated in month Nisan, from the 14th to 
2ist. Established in honor of the "passing over" of the houses- 
of the Hebrews by the destroying angel on the night before their 
departure from Egypt, when the first-born of the Egyptians were 
slain, Ex. xii, 1-51; xiii, 3-10; xxiii, 14-19; Lev. xxiii, 4-14. 
Sometimes called the *' feast of unleavened bread." It has ever 
been rigidly observed by Jews. The paschal lamb slain on the 
occasion was the type of Christ and his sufferings. The Christian 
Passover is the Lord's Supper. 

PAS'TOR (shepherd), Hence, figuratively one whose office it is to 
keep the flock of Christ, Eph. iv, 11. 

PAT'A-RA (trodden down), A city of Lycia on the southwest shore 
opposite the island of Rhodes, Acts xxi, i, 2. 

PATE (head), Top of the head, obsolete, Ps. vii, 16. 

PA-THE'US, lEsdr. ix, 23. [Pethariah.] 

PATH'ROS (mouthful of dough, persuasion of ruin), An ancient 
division of Egypt, occupied by the Pathrusim, a Mizraite tribe, 
Isa. xi, II ; Jer. xliv, i, 15 ; Gen, x, 13, 14. 

PATH-RUSIM. [Pathros.] 

PAT'MOS fmortal). An island of the ^gean sea, to which John 
was banished by Domitian, a. d. 95. It is rocky and desolate, 
and about twenty miles in circumference. Tradition locates the 
dwelling-place of John and the scene of his visions. Rev. i, 9. See 
Ills. No. 81. 

PA'TRI-ARCH (father chief). The father, and consequently cbief 
or head of a family or tribe. So used in Heb. vii, 4; Acts vii, 8, 
9; ii, 29. The patriarchal form of government was the only one 
which existed among Jews prior to the theocracy in time of Moses. 

PAT'RO-HAS (paternal), A Roman Christian, saluted by Paul, 
Rom. xvi, 14. 

PA-TRO'CLUS (hearkening to the father), Father of Nicanor, the 
enemy of Judas Maccabeus, 2 Mace, viii, 9. 

PAU (howling, sighing). The capital of Hadar, king of Edom. 
Position unknown, i Chron. i, 50. Written Pai in Gen. xxxvi, 39. 

PAUL (small, little). The distinguished Apostle of the Gentiles, 
called Saul in Hebrew, having assumed the Roman name after his 
conversion. Born at Tarsus, of Benjamite parents, Phil, iii, .5, 
of the sect of Pharisees, Acts xxiii, 6 ; he there learned Greek and 
the trade of tent-making, Acts xxi, 39. Removed early to Jeru- 
salem; studied law with Gamaliel ; was among the persecutors 
of the early Christians ; with proscriptive intent was on his way 
to Damascus when he was miraculously converted, Acts ix, xxii, 
xxvi ; became an ardent follower of Christ, occupvirg the same 

' relation to the Gentile world that Peter did to the Jews ; carried 
the Gospel amid hardship and persecution into Asia Minor, 
Greece, Rome, and other countries ; placed the new Gospel upon 
a basis it could not have occupied but for his exegetical and doc- 



PEL 187 

trinal writings; left fourteen invaluable epistles fixing the rules of 
Christian faith, and rendering the mission of Christ clear; was, in 
a word, the most energetic, learned, and marked man of his cen- 
tury. He was put to death at Rome by the impious Nero, about 
A. D. 68. His birth dates about the beginning of the century. 
See Ills. Nos. 23-44, 496- 

PAVE'MENT. [Gabbatha.] 

PA-VIL'ION (butterfly, something that folds up), A tent or mo- 
vable habitation, but variously translated '* tabernacle," '* den," 
"booth," etc., Ps. xxvii, 5. 

PEA'COCK (cock with eyes on its feathers). They were introduced 
into Palestine by the ships of Tarshi.sh, i Kings x, 22 ; 2 Chron. 
ix, 21. See Ills. No. 386. 

PEARLS (little pears). Were ranked among the most precious sub- 
stances by the ancients. The pearl is a stony secretion found in 
a variety of oyster known as the pearl-oyster. Rev. xvii, 4; Matt, 
xiii, 45. See Ills. No. 440. 

PED^VHEL, A prince of Naphtali, Num. xxxiv, 28. 

PE-DAH'ZUR (stone of redemption). Father of Gamaliel, the 
chief of a tribe of Manasseh at time of Exode, Num. i, 10. 

PE-DA'IAH (ya) (redemption of God). 1. Grandfather of King Je- 
-hoiakim, 2 Kings xxiii, 36. 2. Father of Zerubbabel, i Chron. 
iii, 17-19. 3- Others in Neh, iii, 25; viii,4; xi, 7; xiii, 13; i 
Chron. xxvii, 20. 

PE'KAH (who opens), Murderer of Pekahiah, king of Israel, and 
successor to the throne, b. c. 759-739. He formed an alliance 
with Damascus against Judah, which would have succeeded but 
for the intervention of Tiglath-pileser, 2 Kings xvi ; 2 Chron. 
xxviii, 

PEK'A-HI'AH (the Lord opens). Son and successor of Menahem 
on the throne of Israel, b. c. 761-759. Murdered by his general, 
Pekah, 2 Kings xv, 22-25. 

PE'KOD (noble, rulers). An appellative applied to the Chaldeans 
in Jer. 1, 21 ; Ezek. xxiii, 23, but its exact purport is unknown. 

PEL'A-I'AH (the Lord's secret). 1. Son of Elioenai, of royal line 
of Judah, I Chron. iii, 24. 2. An assistant of Ezra and Nehe- 
miah, Neh. viii, 7; x, 10. 

PEI/A-LI'AH (entreating the Lord), Son of Amzi, Neh. xi, 12. 

PEL'A-TI'AH (deliverance of the Lord), i. Grandson of Zerub- 
babel, I Chron. iii, 21. 2. Captain of a band of Simeonites who 
smote the Amalekitcs, i Chron. iv, 42. 3. Co-sealer of the cove- 
nant with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 22. 4. Son of Benaiah, whom 
Ezekiel was directed to denounce, Ezek. xi, 5-12. 

PE'LEG (division). Son of Eber, and brother of Joktan. In his 
days the descendants of Eber were divided, Joktan going to Ara- 
bia, and Peleg and his tribe remaining in Mesopotamia, Gen. x, 
25 ; xi, 16. 

PE'LET (judge, destroyer), i. Son of Jahdai, i Chron. ii, 47. 2. 
Son of Azmaveth one of David's heroes, i Chron. xii, 3. 

PE'LETH (as above), i. Father of On, who joined in the rebellion 
of Dathan and Abiram, Num. xvi, i. 2. Son of Jonathan, i 
Chron. ii, 33. 

PE LETH-ITES (destroyers, nmners). Hired retainers of David, 



1 88 PER 

who, with the Cherethites, constituted his messengers and execu- 
tioners. They were probably Philistines, 2 Sam. viii, 18 ; xxii, 

23. 

PE-LI'AS, I Esdr. ix, 34. [Bedeiah.] 

PEL'I-CAN (to hew with an axe), A voracious water-fowl, with a 
tremendous broad axe-shaped bill, found in waters of Egypt and 
Palestine. It is a dull, indolent, and melancholy bird, hence be- 
came a figure for desolation. The original is sometimes translated 
** cormorant," Lev. xi, 18; Deut. xiv, 17; Ps. cii, 6; Isa. xxxiv, 
II. See.lWs. No. 409. 

PEL'O-NITE (falling, secret), A designation of two of David's 
mighty men. Probably from some unimportant place in Ephraim, 
I Chron. xi, 27, 36. 

PEN (feather). The ancient pen was a stylus of hardened iron, 
with one end made broad for erasing; though reed pens and 
camel-hair pencils were used for writing on hnen. The stylus was 
frequently diamond-pointed, like our gold pens, Jer. xvii, 1 ; 2 
Kings xxi, 13; Judg. v, 14; Job xix, 24. 

PE-NFEL (face or vision of God), The name which Jacob gave the 
place in which he had wrestled with God, because he had been 
face to face with God, Gen. xxxii, 30. Written in xxxii, 31, and 
elsewhere, Penuel. It was beyond Jordan, near Jabbok, and was 
defended by a strong tower, which Gideon broke down, because 
its defenders would not assist him against the Midianites, Judg. 
viii, 8-17 ; I Kings xii, 25. 

PE-NIN'NAH (face, pearl), A wife of Elkanah, i Sam. i, 2. 

PEN'NY (cattle, money), The Roman denarius and Greek 
^racAwa, ranging in value from sixteen to eighteen cents. Matt. 
XX, 2 ; Mark vi, 37; Luke xx, 24; Rev. vi, 6. See Ills. No. 485. 

PEN'TA-TEUCH (five preparations or books). The Greek name 
given to the five books of Moses. Called by the Jews Tor ah ^ 
"The law." 

PEN'TE-COST (fiftieth day), A solemn festival of the Jews, cele- 
brated on the fiftieth day after Passover. Instituted to commemo- 
rate the giving of the law on the fiftieth day after the Exode. 
Called also "feast of weeks," because it wis kept seven weeks 
after Passover. The offerings consisted of the first fruits of the 
wheat-harvest, which was over by that time, Ex. xxxiv, 22 ; Deut. 
xvi, 9, 10; Num. xxviii, 26-31. 

PE-NU'EL. [Peniel.] 

PE'OR (hole, opening), i. A moxmtain in Moab, where Balaam 
conducted his conjurations. It is not identified. Num. xxiii, 28, 
2. In Num. XXV, 18; xxxi, 16; Josh, xxii, 17, Peor is a con- 
traction for Baal-peor. 

PER'A-ZIM (divisions), Probably another writing of Baal-perazim, 
scene of one of David's victories, Isa. xxviii, 21. 

PE'RESH (horseman). Son of Machir, i Chron. vii, 16. 

PE'REZ (divided). An important family of Judah, i Chron. xxvii, 
3 ; Neh. xi, 4, 6. 

PE'REZ-UZ ZA, PE'REZ-UZ'ZAH (division or breaking of Uz- 
zah or strength). The name conferred by David upon the thresh- 
ing-floor of Nachon in commemoration of the sudden death of 
Uzzah, 2 Sara, vi, 8. 



PEU 189 

PER'FUMES (thorough fume or smoking), Were largely used by 
the Hebrews, both in religious rites and at the toilet, Prov, xxvii, 
9 ; Ex. XXX, 22-38. Use omitted in time of mourning, Isa. iii, 24. 

PER GA (ver>' earthy). An ancient city of Pamphylia, celebrated 
for the worship of Diana, Acts xui, 13. See Ills. No. 28. 

PER'GA-MOS (height, hilh, A city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, so 
named from the hill on which it was situated. Its library was 
noted, and was transferred by the Romans to Alexandria, where 
it became the nucleus of the wonderful Alexandrine library. John 
addressed the Christian church established there. Rev. i, 11; ii, 
12. See Ills. No. 85. 

PE-RI'DA (separation). His children returned with Zerubbabel, 
Neh. vii. 57. 

PER IZ-ZITE (dweller in villages). Original dwellers in Canaan, 
Gen. XV. 20: Ex. iii, 8, etc. 

PER-SEP'O-LIS (city of Persia), The capital of Persia proper, 
forty miles south of Passargadae. Its ruins are very extensive 
and perfect, 2 Mace, ix, 2. See Ills. No. 118. 

PER'SEUS (destroyer), Eldestson of Philip V., and last king of ISIa- 
cedonia, b. c. 179-168. With his defeat the sovereignty of Rome 
was established in Macedon and Syria, i Mace, viii, 5. 

PER'SI-A (country of Perses\ Originally the country around the 
head of the Persian gulf, but in after times that great empire 
which extended from India to Egypt, and included all Western 
Asia south of mountains. The Persians and Medes were of the 
Aryan stock. Their highest god 'was Mithra, "the sun." The 
kingdom of Persia reached its height under Cyrus, b. c. 559-529, 
and his successors, to time of Xerxes, b. c. 486-465. It fell under 
the victorious arms of Alexander, e. c. 330. 

PER'SIS (that cuts or divides), A Christian woman of Rome, sa- 
luted by Paul, Rom. xvi, 12. 

PE-RU'DA, Ezra li. 55. [Perida.] 

PES'TI-LENCE (pest, suffering). Same as "plague," which, in 
Hebrew sense, embraced all distempers and calamities, Ex, ix, 
14; xi, I ; I Kings viii, 37. 

PE TER (rock or stone). Originally called Simon and Simeon, 
** hearer," Matt, xvi, 17; Acts xv, 14. He was of Bethsaida, son 
of Jonas, a fisherman, removed to Capernaum after his call to the 
Apostolate, Matt, viii, 14 ; had his name changed to Peter by 
Christ, John i, 42. His character as an active, erring, timid 
apostle is well set forth in the gospels and Acts. He became a 
prominent organizer and teacher, and special champion of the 
early church among the Jews, though no match for them doctri- 
nally. Wrote two Epistles, which are of an exhortatory nature, 
and, tradition hath it, was put to death at Rome. 

PETH'A-HI'AH (gate of the Lord), i. A priest in time of David, 
I Chron. xxiv, 16. 2. Others in Ezra x, 23; Neh. xi, 24. 

PE'THOR, An unknown town in Mesopotamia, residence of 
Bnlaam. 

PE-THU'EL (mouth of God), Father of the prophet Joel, Joel i, i. 
PE'TRA (rock). The modem name of Edom. 51?<? Ills. No. iii. 
PE-UL'THAI (my works). Eighth son of Obed-edom, i Chron. 
xxvi, 5. 



I90 PHE 

PHA'ATH-MO'AB, i Esdr. v, ii. [Pahath Moab.] 

PHArSUR, I Esdr. ix, 22. [Pashur.] 

PHA'LEC, Luke lii, 35. [Peleg.] 

PHAL'LU, Gen. xlvi, 9. [Pallu.] 

PHAL TI (deliverance), Sonof Laish, to whom Saul gave Michal 
in marriage after his quarrel with David, i Sam. xxv, 44. Called: 
Phaltiel in 2 Sam. iii, 15, 16. 

PHAL'TI-EL, 2 Sam. iii, 16. [Phalti.] 

PHA-NU'EL (face of God), Father of Anna the prophetess, Luke 
iii, 36. 

PHAR'A-CIM, His sons returned with Zerubbabel, i Esdr. v, 31. 

PHA'RAOH (ro) (the sun, the king). Title of the native kings of 
Egypt. Several are mentioned in the Bible, i. In connection 
with Abraham's visit to Egypt, b. c. 2000, Gen. xii, 15. 2. The 
Pharaoh of Joseph, b. c. 1728, Gen. xxxvii, 36. 3. Pharaoh of 
the Exodus, b. c- 1491, Ex. v-xiv. 4, Pharaoh the father-in-law 
of Solomon, b. c. ioio, 1 Kings iii, i. 5. Pharaoh the opponent 
of Sennacherib, Isa. xxxvi, 6. 6. Pharaoh Necho, b. c. 612, 2 
Kings xxiii, 29. 7. Pharaoh Hophra, grandson of former, in alli- 
ance with Jews against Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. xxxvii, 1-5. 

PHARAOH'S DAUGHTER, Three are mentioned; one pre- 
served Moses, Ex. ii, 5-10; another married Mered, i Chron. iv, 
18; another Solomon, i Kings iii, i. 

PHA'RES, Matt, i, 3; Lukeiii, 33. [Pharez.] 

PHA'REZ (division, rupture). 1. Son of Judah, in line of Christ, 
Matt, i, 3 ; Luke iii, 33. Written Perez in i Chron. xxvii, 3. 2. 
I Esdr. viii, 36. [Parosh.] 

PHAR'I-SEE (set apart), A sect of Jews in time of Christ, essen- 
tially the same as Assideans of i Mace, ii, 42. They were a 
learned and dominant sect, interpreting the law of Moses by the 
light of tradition and speculation, avoided intercourse with Gen- 
tiles, believed in the efficacy of long prayers, alms-giving, and 
showy external observances ; accepted the doctrine of immor- 
tality of the soul ; were largely fatalistic, yet were active in prose- 
lytism. They were often rebuked by Christ, and therefore be- 
came his active persecutors. Matt, vi, 2; Luke xviii, 9. 

PHAR'PAR (that produces fruit), A river of Damascus, whose 
waters were preferred to Jordan by Naaman, 2 Kings v, 12. 

PHAR'ZITES, Descendants of Pharez, son of Judah, Num. xxvi, 

PHA-SE'AH, Neh. vii, 51. [Paseah.] 

PHA-SE'LIS, A city on the borders of Pamphylia and Lycia with 

three havens, i Mace, xv, 36. 
PHASl-RON, Head of an Arab tribe defeated by Jonathan, i 

Mace, ix, 66. 
PHAS'SA-RON, I Esdr. v, 25. [Pashur.] 
PHE'BE, PHCE'BE (shining, pure), A Christian woman of Cen- 

chrsea, the eastern portion of Corinth. She was the bearer of 

Paul's Epistle to the Romans, Rom. xvi, i, 2. 
PHE-NI'CE, PH(E-NI'CE, PHCE-NI/CIA (purple, red), i. The 

tract of country fronting the Mediterranean to the north-west of 

Palestine, so-called from the appearance of the inhabitants who 

came into the Grecian marts dressed in the colors for which their 



PHI rgr 

cities, Tyre and Sidon, became noted. The original name was 
Canaan, '* lowland," to distinguish it from Aram or Syria. These 
people were never conquered by the Hebrews, but became noted 
for their trade and manufactures, Acts xv, 3. See Tyre and Sidon, 
They established colonies in Carthage, Cadiz, and Tarshish. 
Their language and traditions indicate that they were of the same 
stock as the Hebrews themselves. 2, A city near the south coast 
of Crete whose port Paul was unable to make. Acts xxvii, 12. 

PHI'CHOL (every tongue). Captain of Abimelech's army in time 
of Abraham, Gen. xxi, 22, 32. 

PHIL'A-DEL'PHI-A (love of a brother), A city of Lydia in Asia 
Minor, foimded by Attains Philadelphus, king of Pergamos. It 
became the seat of a Christian church. Rev. iii, 7-13. See Ills. 
No. 82. 

PHI-LAR'CHES (ruler of a division). Commander of a division 
of cavalry, 2 Mace, viii, 32. 

PHI-LE'MC3N (friendship), A citizen of Colosse in Phrygia, con- 
verted by Paul, and made the recipient of his ** Epistle to Phile- 
mon." This epistle was written by Paul during his first captivity 
at Rome, a. d. 63. Its bearer was Onesimus, a former servant 
of Philemon, and the object of the letter was to effect a reconcili- 
ation between them. It is universally commended for its courtesy 
■ and delicacy. 

PHI-LE'TUS (beloved), A convert who was excluded from the 
Church for his peculiar notions respecting the resurrection, 2 
Tim. ii, 17, 18. 

PHIL'IP (lover of horses), i. Father of Alexander the Great and 
king of Macedonia, b. c. 360-336, i Mace, i, i. 2. Governor of 
Jerusalem under Antiochus Epiphanes, b. c. 170; afterwards re- 
gent of Syria, 2 Mace, v, 22. 3. Philip V, king of Macedonia, 
B. c. 220-179, ^ Mace, viii, 5. 4. The Apostle, of Bethsaida, of 
whom little is known/r John vi, 5-9; xii, 20-22. 5. The Evan- 
gelist and deacon, resided at Csesarea. He wrought with efficacy 
in Samaria, Acts vi, 5 ; xxi, 8, 9. 6. [Herod, 3, 4.] 

PHI-LI P'PI (city of Philip), A city ot Macedonia about twelve 
miles from the port of Neapolis, founded or rather rebuilt by 
Philip IL It was a mining town, on the line of travel from Rome 
to Asia, and was visited by Paul, bemg the scene of his first labors 
in Europe. The church founded there was quite vigorous and 
seems to have been superintended by the devout Lydia, Acts xvi, 

8-40; XX, 3-6. 

PHI-LIP'PI-ANS (citizens of Phihppi), To them Paul wrote an 
epistle when in prison at Rome, a. d. 62-63. He thanks them 
for sending him a gift, commends their irreproachable Christian 
walk, and their firmness under persecution, and exhorts them to 
remain steadfast in the faith. 

PHILIS'TI-A, The word so translated in Ps. Ix, 8 ; Ixxxvii, 4; 
cviii, 9, is identical with that elsewhere translated Palestine. 

PHI-LIS'TINES (dwellers in villages^ A rich and powerful people 
dwelling in Philistia, a narrow fertile plain, west and southwest 
of Palestine, and between it and the Mediterranean. The name 
of their country is preserved iii Palestine, they in all probability 
being taken by the Greeks and Romans as the representative 



192 PIG 

people of the land. They would seem to be identified with the 
Caphtorim of Egypt, but for their language, which is Shemitic 
and speaks for them a Cretan origin. They are mentioned in 
Abraham's time. Gen. xx, 2 ; xxi, 32. Gaza, Askalon, Ashdod, 
Gath, and Ekron were their principal cities. David subdued them, 
2 Sam. V. 17, 18, but they gained full liberty during the time of 
the later kings of Judah. After the time of the Maccabees they 
do not appear as a distinct people. 

PHI-LOL O-GUS (lover of letters), A Christian at Rome saluted 
by Paul, Rom. xvi, 15. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHY Ooving wisdom), The run of learned thought 
during the first century was in favor of Gnosticism, or that at- 
tempt to engraft the wisdom of the Persians and the philosophy 
of Greece upon the newly engendered notions of Christianity. 
These efforts greatly perplexed the early apostles, and it required 
all the efforts of a Paul to preserve the doctrines of Christ intact, 
I Cor. i, 18-27; I Tim. vi, 20; Col. ii, 8, etc. 

PHIN'E-ES, Apocryphal form of Phinehas. 

PHIN'E-HAS (bold face), i. Son of Eleazar, who by his zeal 
stopped the plague and became chief of the Korhites. The high- 
priesthood was secured to his family. Num. xxv ; Josh, xxii, 5- 
34. 2. Second son of Eli, slain by the Philistines when the ark 
was captured, i Sam. i, 3 ; ii, 34. 3. A Levite in time of Ezra, 
Ezra viii, 33. 

PHI'SON, Greek form of Pison, Ecclus. xxiv, 25. 

PHLE'GON (zealous, burning), A Roman Christian saluted by 
Paul, Rom. xvi, 14. 

PHCKBE. FPhebe.] 

PHCP:-NrCl-A. [Phenick, I.] 

PHRYG'I-A (dry, barren), A vague, undefined province in Asia 
Minor, which contributed to the formation of several Roman pro- 
vinces. It is mentioned in connection^with Paul's visits, Acts 
xvi, 6 ; xviii, 23. 

PHUD. Jud. ii, 23. [Phut.] 

PHU'RAH (that bears fruit), Armor-bearer of Gideon, Judg. vii, 
10, II. 

PHU'RIM, Esther xi, i. [Purim.I 

PHUT, PUT (bowman), A son of Ham whose descendants are as- 
sociated with the Nubians of Africa, Gen. x, 6 ; Jer. xlvi, 9. 

PHU'VAH, Son of Issachar and founder of the Punites, Gen. 
xlvi, 14. 

PHY-GEL'LUS (fugitive), A Christian of Asia who turned away 
from the support of Paul, 2 Tim. i, 15. 

PHY-LAC'TE-RY (watcher, guard). [Frontlet.1 

PI-BE'SETH (abode of Bahest or Bast), A town of lower Egypt, 
the Bubastis of the Greeks on west bankof the Pclusiac branch of 
Nile, about forty miles from Memphis, noted for its temple, dedi- 
cated to the goddess Bast or Pesht, "goddess of fire," Ex. xxx, 

PKJ'TURE (painting), Movable pictures were unknown to the 
Jews. In Ezek. xxiii, 14 ; Prov. xxv, 11, idolatrous representa- 
tions in sculpture or bas-relievos are alluded to. 

PrGEON(Dipingbird). [Dove.] 

PI'HA-HITIOTH (pass of Hiroth), The last encampment of the 



_2l! ^ 

Israelites before crossing the Red Sea. Not identified, but of 
course somewhere near tlie coast, Ex. xiv, 2, 9 ; Num. xxili, 7. 

PFLATE, PON TI-US (armed with a dart , The sixth Roman 
procurator of Judea, under whose rule Christ labored, suffered, 
and died. He was appointed a. d. 25-26, aiid held office for tcii 
years, with lieadquartcrs at Csesarea. On Jewish accusations he 
was recalled and banished to Vienna by Caligula, where he com- 
mitted suicide. He was at Jerusalem when Christ was brought 
before him. After hearing the charges of blasphemy he decided 
in favor of the prisoner. The charge was changed to the more 
treasonable one of assuming the royal title and perverting the na- 
tion. In his heart Pilate knew Christ to be innocent, but he feared 
to displease the mob. He invented various excuses and delays, 
but finally let the mob have its ways, after washing his hands of 
the whole affair. Had his moral courage been as keen as his 
judgment he would have decided otherwise, Luke xxiii, 7; John 
xviii, xix. 

PIL'DASH, A son of Nahor by Milcah, Gen. xxii, 22. 

PIL'E-HA, A co-sealer of the covenant with Nehemiah, Nch. x, 
24. 

PIL'LAR (pile), A prominent feature of oriental architecture, and 
largely used in figures of speech. Gen. xxxv, 20; 2 Sam. xviii, 
18; Judg. xvi, 25-30; Rev. iii, 12; i Tim. iii, 15. 

PILL'ED (peeled). Old form of" peeled," hence stripped or plun- 
dered. Gen. x.xx, 37, 38 ; Isa. xviii, 2. 

PIL^TAI, Head of the priestly house of Moadiah in time of Joia- 
kim, Neh. xii, 17. 

PINE-TREE (pitch-tree). The oak, larch, elm, plane, or some 
other tree may be meant in Isa. xli, 19 ; Neh. viii, 15. 

PIN'NA-CLE (feather, edge). The original warrants the under- 
standing of a battlement, wing, turret, pointed roof, or projection 
of the temple, Matt, iv, 5, 6. 

PI'NON (pearl, gem), A duke or phylarch of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 
41. 

PIPE, A musical wind instrument like the flute, clarionet, or Pan- 
dean reeds, i Sam. x, 5; i Kings i, 40,- Matt. ix,23. 

PPRAM (wild ass). An Amorite king at time of conquest of Ca- 
naan, Josh. X, 3, 37. 

PIR'A-THON (deprivation), A spot, now Ferata, about two 
hours west of Shechem, Judg. xii, 15. 

PIS'GAH (hill), A hill or mountain, perhaps a ridge or range is 
meant, lying beyond Jordan in Moab and immediately opposite 
Jericho. The head of the range was Nebo. No trace of the 
name has been met with, and it is unidentified. Num. xxi, 20; 
Deut. xxxii, 49. 

PI-Sip'I-A (pitchy), A province of Asia Minor north of Pamphylia. 
Antioch was its capital. It was inhabited by a restless, lawless 
people amid whom Paul was in constant danger during his preach- 
ing tours. Yet the churches he established there existed for sev- 
eral centuries. Acts xiii, 14 ; xiv, 24. 

PrSON (extension.^changing), One of the four rivers of Eden, run- 
ning through the land of Havilah, wherever that may be, Gen. 



194 PON 

PIS'PAH, Son of Jether, i Chron. vii, 38. 

PIT (hole), Pits were dug for catching water, for dungeons, for 
trapping wild beasts. The word also denotes the grave and hell. 
Gen. xxxvii, 20; Jer. xxxviii, 6; Ps. xxviii, i ; Rev. xx, i. 

PITCH (product of the pitch tree), But the pitch of the Bible was 
asphalt or mineral pitch, found in great quantities about the Dead 
Sea, and used as mortar, cement, caulk, or for whatever purpose. 
Gen. vi, 14 ; Ex. ii, 3. 

PITCH'ER (beaker, bacchus, or wine holder), The word is used to 
denote the large water-jars used by oriental women and carried 
on the head, Gen. xxiv, 15-20. 

PI'THOM (opening of the mouth), A store city of Lower Egypt, 
built by the Israelites for Pharaoh, Ex. i, 11. 

PI'THON (mouthful), A son of Micah, i Chron. viii, 35. 

PLAGUE (blow, stroke)'. Like "pestilence," plagues embraced ca- 
lamities of all kinds, but the prominence of those of Egypt has 
narrowed the meaning to similar visitations, Ex. iii-xii. 

PLAN'ET (wanderer), The Hebrew word signifies inn or lodging, 
and hence refers to the signs of the zodiac, " houses " or *' stop- 
ping places" of the Sun in its apparent journey round the heavens, 
2 Kings xxiii, 5. 

PLAS TER, Lev. xiv, 42, 48. [Mortar.] 

PLEDGE. [Loan.] 

PLETA-DES (to sail), The constellation composed of seven stars, 
whose rising indicated a good time for setting sail. It is in the 
neck of Taurus or Bull, which sign the Sun enters in April, hence 
Pleiades indicated Spring, Job ix, 9 ; xxxviii, 31 ; Amos v, 8. 

PLOW, At first a very rude implement made of a forked bough, 
pointed with iron, and drawn by oxen, heifers, and asses. Gen. 
xlv, 6; Deut. xxii, 10; Job i, 14. See Ills. Nos. 263-269. 

POCH'E-RETH (cutting of the mouth of war). His children were 
among the servants of Solomon who returned with Zerubbabcl, 
Ezra ii, 57. 

PO'ET-RY (made up), Hebrew literature is largely poetical and 
ever grand and perfect. It was of the dass known as lyric, 
" adapted to the lyre," and every Old Testament author was 
more or less a poet. The books which are distinctively poetical are 
Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon. See 
treatise on Poetical Books in introduction to People's Standard 
Edition of the Holy Bible. 

POL'LUX. [Castor and Pollux.] 

POLL (the head). Num. ii, 47. To poll the head was to cut off the 
hair, 2 Sam. xiv, 25. 

POME'GRAN-ATE (apple filled with grains or seeds), A low, 
straight stemmed tree, native of Persia, Syria, and Arabia, bear- 
ing a fruit resembling an orange, the apple of Scripture, Num. 
XX, 5; Cant, iv, 13. See Ills. No. 371. 

POM'MELS Hittle apples\ Globular ornaments on the capitals of 
P'llars, 2 Chron. iv, 12, 13. " Bowls " in i Kings vii, 41. 

PONDS (shut in), Those of Egj'pt were stagnant pools left by sub- 
sidence of the waters of the Nile, Ex. vii,*i9. Fish ponds are 
mentioned in Isa. xix, 10. 

PON'TI-US PILATE. [Pilate.] 



PR A 195 

PON'TUS (the sea), A large district in Asia Minor lying along the 
coast of the Pontus Euxinus, ** Euxine Sea," whence the name. 
It was the empire of the briUiant Mithridates. _ Many Jews be- 
came resident there. Acts ii, 9 ; xviii, 2 ; i Pet. i, i. 

POOL (puddle). An artificial reservoir for water. They were con- 
structed at great expense in Palestine, and the remains of some 
arestill visible^ Ps. Ixxxiv, 6; Eccl. ii, 6 ; Ecclus. xxiv, 30, 31. 
See Ills. Nos. 75, 79. 

POOR (bare). The poor were especially cared for under the Jewish 
dispensation, Ex. xxiii, 6; Deut. xv, 7; Lev. xix, 9, 10. The 
same principles are inculcated in Luke iii, ii ; xlv, 13 ; Acts vi, i. 

POP'LAR (butterfly or moth tree). The white poplar or Storax 
tree is supposed to be meant. Gen. xxx, 37; Hos. iv, 13. 

POR'A-THA (fruitful), One of the ten sons of Haman slain by the 
Jews in Shushan, Esth. ix, 8. . 

PORCH (gate, passage). Veranda, 'vestibule, or even colonnade, 
may be meant by porch, in the Temple architecture. Any pas- 
sage from the street to the inner halls. Matt, xxvi, 71 ; Judg. iii, 
23 ; 1 Chron. xxviii, 11. 

POR'TER (carrier). But in Bible sense a gatekeeper, 2 Sam. xviii, 
26; Mark xui, 34. 

POR'TI-US FES'TUS. [Festus.] 

POS'I-DO'NI-US (Neptunean), An envoy sent by Nicanor to Ju- 
das, 2 Mace, xiv, 19. 

POSTS (placed), Special messengers in the East sent on journeys of 
importance. They were " swift footed " men, or they rode on 
horses or dromedaries, Esth. viii, 10-14; Job ix, 25. ^^^^ Ills. 
No 427. 

POT'I-PHAR (belonging to the Sun), An officer (eunuch or cham- 
berlain) under Pharaoh who befriended Joseph, but afterwards 
cast him into prison, Gen. xxxvii-xxxix. 

PO-TIPH'E-RAH (belonging to the Sun), A priest of On, city of 
the Sun, whose daughter became the wife of Joseph, Gen. xli, 45. 

POT'SHERD (pot fragment), A broken piece of pottery, Prov. 
xxvi, 23. 

POT'TE'R'S FIELD, The piece of ground outside of Jerusalem 
purchased with: the betrayal money and converted into a burying 
ground for strange Jews, Matt, xxvii, 7. [Aceldama.] 

POT'TE-RY fart of making pots), A very ancient manufacture, ar^d 
carried to great perfection. The vessels were of various shapes 
and often bore highly elaborate pictures in reliefs and colors, Gen. 
xxiv, 14; Ps. Ixxxi, 6; i Chron. iv, 23. The Ceramic art has 
given us some of the most valuable cantributions to history. See 
Ills. Nos. 289-300. 

POUND (weight, heavy), A weight and a sum of money. In for- 
mer sense the maneh is meant, i Kings x, 17, jind in the latte^.a 
Greek division of the talent equal to about one-sixtieth of it, Luke 
xix, 12-17. 

PRi^-TO'RI-UM (headquarters of the governor). At Jerusalem, 
the palace became the residence of the Roman governors while in 
the city. It was to the audience chamber of Pilate that Christ 
was brought for a hearing, Mark xv, 16. 

PRAY'ER (speaking beseechingly), An institution solemnly sanC- 

13 



196 



PSA 



tioned and practised in every age, and, in same form, among all 
peoples. Pious Jews were accustomed to pray thrice a day, Ps. 
Iv, 7; X)an, vi, 10, The practice is enjoined in the New Testa- 
ment, but no form or posture is prescribed. 

PRES'ENT. [Gift.] 

PRIEST (presbyter, elder). In an ecclesiastical sense, the represen- 
tative of man in things appertaining to God. At first, assistants of 
Moses in his function of mediator, Ex. xxiv, 5. Priestly line 
afterwards confined to tribe of Levi, Num. xvi, 40. The high- 
priesthood became one of the most important offices in the Jewish 
State. Solemnly dedicated; priestly robe peculiar; function 
strictly defined at first ; rights almost imperial ; supported as a 
class by contributions. See Ills. Nos. 328, 332, 336, 345-349. 

PRINCE (first). In Bible sense a patriarch, founder of a family, 
leader of a clan, and sometimes local governor or magistrate by 
deputation, i Kings xx, 14 ;*Dan. vi, i. 

PRIS'CA, 2 Tim. iv, 19. [Priscilla.] 

PRIS-CIL'LA (ancient). The wife of Aquila, Rom. xvi, 3 ; Acts 
xviii, 2. 

PROCH'O-RUS (leader of a choir). One of the first seven deacons. 
Acts vi, 5. 

PROG'NOS-TI-CATORS (knowing beforehand). Applied to Chal- 
deans who pretended to skill in conjuration and fortune-telling 
with the aid of the heavenly bodies, Isa. xlvii, 13. 

PROPH'ETS (foretelling, but in Hebrew sense, " bubbling forth "), 
That class of men chosen of God to announce the future under 
His inspiration. The development of God's system required 
just such agents. The writings of sixteen of these prophets are 
recorded in the Old Testament, though nearly every inspired 
author was in some sense a prophet. Four of the strict prophets 
are called " Greater," Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel. The 
rest are called the Lesser Prophets. Christ, of whom all the pro- 
phets bore witness, Luke xxiv, 27, 44, is preeminently the prophet 
of the Church for all ages. 

PROSE-LYTES (a new comer). In Bible. sense those of other na- 
tions or faiths who adopted the Jewish religion. In Old Testa- 
ment they are called " strangers," Gen. xv, 13; Ex. ii, 22; Matt, 
xxiii, 15 ; Acts ii, 10; vi, 5. 

PROVERB (for a word). The Book of Proverbs is a collection of 
the wise sayings of Solomon and others. Chapters i toix inclusive 
are consecutive and highly poetical. Chapters x to xxii are 
detached. Chapters xxv to xxix were collected under the direc- 
tion of Hezekiah. Chapter xxx is ascribed to Agur, and xxxi, 
to Lemuel, though whether these were real personages is not 
known, 

PSALMS (compositions to be sung to the cithera orharp), The He- 
brew title of these compositions is " Praises." They constituted the 
liturgical hymnbook of the Hebrews and were so received by the 

[ early Christians. The Psalms are 150 in number, seventy-three 
of which are ascribed to the pen of David. Ps. xc is ascribed to 
Moses. The authorship of the others cannot be placed. They 
are the most perfect specimens of Hebrew poetry extant. 

PSAL'TE-RY (harp), Was a stringed instrument to accompany the 



PYG 197 

voice. It resembled the guitar, Isa. v, 12; xiv, 11. See Ills. No. 
288. 

PTOL'E-MEE, PTOL'E-M^-US. i. The Ptolemies were a race of 
Egyptian kings who sprang from Ptolemy Soter, a general of 
Alexander, to whom fell that portion of his master's conquests. 
They figured censpicuously in inter-Biblical times, b. G. 323-59, 
when Egypt became a Roman province and the last of the line 
perished with the beautiful Cleopatra, i and 2 Mace. 2. Father 
of Lysjmachus, the Greek translator of Esther, Esth. xiii. 

PTOL-E-MA'IS. [AccHO ] 

PU A (mouth, corner), Phuvah, the son of Issachar, Num. xxvi, 
23. 

PU'AH (mouth, bush of hair). 1. Father of Tola of Issachar, Judg. 
X, I. 2. Num. xxvi, 23. [Pua.] 3. An Egyptian midwife in- 
structed by Pharaoh to kill the Hebrew first-born, Ex. i, 18. 

PUB LI-CAN (public servant), A tax collector. Under Roman 
rule they were plenty and oppressive, hence the bad turn given the 
word. The Jews regarded them with great malevolence. Matt, 
xviii, 17; Luke iii, 13; xix, 8. 

PUB LI-US (common), The prefect of Melita, who received Paul 
into his house when wrecked on the island, Acts xxviii, 7-9. 

PU'DENS (shame-faced), A Christian friend of Timothy at Rome, 
I Tim. iv, 21. 

PU'HITES, They belonged to Kirjath-jearim, i Chron. ii, 53. 

PUL (bean, destruction), i. An unidentified region, assigned to 
Africa, Isa. Ixvi, 19. 2. An Assyrian king who invaded Israel dur- 
ing the reign of Menahem, e. c. 772-761, but was bought off with 
a tho'osand talents of silver, 2 Kings xv, 19, 20. 

PULSE (pap, pottage). By this term is meant peas, beans, and all 
leguminous seeds ; and perhaps in Bible sense uncooked barley, 
wheat, and millet were included, Dan. i, 12-16. 

PUN'ISH-MENT (pain). Capital punishment for heinous crimes 
existed from earliest times, Gen. ix, 5, 6. It was administered by- 
stoning, beheading, hanging, burning, cutting asunder, beating, 
exposure to beasts, drowning, bruising in mortar, crucifixion. 
Various minor punishments were practised, as imprisonment, ban- 
ishment, confinement in stocks, etc. 

PU'NITES, Descendants of Pua, Num. xxvi, 23. 

PU'NON (precious stone), A desert halting place of the Israelites, 
during latter part of the wanderings. Num. xxxiii, 42. 

PU'RIM (lots), A Jewish festival instituted by Esther and Morde- 
cai to commemorate the deliverance of their people from the mur- 
derous designs of Haman. So called because Haman cast lots 
for a long time in order to find a day propitious for his bloody 
work, thus giving the Jews time to frustrate him, Esth. iii, 7. 

PUT, I Chron. i-, 8. [Phut.] 

PU-TE'O-LI (sulphurous wells). Now Pozzuoli, a maritime 
town on the bay of Naples, and near to the city of Naples, Acts 
xxvii, 13. See Ills. No. 43. 

PU'TI-EL (God is my fatness). Father-in-law of Eleazar, the son 
of Aaron, Ex. vi, 25, 

PY'GARG (white rump), A word used to designate an animal of 
the deer species mentioned in Deut. xiv, 5. But it is also applied 
by naturalists to a species of eagle. 



198 RAB 



Q. 



QUAILS, The quails of the desert, Ex. xvi, 13 ; Num. xi, 31, have 
been thought to be locusts, flying fish, sand-grouse, geese, etc., 
according to the imagination of critics. But the quail, Coturnix 
communix, abounds in the Arabian desert. They migrate in 
great numbers, and are frequently drifted together in large flocks 
by continuous winds, so that their presence in or near the camps 
of the Israelites may be accounted for naturally, Ps. cv, 40. See 
Ills. No. 389. 

QUAR TUS (fourth), A Christian'of Corinth, probably of Roman 
birth, R?.m. xvi, 23. 

QUA-TER'Nl-ON (guard of four soldiers), A Roman guard con*- 
sisting of four men, set apart to watch prisoners. Two of them 
watched within, and two watched at the door on the outside. Acts 
xii, 4. 

QUEEN (wife, woman regnant). The Hebrew idea of this dignity 
was the same as prevails at present. They had separate words 
designating the queen-regnant, queen-consortj and queen-mother. 

QUEEN OF HEAVEN, The moon, worshipped as Ashtoreth or 
Astarte by Hebrew idolaters, Jer. vii, 18; xliv, 17-25. 

QUICK'SANDS, The Syrtis, greater and lesser (Arabic, serf, 
"desert"). Two dangerous sandbanks and shoals on the north 
coast of Africa, between Carthage and Cyrene. The wind threa- 
tened to carry Paul's ship into the Lesser Syrtis, Acts xxvii, 17. 

QUIN'TUS MEM'MI-US, Memmius V, 2 Mace, xi, 34. [Man- 

LIUS.l 

QUIVER (case). Receptacle for arrows ; but there is nothing iu 
the Hebrew original of the word to indicate its form or of what 
made, Gen. xxvii, 3; Job xxxix, 23. 



R. 



RA'A-M AH ^greatness, thunder), A son of Cush and father of She- 
ba and Dedan, Gen. x, 7. The tribe of Raamah were noted tra- 
ders, Ezek. xxvii, 22. The country named after him was located 
about the head of the Persian Gulf. 

RA'A-MI'AH (thunder, evil from the Lord), A chief who returned 
with Zerubbabel, Neh. vii, 7. Written Reelaiah in Ezra ii, 2. 

RA-AM'SES, Ex. i, 10. |Rameses.] 

RAB, RAB'BI (great, powerful, chief, master). The word rab in 
Hebrew means chief or master. It often enters into compounds, 
and became a title of honor like our Dr. or Prof. The Hebrew 
preacher or priest is called Rabbi. Often applied to our Saviouf, 
Mark ix, 5 ; John i, 38. 

RAB'BAH, RAB'BATH (great, powerful), i. A powerful, and 
indeed the only city of the Ammonites. It was east of Jordan, 
just beyond the limits of Reuben and on the headwaters of the 



RAH 199 

Jabbok, Deut. iii, 11 ; Josh, xiii, 25. So strong was it that it only 
came into the possession of David after a siege of two years, 2 
Sam. xi, 17, etc. In time of Ptolemy Phiiadelphus, b. c. 285-247, 
its name was changed to Philadelphia and it became a centre of 
Christian influence. It is now a ** stable for camels," a " couch- 
ing place for flocks," as foretold in Ezek. xxv, 5. See Ills. No. 
54. 2. Rabbah, or Rubbath-Moab, was a strong place in Moab, 
opposite the Dead Sea, and on the line of travel from Heshbon to 
Bozrah. It is better known as Areopolis. 3. An unknown city 
of Judah, Josh, xv, 60. 4. Zidon-rabbah in Josh, xi, 8, is simply 
Zidon, 

RAB'Bl, RAB-BO'NI, A title built on the root rab, "master," 
which came into repute during the time of Herod the Great, and 

, applied to Hebrew doctors and learned men. Matt, xxiii, 7 ; John 
XX, 16. Rabbi was considered a higher title than Rab, and Rab- 
ban than Rabbi. [Rab.] 

RAB'BITH (chief), A town of Issachar, Josh, xix, 20. 

Rx\B'MAG (chief of a multitude or of the Magi), The title borne by 
Nergal-Sharezer, an officer under Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. xxxix, 

3, 13- 
HAB SA-RIS (chief of the eunuchs), i. An Assyrian general sent 
against Jerusalem in time of Hezekiah, 2 Kings xviii, 17. 2. An 
officer of Nebuchadnezzar present at the capture of Jerusalem, 
Jer. xxxix, 3, i3- 

RAB SHA-KEH (cup-bearer of the prince), An Assyrian general 
sent against Jerusalem, with Rabsaris and Tartan, 2 Kings xviii, 
xix ; Isa, xxxvi. 

'RA'CA (worthless), A term of reproach used among Jews of the 
first century, Matt, v, 22. 

RACE (run), Races were among the favorite games of the Greeks 
and Romans. The Isthmian games are alluded to in i Cor. ix, 
24-27. . 

RA'CHAB, Matt, i, 5. [Rahab.] 

RA'CHAL (embalmer), A spot which formed one of the haunts of 
David during his freebooting career, i Sam. xxx, 29. 

RA'CHEL (a ewe), A daughter of Laban, wife of Jacob and mother 
of Joseph and Benjamin. Her story is told in Gen. xxix-xxxiii, 
xxx v. Her sepulchre is pointed out by Mohammedans as near 
Bethlehem. 

RAD'DA-I (ruling), Fifth son of Jesse and brother of David, 1 
Chron. ii, 14. 

RA'GAN. I. Jud. i, 5. [Rages.] 2. Luke iii, 35. [Reu.] 

R.A'GES (friend), An important city in Media on the boundary of 
Parthia, Tob. i, 14. 

RA-GU'EL, RE-U'EL (shepherd of God), i. A prince and priest 
of Midian, and probably but another name for Jethro or Hobab, 
the father-in-law of Moses, Num. x, 29 ; Ex. ii, 15. 2. A Jew of 
Ecbatane, father-in-law of Tobias, Tob. iii, 7. 

RA'HAB, RA'CHAB (large), i. The harlot of Jericho who re- 
ceived the spies sent by Joshua and thus purchased immunity 
when the city was sacked. She afterwards married Salmon, of 
the tribe of Judah, and becanie an ancestress of Christ, Josh, ii, 
1^21 ; vi, 17-25 ; Ruthiv, 21 ; Matt, i, 24, 2. Poetical name for 



200 RAM 

Egypt, and in this connection signifies *' pride, insolence, fierce- 
ness," as characteristic of the inhabitants, Ps. Ixxxix, lo ; Isa. 
li, 9. 

RA'HAM (friend), A descendant of Caleb, and father of Jorkoam, 
I Chron. ii, 44. 

RA'HEL, Jer. xxxi, 15. [Rachel.] 

RAIN (humour, wet), In the Bible the earlier and later rains of 
Palestine are spoken of. The former fell in October, which was 
seed time ; the latter in April, just before the ripening of the crops, 
Deut. xi, 14: Hos. vi, 3. 

RAIN'BOW, The rainbow is caused by separation, and reflection 
of the rays of light, the raindrops acting as lenses for separating 
the rays, and the clouds as mirrors for reflecting the colors. The 
phenomenon was chosen by God as a token of his covenant with 
earth, Gen. ix, 13-15. 

RA'KEM, A descendant of Manasseh, 1 CHron. vii, 16. 

RAK'KATH (empty), A fortified town of Naphtali, Josh. xi?c, 

RAK'KON (vain, void), A town of Dan, not far from Joppa, 
Josh, xix, 46. 

RAM (elevated), i. Son of Hezron, i Chron. ii, 9. 2. First-bom 
of Jerahmeel, 1 Chron, ii, 25, 3. In Job xxxii, 2, Aram is 
thoitght- to be meant. 

RAM (strong), i. The male of the sheep species. 5^<? Ills.^No. 
437. 2. The battering ram was a weapon used among ancient 
nations. They were of several kinds, some being merely mov- 
able towers filled with armed men, others being used for battering 
down gates and walls, Ezek. iv, 2 ; xxi, 22. See Ills. No. i8. 

RA'MA, Matt, ii, 18. [Ramah.] 

RA'MAH elevated, sublime), Many places in Palestine are named 
Ramah, R^imath, Ramoth, Ramathaim, etc. ; the word being the 
equivalent of hill or mount. i. The principal city was Ramah of 
Benjamin, six miles north of Jerusalem ; now a village called er- 
Ram, Josh, xviii, 25 ; i Kings xv, 17. 2. The birthplace of 
Samuel, i Sam. i, 19 ; vii, 17. It was doubtless somewhere iii 
Ephraim. 3. A city of Naphtali, near Sea of Galilee, Josh, xix, 
36. 4 A place re-inhabited by Benjamites after captivity ; pro- 
bably Ramah i, Neh. xi, 33. 

RA'MATH-LE'HI (hill of the jaw-bone). The scene of tlie .slaugh- 
ter of the thousand Philistines by Samson. Place unknown, 
Judg. XV, 17. 

RA'MATH-MIZTEH (hill of the watch tnwer>, A landmark or 
boundary of Gad, Josh, xiii, 26 ; and probably the Mizpeh of Ja- 
cob and Laban^ 

RA'MATH OF THE SOUTH, A town of Simeon, same as Ba- 
alath-Beer, Josh, xix, 8. 

RA'MATH-A'IM-ZO'PHIM (the two watch towers), Full form of 
the town in which Samuel was born, 1 Sam. i, i. [Ramah, 2.] 

RAM'A-THEM, i Mace, xi, 34. [Ramathaim.] 

RA-ME'SES, RA-AM'SES, Several places in Egypt bore this 
name, but the one in question was the capital of Goshen, built by 
the Hebrews. .It is thought to have been on the line of the ancient 
canal between the Nile and the Red Sea, Ex. i, 11 ; xii, 37; Num. 
xxxiii, 3-5. See Ills. No. 94. 



REC 20I 

RA-MFAH (exaltation of God), Son of Parosh, i Chron. vi, 73. 

RA'MOTH (high places), Son of Bani, Ezra x, 29. 

RA'MOTH-GIL'E-AD (heights of Gilead), A stronghold or fast- 
ness of Gilead, probably identical with Ramath-mizpeh. It lay- 
in Gad, and in the wars between Syria and Israel was the key to 
situation east of the Jordan, 1 Kings iv, 13 ; Deut. iv, 43. 

RA'PHA (physic, comfort), A descendant of Saul, i Chron. 
viii, 37. 

RA'PHA-EL (comfort of God), One of the seven holy angels ; or 
according to another tradition one of the four angels that stood 
round the throne of God (Michael, Uriel, Gabriel, Raphael), Tob. 
xii, 15. 

RAPH'A-IM, An ancestor of Judith, Jud. viii, 1. 

RA'PHON, A city of Gilead before which Judas Maccabeus de- 
feated Timotheus, i Mace, v, 37. 

RA'PHU (comfort). Father of Palti, the spy of Benjamin, Num. 
xiii, 9. 

RAS'SES, A country ravaged by Holofemes on his way to Judea, 
Jud. ii, 23. 

RA-THU'MUS, I Esdr. ii, 16. [Rehum.] 

RA'VEN (croaker), An unclean bird belonging to the genus corvus 
or crow, Lev. xi, 15. Elijah was fed by ravens, but there are 
strong arguments in favor of some other translation, as for instance, 
that he was fed by the people of a neighboring village, i Kings 
xvii, 6. 

RA'ZIS, An elder of Jerusalem who committed suicide, 2 Mace. 
xiv, 37-46. 

RA'ZOR (scraper). Was known and much used by the Jews. The 
Levites shaved their whole body. Num. vi, 9, 18; Lev. xiv, 8; 
Judg. xiii, 5. * 

RE'A-I'A (vision of God), A prince of Reuben, i Chron. v, 5, 

RE'A-I'AH (as above), i. A descendant of Shubal of Judah, i 
Chron. iv, 2. 2. His children were among the returned Nethi- 
nim, Ezra ii, 47. 

RE'BA (the fourth, square). One of the five kings of Midian, slain 
by the Israelites, Num. xxxi, &. 

RE-BEC'CA, Greek form of Rebekah, Rom. ix, 10. 

RE-BEK'AH (fat, of great beauty), Daughter of Bethuel and sis- 
ter of Laban in Mesopotamia, who became the wife of Isaac and 
mother of Jacob and Esau. Her partiality for Jacob led to his 
flight, and when he returned home twenty years afterwards Re- 
bekah lay buried in the cave of Machpelah, Gen, xxiv-xxviii. 

RE'CHAB (square, chariot with four horses). 1. Father of Jehona- 
dab, 2 Kings x, 15,23. 2. Captainof oneof Ishbosheth's bands, 
2 Sam. iv, 2. 3. Father of Malchiah, Neh. iii, 14. 

RE'CHAB-ITES, Descendants of Rechab, Avho under Jehonadab 
became a society or sect, having as tenets, abstinence from wine, 
freedom from agricultural labor, and habitation only in tents. 
The order existed for many centuries, and it is thought that at the 
capture of Jerusalem they went into Arabia and naturally fell into 
a Bedouin li^e, Jer. xxxv, 2-1 t, 19. 

RE^CHAH, Place unknown, i Chron. iv, 12. 

RE-COR'DER (keeper of records). An officer of high rank in liie 



202 .^ REH 

Hebrew state. He had charge of the annals and was the head 
of a corps of assistants, 2 Sam. viii, 16; i Kings iv, 3. 

RE-DEEM'ER (purchaser, ransomer). The name given to Christ 
because he ransoms mankind from the bondage of sin with the 
price of his blood. Matt, xx, 28; Gal. iii, 13. 

RED SEA, "The Sea" of the Israelites, Ex. xiv, 2-28. Name 
variously accounted for. Some trace the name to the red appear- 
ance of the coast mountains ; to quantities of red seaweed which 
float upon it ; to the abundance of coral found in it; to the flocks 
of red storks inhabiting it. Another school trace the name to a great 
King Erythras, " red," whose empire bordered on it ; to the ruddy 
color of the people who dwelt on its coasts. It is probably the 
sea of the Red-men. It is first the gulf of Aden, becomes the 
Red Sea, separating Egypt from Arabia, and then branches off 
into Gulf of Akabah and Gulf of Suez, the head of the former being 
within a few miles of the JNIediterxanean. The Israelites did not 
cross the Red Sea proper, but the Gulf of Suez, where it was shal- 
low, and where by constant recedence of the waters it may now 
be quite dry. The navigation of the Red Sea is quite dangerous 
on account of the narrowness of the channel and the adverse 
winds. 

REED (rod). Various Hebrew words are so translated, but they 
generally refer to single stalked plants growing in marshy ground, 
as rushes, canes, etc.. Job xl, 21 ; Isa. xix, 6 ; Matt, xi, 7. [Pa- 
pyrus.] 

RE'EL-ATAH (ya), Ezra ii, 2. [Raamiah.] 

RE-FI'NER (making fine), A worker of precious metals, Isa. i, 
25; Jer. vi, 29; Mai. iii, 3. 

REF'UGE. [City of Refuge.1 

RE GEM (purple, who stones), Son of Jahdai, i Chron. ii, 47. 

RE'GEM-ME LECH (purple of the king), A messenger from the 
captive Jews to inquire about fasting in the Temple, Zech. 
vii, 2. 

RE'HA-BrAH (breadth of God), Only son of Eliczer, son of 
Moses, I Chron. xxiii, 17. 

RE'HOB (breadth), i. Father of Hadadeser, king of Zobah, 
whom David smote at the Euphrates, 2 Sam. viii, 3-12. 2. A 
Levite who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah, Neh. x, 11. 3. 
A town of Asher on northern limit of Palestine. The spies sent 
out penetrated that far. Num. xiii, 12 ; Josh, xix, 28. 

RE'HO-BO'AM (who frees the people), Son of Solomon by his 
Ammonite wife, Naamah, 1 Kings xiv, 21-31. He succeeded his 
father on the throne, b. c. 975-958. During his reign the ten 
tribes revolted under Jeroboam and set up the kingdom of Israel. 
It was during his reign also that Shishak of Egypt made his cele- 
brated invasion, taking Jerusalem, and carrying away much of 
the Temple treasure, i Kings x, 16, 17. 

RE-HO'BOTH (spaces, places), i. An ancient city of Assyria, 
built by Nimrod or Ashur. Site unknown. Gen. x, 11, 2. A city 
on the Euphrates built by Shaul, an early Edomite king, Gen. 
xxxvi, 37. 3. A spot south of Gerar and Beersheba where Isaac 
dug his third series of wells, Gen. xxvi, 22. 

RE'HUM (merciful), i. Persons mentioned in Ezra ii, 2; iv, 8; 
Neh. iii, 17 ; xii, 3. 



REV 203 

RE'I (my shepherd), An adherent of David, i Kings i, 8. 

REINS (kidneys), They were anciently thought to be the seat of 
the desires, hence, were oiten coupled with the heart, Ps. vii, 9; 
Jer. xi, 20. 

RE'KEM (vain pictures), i. One of the five kingsof Midian slain 
by the Israehtes, Num. xxxi, 8; Josh.xiii, 21. 2. Son of Hebron, 
i Chron. ii, 44. 3. An unknown town of Benjamin, Josh, xviii, 
27. 

REM^A-LI'AH (exaltation of God), Father of Pekah, king of Is- 
rael, 2 Kings XV, 25-37. 

RE METH, Josh, xix, 21. [Ramoth ] probably. 

REM'MON, Josh, xix, 7. [Rimmon,] 

REM'PHAN (^arrayed), An idol worshipped in the wilderness by 
the Israehtes. Supposed to be the same as Chiun, Acts vii, 43 ; 
Amos V, 26. 

RE'PHA^EL (physic of God), First born of Obededom, i Chron. 
xxvi, 7. 

RE'PHAH (medicine). Ancestor of Joshua, i Chron. vii, 25. 

RE PHA-I'AH^ (medicine of God), i. Persons mentioned in i 
Chron. iii, 21 ; iv, 42; vii, 2; ix, 43; Neh. iii, 9. 

REPH'A-IM, (giants), The valley of the Rephaim in which 
took place many of David's early exploits is supposed to be the 
one which extends from Jerusalem to Bethlehem, 2 Sam. v, 18, 
22, etc. 

REPHT-DIM (beds, places of rest), An encampment of the Israel- 
ites between Egypt and Sinai. Not identified, Ex. xvii, 1-8 ; 
xix, 2. 

RE'SEN (bk; bridle). An ancient city of Assyria built by Ashur or 
Nimrod, Site unknown, Gen. x, 12. 

RE'SHEPH, A son of Ephraim and brother of Rephah, i Chron. 
vii, 25. 

RE'U (his friend or shepherd). Son of Peleg in line of Abraham's 
ancestors. Gen. xi, 18-21. 

REU'BEN (behold, a son!). Eldest son of Jacob and Leah, Gen. 
xxix, 32. For his crime with Bilhah he lost his primogeniture, 
which was conferred on Judah, Gen. xxxv, 22. He saved the life 
pf Joseph ; removed to Egypt with his father ; his tribe nnm- 
^bered 46,500 men at Sinai ; having many herds it chose a portion 
beyond Jordan,, where pasture was good ; that portion lay be- 
tween Moab and Gilead and skirted the Dead Sea. The tribe 
lapsed into idolatry and was carried away by Tiglath-Pileser. 

RE-U'EL (friend of God), i. A son of Esau, Gen. xxxvi, 4-17. 2. 
One of the names of Moses' father-in-law, Ex. ii, 18. [Raguel.] 
3. Father of Eliasaph, a leader of Gad at census of Sinai, Num. 
ii, 14. 4. Ancestor of Elah, of Benjamin, i Chron. ix, 8. 

RP^U'MAH (lofty). Concubine of Nahor, Abraham's brother. 
Gen. xxii, 24. 

REV-E-LA'TION (veil drawn back), i. In a Scripture sense any 
extraordinary disclosure of truth by dream, vision, ecstasy or 
otherwise, 2 Cor. xii, 1-7. 2. The Book of Revelation or Apoca- 
lypse, the last book of the New Testament, written by the Apos- 
tle John at Ephesus, containing his inspired visions while a 
prisoner on the island of Patmos, time, a. d. 95-97. It was writ- 



204 RIN 

ten in Greek, and has given rise to a greater variety of interpreta- 
tions than any inspired writing. It may with safety be regarded 
as a prophetic outline of Church history to the end of time. 

RE-ZEPH (pavement, burning coal). An unknown place mentioned 
in the message of Sennacherib to Hezekiah, 2 Kings xix, 12. 

RE-ZI'A, Son of Ulla, of the tribe of Asher, i Chron. vii, 39. 

RE'ZIN (goodwill, messenger), i. King of Damascus, contem- 
porary with Pekah of Israel. He conspired with Pekah against 
Judah, but Tiglath-Pileser intervened and conquered him, 2 
Kings xvi, 9. 2. A family of returned Nethinim, Ezra ii, 48. 

RE'ZON (prince, secret, lean), A Syrian who took advantage of 
David's defeat of Hadadezer and set up a petty kingdom at 
Damascus, i Kings xi, 23. 

RHE'GI-UM (fracture), Now Reggio in Calabria, the toe of the 
boot of Italy. Its coins were stamped with ** Castor and Pollux," 
the name of the ship in which Paul sailed, Acts xxviii, 13. 

RHE'SA (will, course). Son of Zerubbabel in genealogy of Christ, 
Luke iii, 27, 

RHO'DA (rose). The maid who announced Peter's arrival at the 
house of Mary, after his release from prison, Acts xii, 13. 

RHODES (roses). An island of the /Egean, directly off the coasts 
of Caria and Lycia. It is about forty miles long and fifteen wide. 
Its capital city, Rhodes, gave to the island its glory, being re- 
nowned through a very long history for its learning, arts, and 
architecture. It was the last place held by the Eastern Christians 
against the Saracens. Paul touched there on his third missionary 
journey, Acts xxi, i. Sec Ills. No. 499. 

RHOD'O-CUS, A Jew who betrayed the plans of his countrymen 
to Antiochus Eupator, 2 Mace, xiii, 21. 

RHO'DUS, I Mace, xv, 23. [Rhodes.] 

RI BAI (strife), Father of Ittai, of Benjamin, 2 Sam. xxiii 29. 

RIB'LAH (quarrel), A city of Syria, on the Orontes, in the great 
valley of Libanus, regarded by Moses as the northeastern limit of 
Palestine. It was on the road between Palestine and Babylonia, 
and the Chaldean kings made It a point from which to conduct 
their military operations against the western nations. Name still 
retained, Num. xxxiv, 11 ; 2 Kings xxv, 6-21. 

RID'DLE (to advise, to guess), The Hebrew original signifies "to 
bend off," " to twist," in sense of deceit or artifice, Dan. viii, 
2^. But' in a large sense it included proverbs, Prov. i, 6; oracles. 
Num. xii, 8; songs, Ps. xlix, 4; parables, Ezek. xvii, 2 ; any in- 
tricate sentences or questions, i Kings x, i : 2 Chron ix, i. 

RIM'MON (exalted, pomegranate), i. Father of Rechab and Ba- 
anah, murderers of Ishbosheth, 2 Sam. iv, 2-9. 2. A deity wor- 
shipped by the Syrians at Damascus, under the type of the pome- 
granate, symbolizing the fertilizing principle of nature, 2 Kings 
v, 18. 3. A citv of Zebulim assigned to Levites, Josh, xix, 13. 
4. A town of Jiidah given to Simeon, Josh, xv, 32. 5. Rimmon- 
Pa'rez was a desert encampment of the Israelites, not identified. 
Num. xxxiii, 19. 6. The Rock of Rimmon was a mountain 
fastnf^ss north of Jerusalem, near Gibea. The name is still re- 
tained by a village, Judg. xx, 45-47 ; ^^i, 13. 

RING (circle, around), The ring was an indispensable article of 



ROO 205 

Jewish ornament. It was the symbol of authority among men. 
Gen. xli, 42. Rings were worn by women upon the fingers, ia 
the ear, and nose. See Ills, Nos. 177-193. 

RIN'NAH (song), A son of Shimon, of Judah, 1 Chron, iv, 20. 

RI'PATH (medicine, pardon), Second son of Gomer, and progeni- 
tor of a northern nation. The name is associated with Riphsean 
or Carpathian mountains of Dacia, Gen. x, 3. Dipath in i 
Chron. i, 6. 

RIS'SAH (dew, distillation), A desert station of the Israelites, 
Num. xxxiii, 21. 

RITH'MAH (juniper, noise), A desert station, probably aortheast 
of Hazeroth, Num. xxxiii, 18, 19. 

RIVER (bank, shore). In Hebrew sense a large, flowing stream, 
rivulet, ravine, valley. ** The river of Egypt" refers to the Nile, 
Gen. XV, 18. 

RIZ'PAH (bed, extension, coal), A Hivite woman, who became 
concubine to King Saul. The beautiful story of her affection is 
told in 2 Sam. xxi, 8-11. 

ROAD (riding way). Does not occur in our sense in Bible. But in 
I Sam xxvii, 10, used in sense of a raid or incursion. 

ROB'BE-RY (riving, breaking), A popular crime among the roving 
bands of the East, Gen. xvi, 12 ; i Sam. xxvi, 6-12 ; Judg. ii, 14. 
For law concerning theft, See Ex. xxi, 16. 

ROB'O-AM, Matt, i, 7. TRehoboam.] 

ROE, ROE BUCK, The oriental antelope or gazelle. It is often 
referred to in the Bible, Deut. xii, 15-22; Prov. vi, 5. See Ills, 
No. 436. 

RO-GE'LIM (footman). Residence of Barzillai, in Gilead, 2 Sara, 
xvii, 27. 

ROH'GAH (talkative). Son of Shamer, of Asher, i Chron. vii, 34, 

ROLL (little wheel). The book of ancient times, which consisted 
of a long strip of paper or parchment rolled on a stick, Isa. viii, i. 

RO-MAM-TI-E'ZER (exaltation of help), A son of Heman, i 
Chron. XXV, 4, 31. 

ROME, RO'MANS (strength, power). First mentioned in Bible in 
I Mace, i, 10, at which time her conquests were being pushed in 
Syria and Palestine. The capital, Rome, is situated on the Tiber, 
about fifteen miles from the sea." At the Christian era Rome was 
virtual mistress of the civilized world, and the empire embraced a 
population of 85,000,000. City founded b. c. 752, and governed 
by kings to b. c. 509. After that governed by consuls till time 
of Julius Caesar, whose son, Augustus, took the title of emperor, 
B. c. 30. Her power was then at its height. Empire declined 
gradually, and received a final blow when Constantine removed 
the government to Constantinople, a. d. 328. Jerusalem was de- 
stroyed by Romans, under Titus, a. d. 70. Gospel early intro- 
duced among Romans, but Christians were generally persecuted 
until reign of Constantine, who was a Christian convert. Paul 
wrote his celebrated Epistle to the Romans from Corinth,, a. d. 58, 
Rom. XV, 25; Acts xx, 2, for the purpose of proving that Jews 
were no more exempted from sin than Gentiles, and that each had 
the same need of justification and sanctification. See Ills. No. 44. 

ROOF. [House.] 



2o6 SAB 

ROOM (space apart). Used in several places for seat or place, as 

in Luke xiv, 8-10 ; xx, 46. 
ROSE (red., A favorite flower in the East, mentioned in Cant, ii, 

I ; Isa. XXXV, i ; but the translation is much controverted. 
ROSH (head, top\ A son of Benjamin, thought to be same as 

Ahiram, Gen. xlvi, 21. 
ROS IN (resin). The resin left after turpentine is distilled from the 

sap of the pine tree. But the word so translated in " Song of 
_ Three Children" (23), is bitumen or naphtha, a mineral product 

of volcanic origin. 
RU'BY (.red), A ruddy gem of great value, but the word so trans- 
lated is thought to signify red coral or pearls. Job xxviii, 18 ; Ps. 

iii, 15 ; viii, ii. 
RUE ^with thick, fleshy leaves), A garden plant, and therefore con- 
sidered tithab'.e, Luke xi, 42. It has a bitter odor, and is used in 
, medicine. Called also "herb of grace," because it was one of the 

ingredients in the preparation which exorcists used to try the 

devil with. 
RU'B'US (ruddy). Son of Simon, of Cyrene, who bore the Cross of 

Christ to the place of crucifixion, ^lark xv, 21. The same may 

be meant in Rom. xvi, 13. 
RU HA-MAH (^having obtained mercy), A symbolical n^me given 

by Hosea to his daughter, Hos. ii, i. 
RU'MAH, 2 Kings xxiii, 36, Probably Arumah or Dumah. 
RUSH.. [Reed.I 
RUST (ruddy). In Matt, vi, 19, 20, and James v, 3, the common 

oxide of iron or rust is hardly meant, but perhaps some worm in- 

jiurious to the corn, as the Tinea granella. 
RUTH (beauty), The Moabitish wife of Mahloh andBoaz, whose 

story is so beautifully told in the pastoral of Ruth. The object 

of the author was doubtless to trace the lineage of King David. 

The time of writing and the author are alike unknown. 
RYE, Our cereal, rye, can hardly be meant in Ex. ix, 32. In Isa, 

xxviii, 25, the same word is tran.slated " spelt ; " and in Ezek. iv, 

Q, " fitches." Spelt is but another variety of wheat, and may 

nave been the Hebrew rye. 



S. 



SA'BACH-THA'NI (hast thou forsaken me?), A Syro-Chaldaic 
word, part of Christ's exclamation on the cross. Matt, xxvii, 46. 
Used prophetically in Ps. xxii, i. 

SAB'A-OTH (hosts, armies), Usually with Jehovah, *' Lord of 
hosts," and hosts in this sense is entirely comprehensive, meaning 
all the powers of earth and heaven, Rom. ix,' 29 ; James v, 4. 

SA'BAT (around), x. His sons returned with Zerubbabel, i Esdr. 
V, 34. 2. I Mace, xvi, 14. [Sebat.] 

SAB'BATH (day of rest). The name Sabbath is applied to several 
great festivals or days of rest, but principally to th6 seventh day 
of the week, the observance of which is enforced in the Decnlogue 
and elsewhere in the Mosaic economy, Ex. xvi, 23-29. Though 
it was an institution after the pattern of Gen. ii, 2, 3, there is on 



SAD 207 

evidence that it was observed in antediluvian times. In the new 
dispensation the day of Christ's resurrection has been set apart as 
the day of rest, in commemoration of the event. That was the day 
after the Jewish Sabbath, hence the first day of the week instead 
of the seventh. Acts xx. 6-11 ; Rev. i, 10; i Cor. xi, 20. 

SAB'BATH DAY'S JOURNEY, Appears to have been about 2000 
paces, or six or seven furlongs. "This shortened journey arose 
from the enactment in Ex. xvi, 29, which prevented a person 
from going "beyond his place" on the Sabbath day. When 
"his place" came to be defined, it was decided by custom that 
2000 paces were sufficient for all the ordinary duties of life. Acts i, 
12. 

SAB'BA-THE'US, i Esdr. ix, 14. [Shabbethai.] 

SAB-BAT'I-CAL YEAR, As each seventh day and month were 
holy, so was each seventh year by the Mosaic code, Ex. xxiii, 
10, II. The land rested that year, and debtors were released. 
Lev. xxv, 2-7, Deut. xv. 

SAB-BE'US, I Esdr. ix, 32. [Shemaiah.] 

SA-BE'ANS. [Sheba.] 

SA'BI, I Esdr. V, 34. " 

SAB'TAH, SAB'TA (going around, old age), Third son of Cush, 
Gen. X, 7 ; i Chron. i, 9. His place of settlement is unknown. 

SAB'TE-CHA, SABTE-CHAH (that surrounds). Fifth son of 
Cush, who located, it is thought, near the Persian gulf. Gen. x, 7. 

SA'CAR (wares, price). Persons mentioned in i Chron. xi, 35 ; 
xxvi, 4. 

SACK'BUT (to draw up the stomach), A stringed instrument is 
meant in Dan, iii, 5-15, and not the sackbut, which is a wind in- 
strument, so-called from the movement of the stomach in blow- 
ing it. 

SACK'CLOTH (coarse cloth), A coarse texture, originally made 
of goat's hair, Isa. 1, 3; Rev. vi, 12. Used for making sacks. 
Gen. xlii, 25 ; Lev. xi, 32 , and for the garments worn by mourn- 
ers, which, in cases of extreme woe, were worn next the skin, 1 
Kings xxi, 27 ; 2 Kings vi, 30. 

SAC'RI-FICE (making holy). An offering made to God, involving 
a life, based on the sense of sin and lost communion, with a pro- 
pitiatory or expiatory view. As a rite it existed from the earliest 
times, and arose from a natural instinct. Solemnly ordained in 
Lev. xvii, 4-9 ; Deut. xii, 5-18. Nature set forth in Epistle \o 
Hebrews. The Hebrew methods consisted of a. Burnt-offering, in 
which the whole victim was consumed on the altar. Lev. i, 1-17 ; 
vii, 8. The Sin-offering and Trespass-offering, which was an 
offering for particular offences. Lev. vii, 1--10. The Peace-offer- 
ing or Free Will-offering, offered at pleasure., Lev. vii, 11-34. 
They may all be regarded as types of that universal offering or 
sacrifice made once for all in the person of Christ. 

SAD'A-MPAS, 2 Esdr. i, i. [Shallum.] 

SAD-DE'US, I Esdr. v, 13. [Iddo.] • 

SAD'DU-CEES (righteous, followers of Zadok), A Jewish religious 
party or school, so-called from a Hebrew word, meaning "just," 
or "righteous," or, as some would have it, from Zadok, their 
founder. They date from about three centuries before Christ, re- 



2o8 SAL 

jected the Mosaic oral law and all the traditions so highly esteemed 
by the Pharisees, denied the existence of angels and spirits, a fu- 
ture state of rewards and punishments, and regarded the soul as 
perishing with the body. Their tenets were not so popular as 
those of the Pharisees, yet many select and learned men belonged 
to them. They hated Christians with even more bitterness than 
the Pharisees, Acts iv, i ; v, 17. 

SA'DOC (just, righteous), i. 2 Esdr. i, i. [Zadok.] 2. A descend- 
ant of Zerubbabel in genealogy of Christ, Matt, i, 14. 

SAFFRON (yellow), A garden plant, much prized as a perfume. 
The Indian saffron is meant, a variety similar to our own. Cant, 
iv, 14. 

SAINT (sanctified). In the early church a general name for Chris- 
tian, Rom. i, 7; viii, 27. So in Old Testament pious Jews were 
called saints, Ps. xvi, 3. 

SA'LA, Luke lii, 35. [Salah or Shelah.] 

SA'LAH (mission, extension), Sonof Arphaxad, and father of Eber, 
Gen. X, 24; Luke iii, 35. 

SAL'A-MIS (shaken, beaten), A city of Cyprus, visited by Paul. 
It was much inhabited by Jews. Afterwards called Constantia, 
Acts xiii, 5-12. 

SA-LA'THI-EL (asked of God), Son of Jechonias, king of Judah 
(or Neri), and father of Zorobabel, Matt, i, 12; Luke iii, 27. 
Written Shealtiel in i Chron. iii, 17. 

SAL'CAH (basket, lifting up), A city of Bashan. Conquered by 
Hebrews, and falling in allotment of Manasseh or Gad, Josh, xii, 
5 ; Deut. iii, 10. Now SulkJiad, twenty miles south of Kenath. 

SAL'CHAH, Deut. iii, 10. [Salcah.] 

SA'LEM (peace, perfection). The place of which Melchizedek was 
king. Site muck controverted, but on strength of Ps. Ixxvi, 2, 
referred to Jerusalem, Gen. xiv, 18 ; Heb. vii, i, 2. 

SA'LIM (foxes, paths), The place /Enon, scene of^ John's last bap- 
tisms, John iii, 23.. A ravine or wady called Salitn has been 
found within two miles of Jordan, and south of Bethshean. 

SAL'LA-I (exaltation, basket), i. A Benjamite, who settled in Je- 
rusalem after captivity, Neh. xi,8. 2. Head of a course of priests 
in time of Zerubbabel, Neh. xii, 20. 

SAL'LU (as above), i. A Benjamite, i Chron. ix, 7. 3. [Sallai.] 

SAL-LU'MUS, I Esdr. ix, 1^. [Shallum.] 

SAL'MA, SAL'MON (peaceable, perfection), i. Father of Boaz, the 
husband of Ruth. He married Rahab, the harlot of Jericho, after 
the conquest, i Chron. ii, 11 : Ruth iv, 20; Matt, i, 4; Luke iii, 
32. 2. Hill of Salmon near Shechem, on which Abimelech cut the 
boughs, with which they set fire to the tower of Shechem, Judg. 
ix, 48. 

SAL-MO'NE (of the sea). The east point or promontory of Crete, 
Acts xwii, 7. 

SA'LOM, Greek form of Shallum, Bar. i, 7; and Salu^ i Mace, ii, 
26. 

SA-LO'ME (perfection, peaceful! 1. Wife of Zebedee, and probably 
sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus. She ministered unto Jesus, 
and on the .supposition that his kingdom was of earth, made an 
ambitious request for the preferment of her sons, James and John, 



SAM 209 

Matt. XX, 20-23; xxvii, 56; John xix, 25. 2. Daughter of Hero- 
dias by Herod Philip ; married her uncle, Philip the tetrarch, and 
afterwards Aristobulus, king of Chalcis, Matt, xiv, 6. 

SALT (product of the sea). Chloride of sodium, common salt. An 
indispensable article in the Jewish economy. Used with food, 
and as an accompaniment to sacrifices. They found an inex- 
haustible supply of it in the waters of the Dead Sea, and in the 
rocks on its southern shore, Num. xviii, 19; Ezra iv, 14. Was 
known to hasten decomposition of manures. Matt, v, 13 ; Luke 
xiv, 35 ; and in large quantities to destroy vegetation, Judg. ix, 
45. Symbol of good faith, Lev. ii, 13. 

SALT, CITY OF, Fifth of the six cities of Judah, which lay in the 
wilderness, referred to the valley south of the Dead Sea, Josh, xv, 
62. 

SALT, VALLEY OF, Probably the valley of Akabah, which ex- 
tends from the Dead Sea to the gulf of that name, 2 Sam. viii, 13. 

SA'LU (exaltation). Father of Zimri, prince of Simeon. Called also 
Salom, Num. xxv, 14. 

SA'LUM, I Esdr. v, 28. [Shallum.] 

SAL-U-TA'TION (good health, safety). Of two kinds, personal 
and epistolary. The former consisted of a ''peace be with thee," 
or some equivalent expression, accompanied with profound pos- 
turing, a kiss, embrace or other courtesy. Gen. xix, i; i Sam. 
^^y, 53. The latter method may be seen in the introductory 
verses of the New Testament epistles. See Ills. No. 175. 

SAL-VA'TION (deliverance), Temporal deliverance, as in Gen. 
xiv, 13 ; and spiritual, as in 2 Cor. vii, 10; Eph. i; 13. 

SA-MA'RI-A (watch-mountain), i. One of the three divisions of 
the Holy Land in time of Christ, having Judea on the south, and 
Galilee on the north. It extended from the Mediterranean to the 
Jordan, and occupied the territories of Ephraim, Manasseh, and 
Issachar. It took its name from the city of Samaria, about six 
miles northwest of Shechem, founded by Omri, king of Israel, 
B. c. 920, and named after Shemer, from whom he bought the 
ground. It became the residence of the kings of Israel, and was 
noted for its beauty and strength, i Kings xvi, 23; xxii, 39, etc. 
It was destroyed by Shalmaneser. of Assyria, and its people car- 
ried captive. Herod the great reouilt it, and restored much of its 
ancient splendor. See Ills. No. 64. 

SA-M ART-TANS, In a Bible sense the inhabitants of Samaria, 
placed there by Shalmaneser in place of the captive Israelites, 2 
Kings xvii, 24. They were Assyrians by birth or conquest, a 
medley of nationalities and worships. They opposed the return 
from captivity, the rebuilding of Jerusalem, and though they 
afterwards became mixed with Jewish blood, their name was ever 
suggestive of national differences and persona* hatred, John viii, 
48 ; iv, 9. The Pentateuch was translated into their language, 
and some of them embraced Christianity, Acts viii, i ; ix, 31. 

SAM'A-TUS, A son of Ozora, i Esdr. ix, 34. 

SAM-GAR-NE'BO, a general of Nebuchadnezzar at the taking of 
Jerusalem, Jer. xxxix, 3, 

SAM'LAH (raiment, left hand), A king of Edom, successor of 
Hadar, Gen. xxxyi, 36, 37, 



2IO SAP 

SAM'MUS, I Esdr. ix, 43. [Shema.] 

SA'MOS (height, promontory), An island of the Grecian archipelago, 
off Lydia, lol'ty and commanding, noted for its worship of Juno, 
and its manufacture of pottery. Paul visited it during his third 
missionar^'^ tour, Acts xx, 15. 

SAMO-THRA'CIA (Samos of Thrace), An island in the North 
yEgean, belonging to Thrace. Like Samos, it was lofty, and a 
conspicuous object for sailors. Mentioned in two voyages of Paul, 
Acts XX. 15 : xvi, 11. 

SAMP'SA-MES, Probably Samsun, on the coast of the Black Sea, 
I Mace. XV, 23. 

SAMSON (sun, service), Son of Manoah, of Dan, Josh, xv, 33 ; 
Judg. xiii. A Nazarite from infancy, noted for his physical 
strength and moral weakness ; judged Israel twenty years, and 
died amid the ruins of his own hands, Judg. xiii-xvi. 

SAM'U-EL (God hath heard). Son of Elkanah and Hannah, of 
Levi. Born at Ramah. Educated by Eli the priest. Devoted 
to Nazariteship. Became prophet and judge of Israel. Raised 
Israel to a higher state of civilization. His sons being worthless 
fellows, a king was demanded in his stead. Saul was anointed, 
and afterwards David, by the hands of Samuel. He established 
the school of the prophets, and died at age of nearly a hundred, 
about B. c. 1053. Ranked with Moses and Aaron in Ps. xcix. 
His two books contain his own life and that of David. They 
were not all written by Samuel, but by him, aided by perhaps 
Nathan and Gad. In the Septuagint they are called First and 
Second Books of Kings. 

SAN-BAL'LAT (secret enemy, bramble), A Moabite, who held a 
position in Samaria under Artaxerxes. With Tobiah the Am- 
monite, and Geshem the Arabian, he opposed Nehemiah and Ezra, 
and continually misrepresented them at the Persian court, Neh. 
ii, ID ; xiii, 4-28. 

SAN 'DAL (board, plank, something bound under the foot). Was 
simply a sole of wood, leather, or some plaited material, bound to 
the foot with straps. Sometimes they ^yere highly ornamented, 
Ezek. xvi, 10. Sandal is the shoe of the Bible. Not worn in the 
house, Ex. iii, 5; Deut. xxv, 9; Josh, v, 15. See Ills. Nos. 204- 
210. 

SAN'HE-DRIM (seated together), The supreme , council of the 
Jewish people in time of Christ and before. Origin traced to the 
seventy elders selected by Moses, Num. xi, 16, 17. It was com- 
posed of seventy members, assisted by the priests, and had charge 
of all ecclesiastical questions. As a distinct tribunal it is first 
mentioned in Josephus, in connection with the reign of Hyrcanus 
II., B. c. 69, Mark xiv, 55 ; Acts iv, 7; Matt, v, 22, See Ills. No. 

339- 
SAN-SAN'NAH (bramble of the enemy). An unknown town of 

South Judah, Josh, xv, 13. 
SAPH (rushes, sea-moss), A giant, slain by Gibbechai, 2 Sam. xxi 

18. Written Sippai in i Chron. xx, 4. 
SA'PHAT, 1 Esdr. v, 9. [Shephatiah.J 
SAPH'IR (delightful). A village, addressed by the prophet Micah ; 

referred to the neighborhood of Ascalon, Micah i, ji. 



\ 



SAT 21 1 

SAP-PHI RA (who narrates). Wife of Ananias, and participator 
in his crime and punishment. Acts v, i-io. 

SAPPHIRE, A light blue gem, next in hardness to the diamond, 
worn second in the highrpriest's breast-plate, Ex. xxiv, lo. 

SA'RA. I. Heb. xi, II ; i Pet. iii, 6. [Sarah.] 2. Daughter of 
Raguel, in book ©f Tobit. 

SA'RAH (princess), i. Wife of Abraham, and mother of Isaac, 
.Gen. xi, 29 ; XX, 12. Tradition maices her same as Iscah, the daugh- 
ter of Haran, and sister of Lot, her. name being changed from 
" Sarai " to Sarah at the same time " Abram's " was changed to 
Abraham. • She was deceitful and jealous, though devoted and 
beautiful. She lived 127 years, died at Hebron, and was buried 
in the cave of Machpelah, Gen. XX, 9-11 ; Heb.xi,"ii; i Pet. iii, 
6 2. A daughter of Asher, Num. xxvi, 46. . 

SA'RAI, Original name of Sarah, Gen. xi, 29 ; xvii, 15. 

SAR'A-MEL (court of the people , The place where the Jews a.s- 
sembled to confer the high-priesthood on Simon Maccabeus.. The 
name may perpetuate the occasion rather than the place., :i Mace. . 
xiv, 28. : . 

SA RAPH, A descendant of Judah, i Chron. iv, 22. 

SAR-CHED'O-NUS, Tob. i, 21. [EsarhaDdoxn] 

SAR'DINE, SAR'DI-US (stone of Sardes in Lydia), The carne- 
lian, a blood-red stone. It occupied the first place in the high-: 
priest's breast-plate, Ex. xxviii, 17;, Rev. xxi, 20. 

SAR'PIS (prince:. of joy). The ancient, wealthy, and wonderful 
capital of Lydia, situated at the foot of Mount Tmohis, and by 
the river Pactolus, whose sands were gold. It was on line of- 
travel from Assyria to Greece. Now Sart, a miserable village. 
Rev. iii, 1-6. 5"^^ Ills. Nos. 88, 503; . 

SAR'DITES, Descendants of Sered, son of Zebulim, Num. xxvi, 26. 

SAR'DO-NYX (veined gem of Sardinia), A precious stone of the 
onyx variety, and of a reddish-yellow color. Rev. xxi, 20. 

SA'RE-A, One of the five swift scribes employed by Esdras, 2 
Esdr. xiv, 24. ' 

SA-REP''TA (ambush), Greek form of Zarepath, Luke iv, 26. :. " 

SAR'GON (want of protection), An Assyrian monarch, controversy 
concerning whom has been set at rest by recendy discovered in- 
scriptions, making him the immediate predecessor of Sennacherib. 
Reign, b. c. 721-702, Isa. xx, i. 

SA'RID (hand of a prince). An unidentified landmark on boundary 
of Zebulun, Josh, xix, 10-12. ,: :..• . 

SA.'RON, Acts ix, 35. [Sharon.] .-..^.j Z^' 

SA-RO'THIE (sweeping). His sons returned with 'Zerubbabel, i 
Esdr. V, 34. 

SAR-SE'CHIM (master of wardrobes), An officer under Nebuchad- 
nezzar at taking of Jerusalem, Jer. xxxrx, 3. 

SA'RUCH, Lukeiii, 35. [Serug.] 

SATAN (adversary), A <:ommon noun, as in i Sam. xxix, 4; 2 
Sam. xix, 22: Matt, xvi, 23. Used as a proper noun, ** Adver- 
sary of souls," spiritual representative of evil, in Job i, 6 ; i 
Chron. xxi, i ; Zech. iii, i ; Rev. xx, etc. 

SA'TYRS (hairy, rough), Imaginary demons, half men, half goats, 
inhabiting woods and waste places, Isa. xiii, 21 ; xxxiv, 14. 

14 



212 SEA 

SAUL or SHAUL (lent, ditch, death, grave), i. An early king 
of Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 37. 2. Son of Kish, of Benjamin, and first 
king of Israel. Anointed by Samuel and reigned b. c. 1095-1055. 
Slain with his sons at Gilboa^ His enmity toward David and the 
startling events of his life are narrated in i Sam. x-xxxi. 3. He- 
brew name of Paul, Acts xiii, 9. 

SAV'A-RAN, 1 Mace, vi, 43. [Avaran.] 

SA'VI-AS, I Esdr. viii, 2. [Uzzi.] 

SAW (cutter), A double handed iron saw has been found at Nimrud. 
Saws of ancient Egypt were single handed, of bronze, with the 
teeth inclined toward the handle. We read of sawn stone in i 
Kings vii, 9. 

SCAPE-GOAT (escape goat). The goat which bore away the sins 
of the people. It was a provision in the ceremonies of the Day 
of Atonement, Lev. xvi, 8-26. 

SCAR^LET (orange-red), One of the Tyrian colors much prized 
by the ancients, Ex. xxv, 4; Prov, xxxi, 21. 

SCEP'TRE (leaning stick, staff), The shepherd's crook. Lev. 
xxvii, 32, and then the rod, wand, or sceptre of a ruler. Gen. xli'x, 
10; Num. xxiv, 17; Ps. xlv, 6. 

SCE'VA (disposed), A Jewish high-priest residing at Ephesus, 
- Acts xix, 14-16. 

SCOR'PI-ON (crab, locust, crawler), A tropical insect resembling 
a crab, whose sting causes great pain and sometimes death. Very 
plentiful in tropical countries, Deut. viii, 15; .Luke x, 19; Rev. 
ix, 3-10. See Ills. No. 446. 

SCOURGTNG (using the leather or strap), The punishment of 
scourging was common with the Jews. Christ was scourged, 
John xix, I. The Jewish scourge was made of leathern straps, 
ropes' ends, or twigs. Number of stripes limited to forty, Dieut. 
xxv, 1-3 ; 2 Cor. xi, 24. 

SCRIBE (writer), At first a person skilled in writing and accounts, 
Ex. v, 6, Then private secretary to kings, prophets, etc., 2 Sam. 
viii, 17; XX, 25. Finally a secretary of state, lawyer, or teacher, 
Ezra vii, 6; Matt, ii, 4. They became a class or guild, and em- 
bodied most of the Hebrew learning. 

SCRIP (bag), A leathern or skin bag used by shepherds and trav- 
ellers for carrying food and other conveniences, i Sam. xvii, 40; 
Matt. X, 10. - 

SCRIP'ITJRE (written, writings), By way of pre-eminence the Sa- 
cred Writings contained in the Old and New Testament. [Bible.] 

SCYTHT-AN (fierce looking), A general name applied to the bar- 
barians north of the Black and Caspian seas. They were regarded 
as rude, ignorant, immoral, fierce nomads. Col. iii, 11 ; 2 Mace, 
iv, 47. 

SCYTH-OP'0-LIS (Scythian city). The city of Bethshean in 
Palestine was for a time called Scythopolis, from the Scythians, 
who are supposed to have captured it in some of their incursions, 
Jud. iii, 10; 2 Mace, xii, 29. 

SEA, Any large body of water, whether lake, river, or sea proper, 
was called sea by the Hebrews, Job xiv, 11 ; Isa. xi, 15 ; Jer. li, 
36, 42. I. MOLTEN SEA was the immense brass laver of the 

' Temple, holding about 25,000 gallons, i Kings vii, 26; 2 Chron. 



SEU 213 

iv, 5. 2. SALT SEA, SEA OF THE PLAIN, Gen, xiv, 3; 
Deut. iv, 49, was the Dead Sea or Sea of Lot. It is the final 
receptacle of the Jordan, four miles long and nine wide. Greatest 
depth 1300 feet. Surface depressed about 1300 feet below that of 
.the Mediterranean. Waters extremely salt and fatal to animal 
life. No outlet. 3. GREAT SEA, the Mediterranean, 2200 
miles long, 1,200 wide, bounding Europe on south, Africa on north, 
and Asia on west. 4. SEA OF TIBERIAS. [Gjenne^aret.] 
5. SEA OF MEROM. [Merom.] 

SEAL (mark, little image). Use of the seal very remote. It authen- 
ticated ^very document of momenti Signet rings were much worn. 
Gen. xli, 42. Sealing with clay mentioned in Job xxxviii, 14. 
See Ills. Nos. 525-528. 

SE BA (drunkard, that turns), A country whose people were called 
Sabaeans, descendants of Cush^ It was in that indefinite region 
known as Ethiopia, and has been identified with the island of Me- 
roe, Gen. x, 7; i Chron. i, 9. 

SE BAT (sceptre, tribe). First month of Jewish civil, and eleventh 
, of ecclesiastical year, extending from new moon of February to 
that of March, Zech. i, 7. 

SEC'A-CAH (shadow, defence), A wilderness city of Judah, Josh. 

XV, 61. 

SE'CHU (bough, defence), A place between Gibeah and Ramah, 
noted for its great well,.i Sam. xix, 22. 

SE-CUN'DUS (second), A Thessalonian who travelled with Paul 
on his third missionary tour, Acts xx, 4. 

SrED-E-CI'AS, 1, A false prophet. Bar. i, i; Jer. xxix, 21. 2. 
Father of Zedekiah, king of Judah, Bar. i, 8. 

SEER (foreseer). [Prophet.] 

SE'GUB (fortified), i. Youpgest son of Hiel, the Bethelite, who 
rebuilt Jericho, 1 Kings xvi, 34. 2. Son of Hezron, i Chron. ii, 21. 

SE IR (hairy, craggy, tempest), i. A primitive Horite, Tuler of 
the country southeast of the Dead Sea, Gen. xxxvi, 20 ; Deut. ii, 
12. 2. The mountains and the country about them extending 
from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Arabia or Akabah, Gen. xxxii, 
3; xiv, 6. 3. A landmark on the north boundary of Judah, be- 
tween Kirjath-jearim and Bethshemesh, Josh, xv^ 10. 

SET-RATH (as above), An unknown place in the mountains of 
Ephraim to which Ehud fled after the murder of Eglon, Judg. iii, 
26, 27. ' 

SE LA, SE'LAH (rock). Probably the city now called Petra (rock) 

- in the midst of Seir, near Mount Hor, a few miles north of the Gulf 

of Akabah, taken by Amaziah and called Joktheel, "subdued of 

God," Its ruins are very wonderful, 2 Kings xiv, 7*; Isa. xvi, i. 

See Ills. No. in. 

SE'LA-HAM MAH-LE'KOTH (rock of escapes or divisions), A 
rock or cleft in the wilderness of Maon, scene of one of David's 
wonderful escapes. Unidentified, i Sam. xxiii, 28. 

SE'LAH (silence, pause), A word frequent in Psalms at the end of 
paragraphs. It has been variously interpreted, but possibly indi- 
cated a rest for meditative effect, or as indicating that the voice 
. of the singers shouW cease while the instrumental accompaniment 
proceeded. 



214 SER 

SE'LED ^affliction), Son of Nadab.-i Chron. ii, 30. 

SEL-E-MI'A, One of the five swift scribes of Esdras, 2 Esdras 
xiv, 24. • - 

SE-LEU'CI-A (beaten by the waves), A city of Syria, the seaport 
of Antioch, and sixteen miles distant. There Paul embarked for 
Cyprus, Acts xiii, 4. It was one of many of the same name. 

SE-LEU CUS, The Seleuci or Seleucidae constituted a Hne of 
Syrian kings, sprung from Seleucus I, a general of Alexander th« 
Great. Their dynasty extended from B. c. 31^-65 ; 2 -Mace- iii, 3. 

SEM, Luke iii, 36. (Shem.J 

SExM'A-CHrAH (joined of the Lord), Son of Shemaiah, i Chron. 
xxvi. 7. 

SEME-I (obeying), i. Father of Mattathias in genealogy of 
Christ, Luke iii, 26. 2. Esth. xi, 2. [SiiiMEi.] -^.ir -i l- J-: 

SE-MEL'LI-US, 1 Esdr. ii, 16. (Shimshai.] ' ■- •' - •• 

SE-NA'AH (bramble, enemy). His sons were amdng those who re- 
turned from captivity, Ezra ii, 35. ■ . : 

SEN'ATE, Acts v, 21. [Sanhedrim.] 

SE NEH (bramble, thorn). One of the two rocks which stood in 
the pass of Michmash, i Sam. xiv, 4. 

SE'NIR (bed-candle, changing), Amoritenamefor Mount- Hefmon, 
I Chron. V, 23 ; Ezek. xxvii, 5. 

SEN-NACH'E-RIB (bramble of destruction), Son of Shalmaneser 
(of Sargon, from recently found inscriptions), and his successor 
on the throne of Assyria, b. c. 702-680. He extended his con- 
quests westward to the Mediterranean, southward to Egypt, and 
southwestward to: Babylon. He greatly beautified Nineveh, his 
capital, and was one of the most powerful an ' magnificent of 
Eastern kings, 2 Kings xix ; Lsa. xxxvii, 38. 

SE-NU'AH,Neh. xi,9. [Hassenua*.] 

SE-O'RIM (gates, hairs), Chief of the fourth of the twenty-four 
courses of priest*, 1 Chron. xxiv, 8. • , , - 

SE'PHAR (book, scribe, number), A mountain of the East«sed' to 
designate the habitation of the Joktanites. Referred to soulh- 
eastern Arabia, Gen. x, 30. 

SEPH'A-RAD (a book descending), A place to which Jewish cap- 
tives were carried. Variously located, but chiefly referred to Asia 
Minor, Obad. 20. 

SEPH'AR-VA'IM (two books, two scribes). The famous city of 
Sippara, on the Euphrates above Babylon, whose king was unable 
to resist the Assyrians, 2 Kings xix, 13 ; xvii, 24, 31. 

SEP-TU'A-GINT (seventy). The name of the first Greek transla- 
tion of the Old Testament, executed at Alexandria by a commis- 
sion of seventy learned Hebrews, about b. c. 285, under the 
auspices, it is said, of Ptolemy Philadelphus, either for the pur- 
poses of enriching thcfamous library, or for encouraging the Jewish 
residents in his dominions. 

SEP'UL-CHRE (burial place). The Jews usually buried their dead 
in sepulchres hewn in rocks or built of stone. Sometimes they 
were very highly ornamented and costly, lsa. xxii, 16;; 2 Kings 
xxiii, 16. See Ills. Nos. 353-365. 

SE'RAH (lady, song, morning star). Daughter of Asher, Gen. xlvi. 
17. Written Sarah in Num. xxvi, 46. 



SHA 215 

SER'A-FAH (prince of God), i. David's secretary or scribe, 2 
Sam. viii, 17. 2. Others- in 2 Kings xxv, 18; xv, 23; i Chron. 
iv, 13-35 ; Ezra ii, 2 ; vii, i ; Neh. x, 12. 

SER'A-PHIM (burning, fiery), An order of celestial beings sur- 
rounding the throne of God, described in Isa. vi, 2-6. 

SE'RED (dyer's vat), Firstborn of Zebulun, Gen. xlvi, 14. 

SER'GI-US PAU'LUS (little net). Proconsul of Cyprus at time of 
Paul's visit. Acts xiii, 7, etc. 

SE'RON, A general of Antiochus Epiphanes, defeated at Beth- 
horon by Judas Maccabeus, 1 Mace, iii, 13, 24. 

SER'PENT (creeper). Serpents are numerous and venomous in 
Bible Lands. Nearly every peculiarity of the serpent is alluded 
to in the Scriptures, Gen. iii, 1 ; Matt, x, 16, and elsewhere. Ser- 
pent charming was quite an art in the East, The brazen serpent 
of the wilderness has given rise to endless discussion. SeeMls. 
,Nos. 112, 442, 444, 445. 

SE'RUG (branch, layer), Son of Reu and great-grandfather of 
Abraham, Gen. xi, 20-23. 

SER'VANT. (server). Subjects, voluntary assistants, persons under 
tribute, are spoken of as servants in the Bible. But bond servant- 
age is also meant, either by right of purchase, as ple'dge for in- 
debtedness, or by indenture. This relationship was sedulously 
guarded by the Mosaic law. 

SETH (put, fixed). Son of Adam, "put" in the place of the mur- 
dered Abel, Gen. iv, 25 ; v, 3. ■ • • • . 

SE'THUR (hid, destroying). The spy of Asher, Num. xiii, 13. 

SEVEN, A favorite number with the Hebrews, frequently used as 
a round or indefinite term, Gen. vii ; xli ; Matt, xii, 45. 

SHA'AL-AB'BIN (son of a fox). An unknown town of Dan, Josh, 
xix, 42. 

SHA-AL'BIM, I Kings iv,9. [Shaalabbim.] 

.SHA'APH rfleeing). i. Son of Jahdai, t Chron. ii, 47. 2. Son of 
Caleb, I Chron. ii, 49. 

SHA'A-RATM ('gates, hairs), A city of Judah, Josh, xv, 36. 

SHA-ASH'GAZ (who shears sheep), A eunuch in the palace of 
Xerxes, Esth. ii, 14.. 

SHAB-BETH'A-I (my rest). 1. Returned Levites, Ezra x, 15; 
Neh. xi, 16. . 

SHACHT- A (protection of God), Son of Shaharaim, i Chron. viii, 
-10. . - ■ ■ • - '■ ■ .■ 

SHAD'DA-I, An ancient name of God, rendered "Almighty" in 
our Bible. . " > 

SHA'DRACH (tender, nipple). The Chaldean name of Hananiah, 
chief of the " Three Children" who were exposed in the furnace, 
Dan. i, 7. ' 

SHA'GE Ctouchlng, multiplying). Father of Jonathan, one of David's 
guard, I Chron. xi, 34. 

SHA'HA-RATM (gates, hairs). An obscure BenjamitCii Chron. 

' xi, 34. ■ ■ : . ■■•••. r !•• • 

SHA-HAZT-MAH, A town of Tssachar, Josh, xix, 22. 
SHA'LEM Tpeace, safe), Not a proper noun in Gen. xxxiii, 18. 
True reading would be, "And J?lco\> csn&etH j^eace to the city 
' ofShechem." :-"^-'^- -"•^- 



^i6 SHA 

SHAXIM (foxes, paths). Probably merely a wild place, " habita- 
tion of foxes," or place of " by-paths," where Saul went to look 
for his father's asses, i Sam. ix, 4. 

SHAL'I-SHA (three, prince). Country traversed by Saul when in 
search of his father's asses. Not identified, i Sam. ix, 4, [Sha- 

LIM.] 

SHAL'LE-CHETH, One of the Temple gates, on west side, i 
Chron. xxvi, 16. 

SHAL'LUM (perfect, agreeable). i. Fifteenth king of Israel, 
killed Zechariah and assumed the throne, b. c. 772, 2 Kings xv, 
10. Killed by Menahem after a reign of one month. 2. Husband 
of Huldah, the prophetess, and keeper of holy vestments in the 
Temple, 2 Kings xxii, 14. 3. Third son of Josiah, king of Judah, 
who became King Jehoahaz, 1 Chron. iii, 15. Many others bore 
this name. 

SHAL'LUN (as above), A ruler of Mizpah, Neh. iii, 15. 

SHAL'MA-I (garment). His children were among the returned Ne- 
thinim, Ezra ii, 46. 

SHAL MAN, Hos. x, 14. [Shalmaneser.] 

SHAL'MAN-E'SER (perfection, retribution). An Assyrian king, 
father or predecessor of Sennacherib, b. c. 728-702. He led his 
forces twice against Hoshei, and captured Samaria, 2 Kings xvii, 
4-6; xviii, 9-11. 

SHA'MA (loss), One of David's guard, i Chron. xi, 44. 

SHAM-A-RI'AH (throne of God), Son of Rehoboi^m, 2 Chron. 
viii, 12. 

SHAM'BLES (block, bench), A butcher's stall ; a meat market, 
I Cor. x, 25. 

SHA'MED (destroying). Son of Elpaal, of Benjamin, i Chron. 
viii, 12. 

SHA'MER (thorn, keeper), i. A Levite, 1 Chron. vi, 46. 2. i 
Chron. vii, 34. [ShomeR.] 

SHAM'GAR (here a stranger), A judge of Israel after Ehud and 
before Barak. He raised the drooping spirits of his countrymen 
by slaying six hundred Philistines with an ox-goad, Judg. iii, 31 ; 
V, 6. 

SHAM'HUTH (destruction), A captain in David's army; probably 
same as Shamm:)th, i Chron, xxvii, 8. 

SHA^MIR (prison, lees, thorn), i. A town in Judah south of He- 
bron, Josh. XV, 48. 2. Residence of Tola, the judge, in Mount 
Ephraim, Judg. x, 1,2. 3. Son of Micah, 1 Chron. xxiv, 24. 

SHAM'MA (loss, desolation), Son of Zophar, of Asher, i Chron. 
vii, 37. 

SHAM'MAH (as above), i. Son of Reuel, Gen. xxxvi, 13. 2. 
Third son of Jesse and brother of David, i Sam. xvi, 9, Called 
also Shi mea, Shimedh, and Shimma. 3. One of three greatest 
of David's heroes, 2 Sam. xxiii, 11-17. 4- 2 Sam. xxili, 25. 
[Shammoth.] 

SHAM'MA-I (my desolations, my name), i. Son of Onam, i 
Chron. ii, 28. 2. Others in 1 Chron. ii, 44; iv, 17. 

SHAM'MOTH (names, desolations), A Harorite and one of Da- 
vid's mighty men, i Chron. xi, 27. 

SHAM-MU'A (heard, obeyed), i. A Reubenite spy. Num. >fiii. 



SHE 217 

4. 2. Son of David by Bathsheba, i Chron. xiv, 4. 3. Father 
of Abda, Neh. xi, 17. 4. A priest of the family of Bilgah, Neh. 
xii, 18. 

SHAM-MU'AH, 2 Sam. v, 14. [Shammua.] 

SHAM-SHE-RA'I (singer, conqueror), Son of Jcrohara, i Chron. 
viii, 26. 

SHATHAM (rabbit, rat, lip), A Gadite of Bashan, i Chron. v,' 
12. 

SHA'PHAN (as above). Scribe or secretary of King Josiah, and 
predecessor of Elishama in the scribal office. During his incum- 
bency Hilkiah discovered the law in the Temple, 2 Kings xxii. 

SHA'PHAT (judge), i. The spy of Simeon, Num. xiii, 5. 2. 
Father of the prophet Elisha, i Kings xix, 16. 3. ^Others, in i 
Chron. iii, 29 : v, 12 ; xxvii, 29. 

SHA'PHER, A desert station of the Israelites, Num. xxxiii, 23; 

SHAR'A-I (my lord, my prince), Son of Bani, Ezra X, 40. 

SHAR'A-IM, Josh, xv, 36. [Shaaraim.] 

SHA'RAR (navel^ singing). Father of Ahiam, the Hararite, 2 Sam. 
xxiii, 33. Sacar in i Chron. xi, 35. 

SHA-RE'ZER (treasurer). Son of Sennacherib, who helped murder 
his father, 2 Kings xix, 37. 

SHAR ON (plain, song), i. The plain which skirts the Mediter- 
ranean coast from Judah to Csesarea. It is an extension of the 
Shefelah or lowlands of Judah, and was renowned for its fertility, 
I Chron. xxvii, 20 ; Cant, ii, i ; Acts ix, 35. 2. A town or dis- 
trict west of Jordan in Gilead or Bashan. Unidentified, i Chron. 

SHA-RU'HEN, Josh, xix, 6. [Shilhim.] 

SHASH'A-I (rejoicing, mercy, linen), Son of Bani, Ezra X, 40. 

SHA'SHAK (bag of linen). Son of Beriab, of Benjamin, i Chron. 
viii, 14. 

SHA'UL (asked, lent, grave), i. Son of Simeon and founder of 
the Shaulites, Gen. xlvi, 10. 2. A king of Edom; written Saul, 
Gen. xxxvi, 37. 3. Son of Uzziah, 1 Chron. vi, 24. 

SHA'VEH (plain, equality). An unidentified plain of Palestine, 
Gen. xiv, 17. Called the King's v^^ *" 2 Sam. xviii, 18. 

SHA'VEH-KIRT-A-THA'IM (vtl%e of the plain), This place 
was the residence of Emim at the time of Chedorlaomer's incur- 
sion, but neither plain nor town is identified, Gen. xiv, 5. 

SHAV'SHA, Royal secretary in time of David, i Chron. xviii, 16. 
Probably same as Seraiah in 2 Sam. viii, 17. Sheva in 2 Sam. 
xx,-2e;. Shisha in i Kings iv, 3. 

SHA'VING. TRazor.] 

SHAWM (reed pipe), A comet or clarionet, Ps. xcviii, 7. 

SHE'AL, A son of Bani, Ezra x, 29. 

SHE-AL'TI-EL (asked of God), Father of Zerubbabel, Ezra iii, 
2,8. 

SHE'A-RrAH (gate of God), Son of Azela, a descendant of Saul, 
1 Chron. viii, 38. 

SHEARTNG-HOUSE, Aspot between Jezreel and Samaria where 
Jehu slaughtered the royal family of Judah. The original means 
" House of binding of the shepherds," 2 Kings x, 12-14. 

SHE'AR-JA'SHUB (a remnant shall retura), A mystical name 
given by Isaiah to his son, Isa. vii, 3. 



2i8 SHE 

SHE'BA (captivity, old man, oath), i. Son of Bichri, a Benjamite, 
who lost his head in the rebellion of Absalom, 2 Sam. xx, 1-18. 
2. A Gadite of Bashan, i Chron. v, 13. 3. Son of Raamah, Gen. 
X, 7. 4. Son of Joktan, Gen. x, 28. 5, Son of Jokshan, Gen. 
XXV, 3. The Sheba of Raamah is supposed to have settled in the 
neighborhood of the Persian Gulf. The Sheba of Joktan evidently 
belonged to Arabia, and it remains for the latter to i-epresent the 
Sheba or Seba of Ethiopia. The celebrated queen of Solomon's 
time is now referred to the race of Joktan in South Arabia. 6, A 
town of Simeon, Josh, xix, 2. ■.-,■■■.. 

SHE'BAH <as above), A famous well which gave its name to the 
city of Beersheba. Shebah or Shibeah was the fourth of the 
series of wells dug by Isaac in accordance with an oath or com- 
pact with the Philistines ; Gen. xxvi, 31-33. 

SHE'BAM (surrounding, old men\ A town west of Jordan ceded 
to Reuben and Gad. Probably Shibmah or Sthmah, Nuhi. 
xxiii, 3. . •■• 

SHEB-A-NI'AH (the Lord that recalls), Levites mentioned in 
I Chron. XV, 24; Neh. ix, 4; x,-4, 10, 12. 

SHEB'A-RIM (breaking, hopes). An unknown place mentioned in 
Josh, vii., 5. .- - • 

SHE'BER (as above), Spri of Caleb, t Chrori. ii, 48. 

SHEB'NA (who is captive), Prefect of the palace and secretary 
under King Hezekiah, Isa. xxii; 15 ; xxxvi, 3. 

SHEB U-EL (captivity, or seat of God), i. A descendant of Ger- 
shom who was treasurer in the temple, last mentioned of direct 
descendants of Moses, i Chron. xxiii, 16. Written Shubael in i 
Chron. xxiv, 20. 2. Son of Heman, the minstrel, i Chron. xxv, 
4. Written Shubael in xxv^ 20. 

SHEC'A-NrAH- (habitation of God), Priests under David and 
Hezekiah, i Chron. xxiv, 11; 2 Chron. xxxi, 15. 

SHECH'A-NI'AH (as above). Persons mentioned in 1 Chfon. iii, 
21 ; Ezra viii, 3, 5 ; x, 2 ; Neh. iii, 29 ; vi, 18 ; xii, 3. 

SHE'CHEM(back, shoulder). 1. The Canaanite who abducted Di- 
nah and was slain by Simeon and Levi, Gen. xxxi v. 2. An ancient 
city and historical centre, situated between Mount Gerizim and 
Ebal in the ridge, back, or shoulder of Ephraim, Josh, xx, 7; 
I Kings xii, 25: Judg. ix, 9. Here Abraliam settled and took 
possession of the country, Gen. xii, 6. The valley is very beau- 
tiful. After the conquest of Joshua it became a Levitical city of 
refuge. Near it was Jacob's well where Christ discoursed with 
the woman of Samaria, John iv, 5. It became the Samaritan 
capital. Called Sychar and Sychem, Acts vii, 16, and Neapolis 
by the Romans. Now Nabulus. The tomb of Joseph is still 
pointed out in the vicinity. 6><? Ills. No. 65. 3. A man of Ma- 
nasseh, of the clan Gilead, Num. xxvi, 31, 4. A Gileadite, 
nephew of the former, i Chron. vii, 19. 

SHE'CHEM-ITES, The family of Shcchem of Gilead, Num. 
xxvi, 31. 

SHE-CHPNAH Tto inhabit, being present), The visible tnajesty 
of God, especially when resting between the cherubim of the 
Tabernacle. But the word was only used in the Targiuns or 
Chatldaic version of the Bible. 



SHE 219 

SHED'E-UR (flood of light). Father of Elizur, chief of Reuben at 

time of Exode, Num. {,5. 
SHEEP, An important possession of the Hebrews-, constituting a 

main source of wealth. Of several varieties. The tending of 

them and their habits are frequently introduced in the figurative 

and matter of fact language of the Bible. Largely used for food 

and for sacrifices. The Syrian sheep is of the broad-tailed species, 

Ex. x:x, 54; Lev. ix, 3 ; i Sam. xxv, 18; Job xxx, 1. See Ills. 

Nos. 145, 438. • ■ - . ,'■• ,; ... 

SHEE?-GATE, A gate of Jerusalem, as the walls iv«i^:rcbtriU by 

Nehemiah, Neh. iii, i, 32. :.;-.•-; 1 '. . .'. • . 

SHEEP-MARKET, Should be Sheep-Gate, aS above, ■ 'Jbhn 

V, 2. - ' ' ' •' 

SHE HA-RI'AH (frown of God), Son of Jehoram of Benjamin, i 

Chron. viii, 26. 
SHEK'EL (weight), A weight for weighing uncoined money. There 

seems to have been two standards, that of the sanctuary, and that 

of the king, Ex. xxx, 13; 2 Sam. xiv, 26. They may have varied, 
; but both approximated half an ounce. As a coin the shekel dates 
■from about the time of the Maccabees. In the New Testament 

shekels are meant by " pieces of silver," Matt, xxvi, 15. See Ills. 

Nos. 486, 494. 
SHE'LAH (that breaks), i. Youngest son of Judah, and founder 

of the Shelamites, Gen. xxxviii, 5-26. 2. i Chron. i, 18, 24. 
- [Salah.] 
SHEL-E-MI'AH (God my peace), i. Persons mentioned in Ezra 

x, 39, 41 ; Neh. iii, 30 ; xiii, 13 ; Jer. xxxvri, 3, 13. 2. i Chron. 

xxvi, 14. [Meshellemiah arid Shallum.J 
SHE'LEPH (who draws out), A son of Joktan, and founder of an 

Arabic tribe now known as £/ Sulaf, Gen. x, 26. . 
SHE LESH (captain, prince), Son ot Helerii, i Chron. vii, 35. 
SHEL'0-MI (my peace), Father of Ahihud, of Asher,Num. xxxiv, 

27- . ■'- ■' .■ ' ■ ■'•■■■..■'.' 

SHEL'0-MITH (as above), Pers6n§ mentioned in Lev. xxiv, 
II ; I Chron. iii, 19 ; xxiii, 9, 18; xxvi, 25 ; Ezra viii, 10. 

SHEL'O-MOTH, I Chron. xxiv, 22. [Shelomith.] 

SHE-LU'MI-EL (God Hiy .peace). Prince of Simeon at time of 
Exode, Num. i, 6. ' 

SHEM (name, renown), Oldest son of Noah. He was ninety-eight 
years old, married, and childless at time of Deluge, Gen. v, 32. 
His father's blessing fdl on him and he died at the age of six 
hundred years.. The portion of earth occupied by his descendants 
lay between Japheth and Ham and included Syria (Aram), Chal- 
dea (Arphaxad), Assyria (Asshur), Persia (Elam), and" a portion 
of Arabia (Joktan). • 

SHE'MA (hearing, obe^nng). i. A town of Judah, Josh.' xv, 26. 
2. Persons mentioned in i Chron. v, 8; viii, 13; Neh. viii, 4.' 

SHE-MA'AH (that hears God), A Benjamite of Gibeah, father of 
Ahiezer and Joash, i Chron. xii, 3. ' 

SHEM'A-I'AH (as above), i. A prophet in reign of Rehoboam, and 
historian of his reign, i Kings, xii, 22 ; 2 Chron: xi, 1. -2. Twenty- 
four other persons, mostly menttoned in Chronicles and after the 
captivity, bore this name. 



220 SHE 

SHEM'A-RI'AH (God my guard), i. A warrior of David at Zik- 

lag, I Chron. xii, 5. 2. Others mentioned in Ezra x, 32-41, 
SHEM'E-BER (name of force), King of Zeboim and ally of Sodom 

when attacked by Chedoriaomer, Gen. xiv, 2. 
SHE'MER (guardian, thorn), Owner of the hill on which Samaria 

was built and after whom it was named by Omri, its founder, i 

Kings xvi, 24. 
SHE-MTDA (name of knowledge). Son of Gilead and founder of 

the Shemidaites, Num. xxvi, 32. 
SHE-MFDAH , i Chron. vii, 19. [Shemida.] 
SHEM'I-NITH (eighth, eight-stringed instrument). Tide of Ps. vi. 

Variously interpreted. Some would have it a harp with eight 

strings ; others the eighth part in the music, or perhaps the bass. 
SHE-MIR'A-MOTH (height of the heavens), Levites in reign of 

David and Jehoshaphat, i Chron. xv, i8 ; 2 Chron. xvii, 8. 
SHE-MU'EL (appointed by God), i; Son of Ammihud, of Simeon, 

appointed one of the apportioners of Canaan, Num. xxxiv, '20. 2. 

I Chron. vi, 33. [Samuel.] 3. Son of Tola and chief of Issachar, 

1 Chron. vii, 2. 

SHEN (tooth, ivory). An unknown place mentioned in 1 Sam. vii, 
12. 

SHE-NA'ZAR (keeper of ivory). Son of Salathiel, i Chron. 
iii,i8. 

SHE'NIR (lantern, sleeping light). Inaccurate reading of SENIR, 
which was the Amorite name of Mount Hermon, Deut. iii, 9 ; 
Cant, iv, 8. 

SHE'PHAM, An unknown place, fixed upon by Moses as a land- 
mark on eastern boundary of Promised Land, Num. xxxiv, 10. 

SHEPH^A-THI'AH (the Lord that judges). Father of MeshuUam 
of Benjamin, i Chron. ix, 8. 

SHEPH'A-TI'AH (as above). Persons so named are mentioned in 

2 Sam. iii, 4 ; Ezra ii, 4, 57 ; Neh. vii, 59 ; xi, 4 ; Jer. xxxviii, i ; 
I Chron. xii, 5 ; xxvii, 16; 2 Chron. xxi, 6. 

SHEP'HERD (herder of sheep), A highly honorable occupation 
among Hebrews, followed by male and female, sons and daughtefs 
of poor and rich, Gen. xxx, 29 ; Ex. ii, 19. The office of shep- 
herd was one of danger and hardship. Gen. xxxi,4o; Luke xv, 
16 ; I Sam. xvii, 34; Isa. xxxi, 4. He was equipped with a sheep- 
skin mantle, a scrip or wallet, a sling and crook. The flock was 
led to pasture in the morning, watched and tended through the 
day, and brought back to the fold at night, where it was also 
guarded. See Ills. No. 420. 

SHE'PHI (honeycomb, garment), Son of Shobal and grandson of 
Seir, 1 Chron. i, 40. Written Shepho in Gen. xxxvi, 23. 

SHE'PHO, Gen. xxxvi, 23. [Shephi.] 

SHE-PHU'PHAN<serpent),Son of Bela, first-bom of Benjamin, 
I Chron. viii, 5. Written Shupham in Num. xxvi, 39; Shup- 
pim in i Chron. vii, 12; and Muppim in Gen. xlvi, 21, 

SHE'RAH (flesh, relationship). Daughter of Ephraim, i Chron. 
vii, 24. 

SHER'E-BI'AH (singing with God), A Levitical assistant of Ezra, 
Ezra viii, 18, 24 ; and co-signer of the covenant with Nehemiah, 
Neh. X, 12. 



SHI 221 

SHE'RESH, Son of Machir, of Manasseh, i Chron. vii, i6. 

SHE-RE ZER (treasurer), A messenger sent by Darius to the re- 
turned captives to inquire about the fastdays, Zech. vii, 2. 

SHE'SHACH, A poetical word supposed to stand for Babylon or 
Ur of Chaldea, Jer. xxv, 26. 

SHE'SHAI (six, mercy, flax), A son of Anak of Hebron, slain by 
Caleb, Josh, xv, 14; Judg. i, xo. 

SHE'SHAN (lily, rose, flax), Descendant of Jerahmeel, i Chron. 

SHESH-BAZ'ZAR (joy of the vintage), Chaldean name of Zerub- 
babel, Ezra i, 8-11. 

SHETH (tumult), r. i Chron. i, i. [Seth.] 2. In Num. xxiv, 
17, Sheth is a common noun, standing for the tumultuous and wild 
warriors of Moab, Num. xxiv, 17. 

SHE'THAR (star), A prince of Persiaand Media in time of Xerxes, 
Esth. i, 14. 

-SHE THAR-BOZ'NA-I (star of splendor), A Persian officer hold- 
ing a position on this side the Euphrates under Darius Hystaspes. 
He conspired with the opponents of Zerubbabel, Ezra v, 3-6. 

SHE'VA (vanity, tumult). Scribe or royal secretary of David, 2 
Sam. XX, 25. Written Shavsha, i Chron. xvi, 18; Shisha, i 
Kings iv, 3; Seraiah, 2 Sam. viii, 17. 

SHEW'BREAD, SHOW'BREAD (bread of exhibition). The 
bread of the week which the priests placed before the Lord on the 
golden temple in the sanctuary. The loaves were twelve in num- 
ber, representing the twelve tribes, made of fine unleavened flour, 
changed every Sabbath, and were to be eaten only by the priests, 
and that within the holy place, Ex. xxv, 23-30; xxxv, 13, See 
Ills. Nos. 330, 331- 

SHIBBO-LETH (ear of corn, stream\ The Ephrairaites pro- 
nounced this word Sib'bo-leth^ the Gileadites pronounced it 
SHIB'BO-LETH. When the latter, under Jephthah, conquered 
the former and intercepted their flight at Jordan, they used this 
word as a test to distinguish who were Ephraimites and who were 
not. Any other word commencing with sh would have answered 
the same purpose, Judg. xii., 6 ; Mark xiv, 70. 

SHIB'MAH (too much captivity). Probably Shebam or Sebam, 
east of Jordan, in Reuben, Num. xxxii, 38. 

SHIC'RON (drunkenness, wages), A landmark in north boundary 
of Judah, near Eckron, Josh, xv, 11. 

SHIELD (cover, defence). Defensive armor of various sizes and 
shapes, made of skin or metal, used in early warfare. Worn on 
the left arm, to which it was attached hy straps. Metaphorically 
** the protection of God," Ps. iii, 3. See Ills. No. 203. 

SHIG-GA'ION (yon) (songof trouble or comfort), A word probably 
used to designate the character of the composition, as in Ps. vii, 
r^ The same may be said of Shiggionoth in Hab. iii, I. ' '-', 

SHI'HON (wall of strength), A town in Issachar, near Tabor, 
Josh, xix, 19. 

SHI'HOR (blackness). . 1. Southern boundary of David's empire. 
It was ** before Egypt," and some suppose the Nile is meant, i 
Chron. xiii, 5. 2. Shihor-Libnath was a landmark in boundary 
of Asher. Unidentified, Josh, xix, 26. 



222 SHI 

SHIL'HI (bough, weapon), Grandfather of Jehoshaphat, i Kings 
xxii, 42. 

SHIL'HIM (as above). An unknown city in southern Judah, Josh. 
XV, 32. . ... 

SHIL'LEM (peace, retribution). Son of Naphtali and ancestor of 
the Shillemites, Gen. xlvl, 24. . ./ :. J 

SHI-LO'AH, The waters of Shiloah are supposed to -describe the 
brook or spring Siloam ; which see; Isa. viii, 6. 

SHI'LOH (sent), i. This word occurs in Gen. xHx, 10, and has 
been variously rendered. The Rabbinic commentators refer it to 
the place Shiloh, but there are strong reasons for supposing that 
Jacob referred to the Messiah, "He that was to be sent." 2. 
Shiloh, in the sense of a place or city, signifies " peace," ** abun- 
dance." The celebrated city of Ephraim nearly midway between 
Bethel and Shechem. It was Joshua's capital and there the land 
was apportioned, the tabernacle was set up and the ark remained 
there for three hundred years until taken by the Philistines, Josh, 
xviii, I ; xix, 51 ; Judg. xxi, X9-23. 

SHI-LO'NI, Neh. xi, 5. Should be Shelanite. A descendant of 
Shelah. 

SHFLO-NITE, Dweller in Shiloh, i Kings xi, 29. 

SHI'LO-NITES, Shelanites, descendants of Shelah, 1 Chron. 

' ix, 5. 

SHIL'SHAH (three, chief). Son of Zophah, of Asher, i Chron. 
vii, 37. ... 

SHIM'E-A (who hears), i. Son of David, i Chron. iir, 5. Others 
mentioned in i Chron. vi, 30, 39 ; xx, 7. ' , - - 

SHIM'E-AH (as above), i. Brother of David and father of Jona- 
than and Jonadab, 2 Sam. xxi, 21. Written also Shammah, 
Shimea and Shimma. 2. A -descendant of Jehlel, foundfet of 
Gibeon, i Chron. viii, 32. 

SHIM'E-AM, I Chron. ix, 38. [Shimea^, 2.] 

SHIM'E-ATH (who hears, obeys), The Ammonite mother of Joza- 
char, one of the murderers of King Joash, 2 Kings xii, 21. 

SHIM'E-l (as above), i. Son of Gershom, son of Levi, called 
Shimi in Ex. vi, 17; Num. iii, 18. 2. Captain of a Benjamite 
clan who was attached to the fortunes of Saul and hieaped curses 
upon David, which were not forgotten till his dying day, 2 Sam. 
xvi, 5-13; I Kings ii, 36, 37. 3. Fourteen other Old Testament 
persons bore this name. 

SHIMIE-ON (as above), A layman in the time of Ezra, Ezra 
x, 31. 

SHIM'HI, I Chron. viii, 21. [Shema.] 

SHIM'I, Ex; vi, 17. [Shimei.] 

"SHIM'ITES, Descendants of Shimei, son of Gershom, Num. 
iii. 21. . " . 

SHIM'MA (who hears, obeys). Third son of Jesse, 1 Chron. 
ii, IT. 

SHI'MON (fatness, oil\ An obscure Judahite, i Chron. iv, 20. 

SHIM'RATH (hearing, obedient). Son of Shimri, of Benjamin, 1 

Chron. viii, gi. 
•SHIM'RI (thorns, dregs), Persons mentioned in i Chron. iv, 37; 
xi, 45; 2 Chron. xxiv, 13. .o-^iUu^i^ 






SHI 223 

SHIM'RITH (as above), A Moabitess, mother of Jehozabad, mur- 
derer of King Joash, 2 Chron. xxiv, 26.- 

SHIMROM, I Chron. vii, I. [Shimron.} 

SHIM'RON (thorns, dregs), i. A city of ZebuKm, west of Naza- 
reth, Josh, xi, I. 2. Fourth son of Issachai" and founder of the 
Shimronites, Gen. xlvi, 13. ....... 

SHIM'RON-ME'RON, Josh, xii, 20. Probably [Shimron, i.] 

SHIM'SHA-I (my son). Scribe of the Samaritan Rehum, who held 
office in Judea under Artaxerxes, Ezra iv, 8-23. 

SHI NAB (father of changing). King of Admah in time of Abraham, 
Gen. xiv, 2. 

SHI'NAR (watch over a sleeper). The ancient name of the great 
alluvial tract which included Babylon and perhaps Mesopotamia. 
There is nothing about the name to locate it any more definitely. 
Gen. x, 10 ; xi, 2 ; Josh, vii, 21. 

SHIP (moulded, dug out). The primitive ship was a crude thing in 
comparison wi.th that of the present. Oars were as much de- 
pended On as sails for propulsion. Navigation was confined to 
the coast where sailing objects were visible. The Hebrews were 
not a commercial people, and even in the great Solomon's time 
the trade of Jerusalem was brought to the ports he controlled in 
foreign bottoms. Paul's voyage to Rome supplies us with an in- 
teresting marine record. Acts xxvii, xxviii. See Ills. Nos. 236, 
237. . • •• 

SHI'PHI (multitude), Prince of Simeon in time of Hezekiah, i 
Chron. iv, 37. : : 

SHIPH'MI'TE,. Probably a native of Shepham, x Chron. xxvii, 

27- 

SHIPH^RAH (handsome, trumpet), A Hebrew niidwife who diso.- 
beyed the cruel command of Pharaoh, Ex. i, 15^ 

SHIPH'TAN, Father of Kemuel, a prince of Ephraim, Num. 
xxxiv, 24. ' . 

SHrSHA(of marble, pleasant), i Kings iv, 3. [Shavsha.] 

SHI'SHAK (present of a bag or pot), King of Egypt and con- 
temporary of Solomon and Rehoboara, the latter of whom he 
attacked and made pay tribute. He was a powerful chieftain, 
making many foreign conquests. . His ^ ictories were represented 
in reliefs and statuary at Karnak, and ihesshave been discovered 
and deciphered, proving the history of his invasion of Palestine 
as recorded in 2 Chron. xii; i Kings xiv, 25,26. ' 

SHIT'RA-I ^gatherer of money). Keeper of David's • herds in 
Sharon, i Chr^n. xxviiy29. 

SHIT TAH,SHIT'TIM( thorns). The acacia is thought to be 
meant, of which there are three or four varieties in Arabia, one 
kind yielding the. gum Arabic of commerce. They are all noted 
for their hardness of fibre and indestructibility.. The wooden 
furniture of the Tabernacle was made of shittim wood, Ex. xxv- 
xxxviii. See Ills. No. 381. . ' ' . ' 

SHIT'TIM (thorns, acacias\ The place where Israel encamped 
after conquering Ammon and Gilead, and before crossing to the 
west side of Jordan. It was Abel-has-Shittim, " meadow of th& 
acacias," opposite Jericho, Num. xxxiii, 49; Josh, ii, i. 

SHFZA (this gift). Father of Adina, of Reuben, i Chron. xi, 42. - 



224 SHU 

SHO'A (kings, tyrants). An officer, city, or district in Assyrjii jbut 
which, is not known, Ezek. xxiii, 23. 

SHO'BAB (returned, spark), i. Son of David by Bathsheba, 2 
Sam. V, 14. 2. A son of Caleb, son of Hezron, i Chron. ii, iS. 

SHO BACH (bonds, chains), A general of Hadarezer of Syria, de- 
feated by David, 2 Sam. x, 15-18. Written Shophach ini Chron. 
xix, 16-18. 

SHO'BA-I (captivity), A family of door-keepers of the Temple 
who returned from the captivity with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 42. 

SHO'BAL (path, ear of corn), i. Second son of Seir, and a duke 
of the Horites, Gen. xxxvi, 20-29. 2. Son of Caleb and founder 
of Kirjath-jearim, i Chron. ii, 50-52. 3. i Chron. iv, i, 2. Same 
as preceding. 

SHO'BEK (forsaken, void), A co-signer of the covenant with Ne- 
hemiah, Neh. x, 24. 

SHO'BI, An Ammonite who met and received David at Mahanaim 
when fleeing from Absalom, 2 Sam. xvii, 27. 

SHO'CO, SHO'CHO, SHOCHOH, 2 Chron. xi, 7; xxviii; 18; 
I Sam. xvii, i. All variations of Socoh. 

SHO'HAM (keeping back), A Levite, son of Jaaziah, i Chron, 
xxiv 27 

SHOE. [Sandal.] 

SHO'MER (keeper, dregs), i. An Asherite, i Chron. vii, 32. 
Written Shamer in verse 34. 2. Father of Jehozabad, who slew 
King Joash, 2 Kings xii, 21. 

SHOPHACH, I Chron. xix, 16-18. [Shobach.] 

SHO'PHAN (rabbit, kid), A fortified town east of Jordan, rebuilt 
and held by Gad, Num. xxxii, 35. 

SHO-SHAN'NIM (lilies), A musical direction in Ps. xlv, Ixix. 
Reference is had, probably, to some lily shaped instruments, as 
cymbals. 

SHO-SHAN'NIM-E'DUTH (lilies of testimony), A musical di- 
rection in Ps. Ixxx, referring to the melody or the instruments. 

SHU'A (crying, saving), A Canaanite of Adullam, i Chron. ii, 3. 
Written SHUA in Gen. xxxviii, 2, 12. 

SHU'AH (ditch, swimming, humiliation), i. Son of Abraham by 
Keturah, Gen. xxv, 2. 2. Brother of Chelub, i Chron^ iv, 11. 3. 
Gen. xxxviii, 12. [Shua.] 

SHU'AL (fox, path), i. Son of Zophah, of Asher, i Chron. vii, 
36. 2. A district which has been identified with Shalim, which 
see, 1 Siam. ix, 4, 

SHU'BA-EL <^seat of GodV i. Son of Gershom, 1 Chron. xxiv, 
20. 2. Shebuel, son of Heman the Singer, i Chron. xxv, 20. 

SHU'HAM (thinking, humiliation, budding). Son of Dan and pro- 
genitor of the Shuhamites, Num. xxvi, 42. 

SHU'HITE, Designation of Bildad, one of Job's friends. The 
tribe was Arabic, Tsukhi, as appears from Assyrian inscriptions. 

SHU'LAM-ITE (peaceful), Feminine of Shelomoh, and figurative 
representation of the bride in Solomon's Song, whether the bride- 
groom himself be Solomon or Christ, Cant, vi, 13. 

SHU'MATH-ITES, One of the four families of Kiijath-jearim, x 
Chron. ii, 53. 

SHU'NAM-MITE, "Native of Shunem. The nurse of David and 
the hostess of Elisha are so designated, i Kings i, 3 ; 2 Kings iv, 12. 



^^_ sm 225 

SHU'NEM (their change or sleep), A city of Issachar, now Solam, 

five miles south of Tabor, in valley of Jezreel, i Sam. xxviii, 4 ; 

I Kings i, 3. 
SHU'Nl (changed, sleeping). Son of Gad and founder of the Shu- 

nites, Gen. xlvi, 16. 
SHU'PHAM. [Shuppim.] 
SHUP'PIM (wearing out, theirshore), Shuppim and Huppimwere 

children of Ir, or Iri, and great-grandsons of Benjamin, i Chron. 

vii, 12. . 

SHUR (wall, ox, who beholds), A place just beyond the borders 

of Egypt in Arabia, giving its name to the circumjacent desert. 

Gen. xvi, 7 ; xxv, 18 ; Ex. xv, 22, 23. 
SHU'SHAN, SU SA (lily, rose, joy). Capital of Elam, on the river 

Ulai. When Persia absorbed Babylon, it became the seat of 

wealth and power, a position which it held until the conquest of 

Alexander. At Shushan occurred the events of the book of Esther. 

Daniel beheld his visions there, Dan. viii. There Artaxerxes 

dated the commissions of Nehemiah, Neh. i, i. The ruins of a 

place called Shouster, believed to be the ancient Shushan or Susa, 

are now being searched with success. 
SHU'S HAN-E'DUTH, A musical direction in Ps. Ix. It is the 

singular number or another form of SHOSHANNIM-EDUTH, 

which see. 
SHU'THE-LAH (plant, moist, pot), Son of Ephraim, lineal ances- 
tor of Joshua, and founder of the Shuthelites, Num. xxvi, 35; i 

Chron. vii, 20-27. 
SI'A (moving, help). His children were among the returned Nethi- 

1 ill, Neh. vii, 47. 
Si'A-HA, Ezra ii, 44. [Sia.] 
SIB'BE-CAI, 2 Sam. xxi, 18. [Sibbechai.j 
SIB'BE-CHAI (bough, cottage, springs), The Hushathite who was 

the eighth captain in David's guard, i Chron. xi, 29 ; 2 Sam. 

xxi, 18. 
SIB'BO-LETH, Ephraimitic pronunciation of ** Shibboleth," Judg. 

xii, 6. - 
SIB'AIAH (conversion, captivity), A town east of Jordan in tribe 
. of Reuben, Josh. xiii.. 19. 
SIB'RA-IM, An unidentified landmark on northern boundary of 

Palestine, Ezek. xlvii, 16. 
SI'CHEM (p>ortion, shoulder), Gen. xii, 6. [Shechem.] 
SrCY-ON (Sish'on), A city of the Peloponnesus near the Isthmus, 

X Mace. XV, 23. 
SID'DIM (tilled or pitted field). The vale in which the kings of 

Sodom, Gomorrah, etc., met their invaders. Not identified, but 

ofcourse somewhere near the Dead Sea, Gen. xiv, 3-10. 
SI'DE (trading, hunting^ A city of Pamphylia, probably founded 

by the trading Phoenicians, i Mace, xv, 2.3, 
SrDON, Greek form of Zidon, though written Sidon in Gen. x, 15, 

19. See Ills. Nos. 102, 143. 
SI-DO'NI-ANS, Greek form of Zidonians. 
SI'HON (rooting out). King of the Amorites when Israel arrived at 

his dominions. He attacked the Hebrews, and was, with his 

hosts, exterminated. By this victory the Jews came into the 



226 SIM 

possession of the district lying between the Arnon an<i Jabbok, 
Num. xxi, 21-29. 

SI'HOR, SHI'HOR (black, turbid), Shihor, of Eg>'pt, has ever 
been construed as " the Nile." But when unqualitied, some Ara- 
bic place or wady may be meant, Josh, xiii, 2, 3 ; i Chron. xiii, 5. 

SILAS (living in a wood 1, An eminent member of the early Chris* 
tian church; written Silvanus in Paul's Epistles. He resided at 
Jerusalem as teacher ; accompanied Paul on his second tour; be- 
came (traditionally) bishop of Corinth, Acts xv, 22-32; xvi, 37; 
2 Cor. i, 19. : '■ ' -; 

SILK (Seric stuff, from Seres, the modern Chinese), Only direct 
allusion to silk in Bible, in Rev. xviii, l2 ; though the passage in 
Ezek. xvi, 10-13, is supposed to refer to it. It may be that both, 
cotton and silk were known to a limited extent to Hebrews. 

SIL'LA (exalting), Precise spot unknown, but referred to Pool of 
Siloam, or to a flight of steps or causeway near the scene of Jo- 
ash's murder, 2 Kings xii,2o. 

SI-LO'AH, SHI-LO AH, Neh. iii, 15. [Siloam.] 

SLLO'AM or SILO-AM ( bough, armor), i. The celebrated Pool 
of Jerusalem, on the south, near the opening of the Tyropean val- 
ley into the ravine of Kidron. It still exists, though possibly re- 
paired by Crusaders, arrd is about fifty-three feet long, eighteea 

, wide, and nineteen deep, Isa. viii, 6; John ix, 7-11. It was 
originally built by Solomon, and was the smallest of the cisterns 
or watering places with which he supplied the city. See Ills. No. 
75. 2. Tower of Siloam, whose disastrous fall is rQQntioned, is 
supposed to have stood near the Pool, Luke xiii. 4.. 

SIL-VA'NUS. [Silas.] 

SIL'VER (white), Us::d in very early times for ornaments, vessels, 
and money, though not until after the captivity in shape of coin. 
Gen. xxiv, 53 ; xx, 23 ; Acts xix, 24. The sil' e • of Jerusalem 
was brought from Arabia and Tarshish, 2 Chron. ix, 14, 21. 

SIL'VER-LINGS (diminutive of silver). Little bits of silver, Isa. 
vii, 23. 

SI'MAL-CU'E, An Arabian chief, who acted as guar Jian of Antio- 
chus, son of Balas, -I JMacc. xi, 39, 

SIM E-ON (who hears, obeys), i. Second of Jacob's sons by Leah, 
GeiL xxix, 33. With Levi he murdered the Shechemites ; was 
selected by Joseph as hostage for the return of Benjamin; tribe 
numbered 53,330 fighting men at census of Sinai; reduced to 
22,000 at Shittim ; depended upon Judah for conquest of its por- 
tion ; settled in southwest of Palestine, between Ji4(Jah and Phi- 
listia ; absorbed by Judah, Ex. vi, 16; Num. i, 23, 2. Son of Ju- 
dah in genealogy of Christ, Luke iii, 30. 3. Simon Peter, Acts 
XV, 14. 4. A venerable Jew, who blessed the child Jesus in the 
temple, Luke ii, 25-35. 5. Simeon Niger, Acts xiii, i. [Niger.] 

SI'MON (Simeon), i. Several persons bore this name during the 
Maccabean period, 2, Simon, the brother of Jesus, became (tra- 
ditionallyj the bishop of Jerusalem, Matt, xiii, 35.; Mark vi, 3. 
3, Simon, the Canaanite, or SirAon Zelotes, belonged to the fac- 
tion of Zealots, who advocated the Mosaic ritual. Matt, x, 4; 
Luke vi, 15. 4. Simon, of Cyrene, was a Helleni.stic Jew of Cy- 
rene, in Africa. He was pressed into the service of bearing the 



SIV 227 

Cross of Christ to the place of crucifixion. Matt, xxvii, 32, 5. 
Simon the Leper resided at Bethany, In his house Mary an minted 
Jesus, Matt, xxvi, 6. 6. Simon Magus, a Samaritan sorcerer, 
Acts viii, 5, who joined the Apostles merely for the purpose of ac- 
quiring their power to work miracles. Acts viii, 9-24. 7. Simon 
Peter [Peter]. 8. Simon the Pharisee, in whose house a peni- 
tent woman anointed Jesus, Luke vii, 40. 9. Simon the Tanner 
lived at Joppa. Paul stopped at his house, Acts ix, 43. 10. Si- 
mon the father of Judas Iscariot, John vi, 71. 

SIM RI, A Levite in time of David, 1 Chron. xxvi, 10. 

SIN (bush, clay). 1. A city of Egypt, identified with Pelusium, 

. "clay town," on eastern arm of the Nile, near its mouth, Ezek. 
XXX, 15. 2. The wilderness portion, of Arabia, immediately east 
of the gulf of Suez, and between it and Sinai, Ex. xvi, i; xvii, i. 

SI'NA, Greek form of Sinai, Acts vii, 30, 38. 

SI'NAI (bush, enmity), The celebrated mountains on the peninsula 
between the gulfs of Suez and Akabah, rising Bcoo to 9000 fett 
high. Scene of God's appearance to Moses, and the giving of the 
law, Ex. iii, iv. Horeb and Sinai are used indiscriminately in the 
Bible, and it is doubtful which comprehends the entire mountain 
system, though Horeb may be the distinct mountain, and Sinai 
that of the chain or ridge, since the latter has given name to the 
surrounding desert, ^r Ills. Nos. 107, 108. 

SFNIM (south country), People who resided at the extremity of 
the known world, either east or south, vaguely associated with 
the Tsini, Chinese, Isa. xlix, 12. 

SINTTE, A Canaanite clan, referred to the mountains of Lebanon, 
Gen. x, 17. 

SION (noise, tumult), i. One of the ancient names of Mount Her- 
mon, Deut. iv, 48. 2. Greek form of Zion, the mount in Jerusalem 
on which the royal sepulchre stood, Heb. xii, 22 ; Rev. xiv, i. 

SIPH'MOTH, An unidentified place in South Judah, inhabited by 
David during his frecbooting life, i Sam. xxx, 28. 

SIP PAI (silver cup, threshold}. Son of Rephaim, "giants," slain 
at Gezer, i Chron. xx, 4. 

SI'RACH, Father of Jesus Qoshua), the writer of Eccle.«^ias:icus. 

SI 'RAH, The well from which Joab called Abner. Now Ain Sara, 
near Hebron, 2 Sam. iii, 26. 

SIR I-ON, Zidonian name of Mount Hermon, Deut. iii,9. Fhirion 
in Ps. xxix, 6. 

SI-SAM'A-I (house, bhndness). Descendant of Shesh&n, i Chron. 
ii, 40. 

SIS'E-RA (keeper of horses), i. Captain in army of Jabin, king of 
Canaan, at Hazor. He was routed by Barak, and shain I y jaei, 
Judg iv, V. 2. One of the returned Nethinim, E?ra ii, 53. 

SI-SIN'NES. Tatnai, the governor of Syria a^d Phoenicia under 
Darius, i Esdr. vi, 3. 

SIT'.NAH (hatred^. Second of the two wells dug by Israc in valley 
of Gerar, for whose possession a dispute arose with the neighbor- 
ing herdsmen. Gen. xxvi, 21. 

SrVAN (bush, thorn), Third month of Hebrew ecclesiastical, and 
ninth of civil year, beginning with the new moon of June, Esth. 
viii, 9. 

15 



228 SOL 

SLAVE (Sclavonian, Sclavi, who were frequently made slaves by 
the Germans), Hebrew slavery was rather the condition of ser- 
vantage, since it was regulated by very exact laws, full of methods 
of manumission, Jer. ii, 14; Rev. xviii, 13. 

SLIME (ill, bad). The slime which was used for mortar and cement 
was mineral pitch or bitumen, Gen. xi, 3; Ex. ii, 3. 

SLING, A weapon of shepherds and light troops. It consisted of 
leather or sinew strings, with a receptacle at the end for the stone 
or missile, i Sam. xvii, 40; Judg. xx, 16. See Ills. No. 161. 

SMITH (smiter). An artificer in brass, iron, or other metals. Gen. 
iv, 22 ; Judg. v, 8 ; i Sara, xiii, 19-22. 

SMYR'NA (myrrh), A city of Ionia, forty miles northwest of Ephe- 
sus. A Christian church was early established there. It is still 
a prosperous city of 150,000 inhabitants, having Protestant 
churches, and being but little inclined to Mohammedanism, Rev. 
ii, 8-11. 5^^ Ills. No. 86. 

SNAIL (snake), In Lev. xi, 30, a lizard is meant. In Ps. Iviii, 8, 
our snail or slime-snake. 

SNOW (purger, cleanser). Often alluded to in Bible, Ex. iv, 6 ; 
Num. xii, 10; Job ix, 30. The expression in Prov. xxv, 13, is 
accounted for by the use of pressed snow as a substitute for ice in 
summer. 

SO (grain measure, vail), A king of Egypt, with whom Hoshea, of 
Israel, patched up an ineffectual alliance against Assyria, 2 Kings 
xvii, 4. 

SOAP (cleanser). Was used by Hebrews, though perhaps not in our 
form, Mai. iii, 2; Jer. ii, 22. 

SO'CHO, I Chron. iv, 18. [Socoh.] 

SO'CHOH, 1 Kings iv, 10. [Socoh. 1 

SO'COH (tents). Two towns of Judan, one in lowlands, the other 
in mountains. Sites unknown, Josh, xv, 35, 48. 

SO'DI (my secret). Father of Gaddiel, the spy of Zebulun, Num. 
xiii, 10. 

SOD'OM (secret, cement, burning), The most prominent of the 
cities of the plain or valley of Siddim, and dwelling place of Lot. 
Destroyed in a miraculous manner on account of the sins of its 
people. Neither the cities nor the plain in which they stood are 
identified, but they are referred to the southern point of the Dead 
Sea, to the bed of the sea, to the northern part, where the Jordan 
enters, or to some pavt of the Jordan valley proper. From Gen. 
xiii, the last seems to be preferable, unless the whole topography 
of the country has been changed. 

SOD'O-MA, Greek and vulgate form of Sodom, Rom. ix, 29. 

30D'0M-ITES, The dwellers in Sodom, but generally, in Old 
Yestaiflent, those who practise the abominations of Sodom, Deut. 
xxiii, 17: I Kings xiv, 24; xv, 12. 

SOL'O-MON (peaceable, perfect), Last born of David's sons by 
Bathsheb^. Named by Nathan Jedjdiah, "beloved of God," 
i Chron. iii, 5; 2 Sam. xii, 25. Pliaced |n care of Nathan. When 
Aljsalon; was slain, David pledged Bathsheba to secure the suc- 
pessior> for Solomon, i Kings i, 13. He was proclaimed king at 
Gihon,much to the GonsternatioripfAdonijah, the legal successor. 
He reigned forty years, b, c, ?oj5-975- During his reign the 



sow 229 

temple was built, commerce was extended, his father's dominions 
were maintained intact, the kingdom became renowned for its 
wealth, splendor, and power, the king for his wisdom and learn- 
ing. But withal he was cruel to enemies, and, like his father, 
gave himself up to lustful living, and, in obedience to his mis- 
tresses, introduced the worship and horrid rites of Molech, Che- 
mosh, and Ashtaroth. His writings illustrate the three stages of 
his life. His Song of Songs is either a piece of fresh, youthful 
imagery, or else a lecherous ode to one of his mistresses. His 
Proverbs represent the matured, thoughtful man, and constitute 
wells of wisdom from which the world will never cease to draw. 
His Confession of the Preacher is the epilogue of his life — of a life 
brilliant, yet miserable, full of all possibilities, destitute of sacred 
performances. With Solomon went out the life of the kingdom, 
I Kings i-xi ; 2 Chron. i-ix. 
SOL'O-MON'S POOLS, Reservoirs erected by Solomon near 
Bethlehem, in which the water was gathered which was conducted 
to the distributing pools or fountains in Bethlehem and Jerusalem. 
They still remain, and remnants of the aqueduct that led to Jeni- 
salem are still visible, Eccl. ii, 6. 

SOL'O-MON'S SONG. [Canticles, Solomon.] 

SON (begotten). In Hebrew sense any descendant, however remote. 
Gen. xxix, 5 ; 2 Sam. xix, 24. Pupils, adopted persons, those of 
kindred faith were also called "sons," Gen. xlviii, 5; i Sam. iii, 
6 : Acts xiii. 10. 

SOOTH'SAY-ER. [Divination.] , ^. 

SOP (sip\ A small portion of bread dipped in sauce or wine, Ruth 
ii, 14 ; John xiii, 26. Bread was thus eaten among Jews. 

SOP'A-TER (defender of the father). Son of Pyrrhus, of Beraea, 
and companion of Paul on his homeward journey from Greece, 
Acts XX, 4. 

SOPH'E-RETH (scribe, numbering). His children were among 
the returned captives, Ezra ii, 55. 

SOPH'O-NI'AS, The prophet Zephaniah, 2 Esdr. i, 40. 

SOR'CER-ER. [Divination.] 

SO'REK (vine, yellow), A valley of Philistia, where resided Deli- 
lah. Unidentified, Judg. xvi, 4. 

SO-SIP'A-TER (Sopater). i. A general of Judas Maccabeus. 2 
Mace, xii, 19-24. 2. A friend of Paul; probably Sopater, Rora. 
xvi, 21. 

SOS'THE-NES (saviour. strongV i. Chief of the synagogue at Co- 
rinth, who was beaten by the Gentiles when Paul was carried be- 
fore Gallio, Acts xviii, 17, 2. Perhaps the former, aiterwards 
converted, i Cor. i, i. 

SOS'TRA-TUS, Syrian commander in Jerusalem in reign of Anti- 
ochus Epiphanes, 2 Mace, iv, 27. 

SO'TA-I (conclusion, binding), His descendants were among the 
returned captives, Ezra ii, 55. 

SOUL (breath\ Hebrew idea of man was threefold. He was body, 
soul, and spirit : the first being the clayey principle, the second 
the vital, the third the sentient, thinking, or purely' spiritual prin- 
ciple, I Thess. V, 23; Gen. ii, 17; Num. xvi, 22. 

SOW. [Swine.] 



230 STE 

SOWER, SOWING, Sowing was done by hand, Ps. cxxvi^ 6. 
In wet soils the seed was tramped in by the feet of animals, Isa. 
xxxii, 20. Sowing of mixed seeds prohibited, Lev. xix, 19. 

SPAIN (rare, precious, overrun with conies). The Iberia of classi- 
cal times, because thought to have been settled by the Iberians 
of Asia. Present name has many fanciful derivations, among 
which is one attributing it to the Hebrew shaphan, " coney," 
hence Hispania, '' land filled with conies." The country was 
known to the Hebrews as early as Solomon's time, z. e.^ if Tar- 
shish were in Spain. Known at least in Maccabean and New 
Testament period. Paul intended to visit Spain, but that he did 
so is hardly probable, i Mace, viii, 3 ; Rom. xv, 24-28. 

SPAN, Distance from thumb to little finger, when stretched apart, 
Lam. ii, 20. 

SPAR'ROW (twitterer). The tree sparrow is found in Palestine, 
but the word translated ** sparrow" in the Bible means simply 
" bird " or "fowl," Ps. Ixxxiv, 3 ; cii, 7 ; Matt, x, 29 ; Luke xii, 
6, 7._ See Ills. Nos. 395, 403. 

SPI DER (spinner). The common spider is meant in Job viii, 14; 
Isa. lix, 5 ; but in Prov. xxx, 28, reference is had to a species of 
lizard. 

SPIKE NARD (pointed plant, giving perfume). An Indian plant, 
growing in short spikes, yielding the most costly of perfumes, 
Cant, i, 12 ; iv, 13 ; Mark xiv, 3. A pound of it was worth forty 
dollars, John xii, 3-5. See Ills. No. 370. 

SPIN'NING (drawing, spanning). This process was known to He- 
brews. The implements were a distaff and spindle, or whirl, the 
former being held in the left, the latter in the right hand, Ex. 
xxxv, 25 ; Matt vi, 28. 

SPIR IT ^breath). In Hebrew sense the rational principle, as dis- 
tinguished from the breathing, vital, or soul principle. [Soul.] 
The Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is regarded as the third person 
of the Trinity as implied in 2 Cor. xiii, 13; Acts xiii, 12, xv, 
28. 

SPONGE (fungus). Probably known to ancient Hebrews. Men-, 
tioned in Matt, xxvii, 48; ^tark xv, 36. See Ills. No. 450. 

STA'CHYS (spike of corn), A Christian at Rome, saluted by Paul, 
Rom. xvi, 9. 

STAC'TE (oozing out in drops), A gura which oozed from-some 
Eastern tree, as the cassia or myrrh. It was one of the four ingre- 
dients of the sacred perfume, Ex. xxx, 34, 35. 

STAND'ARD. [Ensign.] 

STAR, All the heavenly bodies except sun and moon were called 
stars by the Hebrews, Gen, xv, 5; Ps. cxlvii, 4. The star of the 
wise men, or star of the East, was a phenomenal appearance in 
the heavens, designed to announce the birth of the Messiah. The 
theories that it was a natural appearance are not well sustained. 
Matt, ii, 1-12. 

STA'TER (weighed). The principal gold coin of ancient Greece. 
Value, about ^5. 50. 

STEEL, Iron and carbon, but wherever the word is found in New 
Testament copper is meant. 

STEPH'A-NAS (crown, crowned), A Christian convert of Corinth, 



SUR 231 

His household were the ** first fruits" of Paul's European labors, 

1 Cor. i, 15-17. 

STEPHEN (crown, crowned). Chief of the first seven deacons, 
and the first Christian martyr. He was a Hellenistic Jew, a man 
of strong faith and great power of mind and argument. Though 
he spoke strongly in his own defence when arrested and brought 
before the Sanhedrim, he but angered the mob which stoned him 
to death ; and the man who held his clothes while the bloody 
work was going on was Saul, the future apostle of the Gentiles, 
Acts vi, vii. 

STOCKS (sticks). The trunks of trees. Job xiv, 8; idols, Jer. ii, 
27 : an implement of punishment, consisting of two pieces of wood, 
which closed over the ankles, and sometimes the arms. Job xiii, 
27 ; Jer. xx, 2. 

STOTCS (porch, portico). Members of a Grecian philosophical 
sect, founded by Zeno, who taught in the porch or portico of 
Athens. The stoical philosophy was a high morality merely, in 
which pride took the place of humility ; independence the place 
of faith ; fate the place of Providence ; austerity the place of sub- 
mission, Acts xvii, 18. 

STO'NING. [Punishment.] 

STORK, A large, wading bird, gregarious, migratory, abounding 
in Palestine, and noted for tenderness to its young, a trait impHed 
in both its Hebrew and Greek name. Lev. xi, 19 ; Deut. xiv, 18 ; 
Jer. viii, 7. See Ills. No. 407. 

STRAIN (draw, press through). In Matt, xxiii, 24, "strain" 
should probably be coupled with the word *' out," "strain out a 
gnat, etc.," the custom being to strain the water of the wells and 
cisterns before drinking. 

STRANGER (without), A common Hebrew expression for those 
not of Jewish extraction. Gen. xxiii, 4; Lev. xix, 33. 

SU'AH (speaking, ditch). Son of Zophah, of Asher, 1 Chron. vii, 
36. 

SU'BA, His sons returned with Zerubbabel, i Esdr. v, 34. 

SUC'COTH (tents), i. A town of ancient date in Holy Land. It 
was beyond Jordan. Site unknown. Gen. xxxiii, 17; Judg. viii, 
5-17. 2. First station of Israelites after starting from Egypt, 
twelve or fifteen miles east or south of Rameses, Ex. xii, 37. 

SUC'COTH-BE'NOTH (tents of daughters), Supposed to refer to 
the booths or tents in which the daughters of Babylon prostituted 
themselves in honor of their idol, Mylitta, the Assyrian Venus, 

2 Kings xvii, 30. 

SU'CHATH-ITES, A scribal family at Jabez, i Chron. ii, 55. 

SUD (my secret). Probably the Euphrates, *' River of Sura," Bar. 
i, 4. 

SUK'KI-IMS, A people of Africa, who supplied troops to the army 
of Shishak, 2 Chron. xii, 3. 

SUN (heat, brightness\ The "greater light" of heaven. Wor- 
shipped by many peoples as source of life, Job xxxi, 26, 27. Fur- 
nishes many metaphors in language of the Bible, Ps. xix, 7 ; Mai. 
iv, 2 ; Rev. i, 16. 

SUR (withdrawal, rebellion), An unknown place on sea coast of 
Palestine, Jud. ii, 28. 



232 TAA 

SU'SAN-CHITES, Ezra iv, 9. Dwellers in Shushan or Susa. 
SU-SAN'NA (lily, rose, joy), i. Heroine of story of Judgment of 

Daniel. 2. A woman who ministered to Christ, Luke viii, 3. 
SU SI ^horse, swallow). Father of Gaddi, of Manasseh, Num. xiit, 

SWAL'LOW (throat-sweller), The common swift or swallow is 
meant. They abound in Palestine, Ps. Ixxxiv, 3 ; Jer. viii, 7. 
See Ills. No. 412. 

SWAN, It is doubtful whether the swan is meant in Lev. xi, 18; 
Deut. xiv, 16. The Septuagint has ** Ibis." 

SWEAT, The bloody sweat of Christ, Luke xxii, 44, has given rise 
to much speculation, but a malady, diapedesis, is known to me- 
dical science, which is the result of violent emotion, and is char- 
acterized by reddish perspiration. 

SWINE, The flesh of swine was forbidden to the Hebrews. The 
Arabians and priests of Egypt did not eat it, for dietetic reasons. 
Lev. xi, 7; Deut. xiv. 8; Isa. Ixv, 4. 

SWORD. See Ills. Nos. 275-280. 

SYC'A-MORE (fig-mulberry), Not our sycamore or plane-tree, but 
a large and valuable tree of the mulberry species, bearing a fig- 
like fruit, Luke xix, 4. Written "sycamine" in Luke xvii, 6. 

SY'CHAR, John iv, 5. [Shechem.] 

SY'CHEM, Acts vii, 16. [Shechem. 1 

SY-E'NE (bush, enmity). Properly Seveneh. A town of Egypt, 
next to Cush or Ethiopia, Ezek. xxix, 10; xxx, 6. 

SYN'A-GOGUE (assembly), But in .New Testament sense the 
place of assemblage. The Jewish church building. They super- 
seded the temple, and became very numerous and costly. The 
chief officer was the Rabbin, Luke viii, 41 ; Acts xviii, 8. See Ills. 
No. 342. 

SYN'TY-CHE (who discourses), A woman of the church at Phi- 
lippi, Phil, iv, 2, 3. 

S\'R'A-CUSE, A city on the east coast of Sicily, centre «f great 
commerce and wealth. Paul visited it on his journey to Rome, 
Acts xxviii, 12. 

SYR'I-A (as if Assyria), Asia Minor, Phoenicia, and Palestine were 
embraced in Syria, and sometimes the whole of Assyria and Baby- 
lonia. But in Bible sense the country called Aram, between the 
yEgean and the Euphrates or Tigris, and north of Canaan. The 
valley between the Lebanus ranges was called Ccrle Syria. Da- 
mascus was the centre of Syrian power and wealth. The Syraic 
language was closely allied to the Hebrew. See Ills. No. 147. 

SY'RO-PHCE-NrCI-AN, A Phoenician at the time Phoenicia 
was a province of Syria, Mark vii, 26. 

T. 

TA'A-NACH (who humbles or answers), A Canaanite city, con- 
quered by Joshua. Now Ta'anuk, near Megiddo, in the plain 
ofEsdraelon, Josh, xii, 21 ; xvii, 11. 

TA'A-NATH-SHPLOH (breaking down of Shiloh), An uniden- 
tified landmark on boundary of Ephraim, Josh, xvi, 6. 



TAD 233 

TAB'BA-OTH, His children were among the returned Nethinim, 
Ezra ii, 43- 

TAB'BATH (good), Stopping point of the fleeing Midianites. Un- 
identified, Judg. vii, 22. 

TA'BE-AL (good God), A Syrian in the army of Rezin, Isa. vii, 6. 

TA'BE-EL (as above), A Persian officer in Samaria under Arta- 
xerxes, Ezra iv, 7. 

TA-BEL'LI-US, i Esdr. ii, 16. [Tabeel.] 

TAB'E-RAH (burning), A place in the wilderness of Paran, Num. 
xi, 3. 

TA'BER-ING, Beating upon the taber, Nah. ii, 7. 

TAB'ER-NA-CLE (little hut, shed, or tent). The Tabernacle was 
the tent of Jehovah, erected in the wilderness soon after the de- 
parture from Egy^pt. It could be taken apart and set up with 
facility, and accompanied the Israelites in all their wanderings. 
During the conquest it was stationed at Gilgal ; after the conquest 
at Shiloh. It was superseded by the Temple at Jerusalem to 
which it and the ark were removed, 2 Chron. v, 5. For construc- 
tion of the Tabernacle read Ex. xxv, xxvi, xxxix. See Ills. Nos. 

io9> 337- 

TAB'ER-NA-CLES, Feast of, Derives its name from the booths or 
tents in which the people dwelt during its solemnization. Third 
of the three great Hebrew feasts, celebrated from the fifteenth 
to the twenty-second of Tisri. The burnt-offerings were numerous, 
the feast being a thanksgiving for the ingathered harvests, as well 
as a commemoration of the wanderings and deliverance from the 
desert, Deut. xvi, 16 ; Lev. xxiii, 34-43 ; Ex. xxiii, 16. 

TA'BLE (board). See Ills. No. 327. 

TABT-THA (gazelle). [Dorcas.J 

TA'BOR (choice, purity), i. A conspicuous mountain on the 
north side of the Plain of Esdraelon, 1400 feet high. It consti- 
tuted a landmark between Issachar and Zebulun, was the gather- 
ing place of Barak's forces, and the scene of the murder of Gideon's 
brothers. Josh, xix, 22; Judg, iv, 6-15 ; vlii, 18,19. Without 
any reason the impression existed among early Christians that it 
was the scene of the Transfiguration. 2. A Levitical town of 
Zebulun, Probably Mount Tabor, Josh, xix, 12. 3. The Plain 
of Taborshould be ** Oak of Tabor." Spot unknown, i Sam. x, 3. 

TA'BRET, TA'BOR, TAM'BOUR, TIM'BREL, are all from the 
same root meaning " little drum," and have been perpetuated, 
both as to the word and instrument, in our tambourine. See Ills. 
No. 241. 

TAB'RI-MON (good is Rimmon), Properly Tabrimmon. Father 
of Benhadad I, king of Syria in reign of Asa, i Kings xv, 18. 

TACHE (tack), Tacks, hooks, or clasps, by which the curtains of 
the Tabernacle were suspended or held together, Ex. xxvi, 6-33. 

TACH'MO-NITE, 2 Sam. xxiii, 8. [Hachmonite.] 

TAD'MOR, TA'MAR (palm tree, bitterness). The Palmyra of 
the Greeks and Romans. A city founded by Solomon in the 
desert region of Syria toward the Euphrates, for the purpose of 
facilitating trade with the East. It was destroyed by the Saracens, 
and its ruins are very numerous and suggestive, i Kings ix, 18 : 
2 Chron. viii, 4. See Ills. No. 50. 



234 TAR 



TA'HANJmercifu]), An Ephraimite, Num. xxvi, 35. Telah in x 

TA'HATH (fear), A desert station of the Israelites. Not identified 
JNum. xxxni, 26. ' 

TAHTAN-HES TE-HAPH'NE-HES, TA-HAP'A-NES (temp- 
he P^Hf,?"'^?,'''^^' k%^?^P.!^^" city (Daphne of the Greeks ^o^n 
the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. It seems to have been a favorite 

■^^fj ^r u U^^^"^^'"?' ^'^^^' temptation). An Egyptian qireen 
wife of the Pharaoh who received Hadad the EdoLite i xTngs 
XI, 10-20. ' =» 

TAH'RE-A, Son of Micah, i Chron. ix, 41 

TAH'TIM-HOD'SHI, This name and place have puzzled all inter- 
preters and searchers, 2 Sam. xxiv, 6. 

lALE (told off), A reckoning by count and not by weight, Ex. 

TAL'ENT (balance, weighed), In the Hebrew sense a weight and 
denommation of money, equal to 3000 shekels or 93^ pounds, or 
m silver bullion, S1600 to §1900. The Greek talent was equal to 
?rii«o, Ex. xxxvui, 25, 26; Matt, xviii, 24. 

TALT-THA-CU'xMI, Two Syriac words, signifying " damse!, 
anse, Markv, 41. o j & , 

TAL'MAI (furrow, heap of waters), i. A son of Anak, slain by 
the men of Judah, Num. xiii, 22. 2. King of Geshur. David 
married his daughter, 2 Sam. iii, 3. 

TAL'MON, Head of a family of doorkeepers in the Temple i 
Chron. ix, 17 ; Ezra il, 42. 

TA'MAH (smiting). His children were among the returned Nelhi^ 
mm, Ezra ii, 53. 

TA'MAR(pa!m tree), i. Wife of Er and Onan, sons of Judah 
Gen. xxxviii, 6-30. She bore Pharez and Zarah to her father-in- 
law, ajid thus preserved the pntriarchal line. 2. Daughter of Da- 
vid and sister of Absalom, ravished by her half-brother, Ammon 
2 bam. x>n, 1-32. 3- Daughter of Absalom, wife of Uriah, and 
mother of Maachah, queen of Abijah, 2 Sam. xiv, j; i Kinps xv 
2 4. A place in Judah, a day's journey south of Hebron. Ezek' 
xlvn, 19. 

TAM'MUZ (concealed, consumed), A Syrian idol, mourned by the 
women. It corresponded to Adonis who symbolized the Sun his 
departure being wept and return cheered, Ezek. viii, 14 ' 

TA'NACH, Josh, xxi, 25. [Taanach.] 

TAN'HU-METH (consolation). Father of Seraiah in the time of 
Gedaliah, 2 Kings xxv, 23. 

TA'PHATH (drop), Daughter of Solomon, married to Ben-Abin- 
adab, i Kings iv, 11. 

J^'if.ST?^'^ ^^''''^- '''' 5^- [Beth-Tappuah.1 

lAP PU.AH (apple, swelling), i. A city of Judah, some twelve 
miles from Jerusalem, Josh, xv, 34. 2. Another city cf Judah 
site unknown. Josh, xvi, 8. 3. i Chron. it, 43. [Beth-Tap- 
ruAH ] 4- The Land of l^appuah was between Ephraim and Ma- 
nasseh. Not recognized. Josh, xvii, 8. 

TA'RAH (hair, banished), A desert station of the Israelites, Num 
xxxiii, 27. 



TEK 235 



TAR'A-LAH (searching out strength), A town of Benjamin, Josh, 
xviii, 27. .. rT- 1 

'i^'Xlis%li2'c:^^^^^^^^ tare of the Bible is 

^th^ught^o be'the^darSel, w&ch resembles the wheat when grow^ 

in2 so much that it was not thought best to pull it out, lest the 

wheat also should be pulled by mistake Matt, xui, 25-30. ^ 

TAR'GET (frame, edge), A small shield and not a target m our 

sense of a mark, i Sam. xvii, 6. . . . , . ^ c 

TAR'PEL-ITES (ravishers), Colonists planted in the cities of ba- 

mariafromtheeast, after the captivity Ezra IV, 9. 
T A.R'SHISH (examination^ i. Second son of Javan, Cxen. x 4. 
2 The city with which Phoenicia traded. It has been associated 
with Tartessus in Spain, and very plausibly, since the Phoeni- 
cians had colonies there, Jer x, 9; Ezek. ^xxviu, 13. 3.. 
Since Solomon's ships, built at Ezion Geber on the Elanitic gulf 
were destined for trade with Tarshish, and the passage round the 
Caoe of Good Hope was unknown, it is thought another larshish 
, existed somewhere in the East. But the name Tarshish may 
have been used to designate the class ot ships merely, just as 
" East Indiaman" now does, i Kin^s x, 22 ; xxu, 48. 
TAR'SUS (wing). So-called from fabled wing of Pegasus. A 
dfy of Ciircia^in Asia Minor, on the banks of the Cydnus, six 
miles from the Mediterranean. It was the birthplace of Paul, and 
rival of Athens and Alexandria in literature and the fine arts. 
Acts ix, II : xxi, 39. See Ills. No. 23. , , . c 

T\R'T\K (bound, shut up, darkness), An idol introduced into Sa- 
maria by the Avite colonists. It was worshipped under the lorm 
of an ass and symbolized darkness, 2 Kings xvu, 31. 
T\R TAN fgenerab, Not a proper personal name, but a title ot a 

Persian officer, 2 Kings xviii, 17 ; Isa. xx i. ^ 
T\T'NA-I (overseer of gifts), Overseer of the provinces west ot the 

Euphrates under Darius Hystaspes, Ezra v, 3-6 
TAV'ERNS (tents, boards, tables^, A village thirty-three miles 
south of Rome, still retaining the name. Mentioned in Paul s 
iourney from Puteoli to Rome, Acts xxviii, 15. , ,, , 

TAX ES (valuation, estimate), Taxes were paid by early Hebrews 
in the shape of tithes, first-fruits, and redemption money of first 
born When the kingdom was established under David a more 
perfect system was arranged. As a conquered people the Jews 
were subjected to heavy taxes, Luke ii i ; Acts v, 37. 
TE'BAH (murder, cook). Eldest son of Nahor by Reumah, Uen. 

TEB'A^LrAH (baptism, goodness of God), Son of Hosah, i Chron. 

xxvi II 

TE'BETH (goodness\ Tenth month of Hebrew sacred year, com- 
mencing with new moon in January, Esth. ii, 16. 

TE-HAPH'NE-HES. [Tahpanhes J , , ^. ^ ^ . , . 

TE-HIN'NAH (entreaty, favor). Father of Ir-Nahash, lounder ot 
Nahash, i Chron. iv, 12. 

TEIL-TREE, Lime-tree or linden, Isa. vi, 13. ^t 1 u 

TE-KO'A TE-KO'AH (trumpet, confirmed), i. A town of Judah 
on the Hebron ridge, six miles from Bethlehem, southward, 2 



236 



TER 



Sam. xiv, 2 ; Amos vii, 14. Now called Tekua. 2. A son of 
Asher, but the town is probably meant, i Chron. ii, 24, 

TEL'A-BIB (heap of new grain), A city in Chaldea or Babylonia, 
occupied by captive Jews, Ezek. iii, 15. 

TE'LAH (moist, green). Ancestor of Joshua, 1 Chron, vii, 25. 

TEL'A-IM, The place where Saul collected his forces previous to 
attacking iheAmalekites, The Septuagint has Gilgal, i Sam. xv, 4. 

TE-LAS'SAR (heaping up), A city of upper Mesopotamia, but site 
unknown, 2 Kings xix, 12 ; Isa. xxxvii, 12. 

TE'LEM (dew, shadow), i. An unidentified city of south Judah, 
Josh. XV, 24. 2. A doorkeeper of the temple in the time of Ezra, 
Ezra X, 24. 

TEL-HAR'SA, TEL-HAR'E-SHA (suspension of the plow), A 
city of Babylonia. Site unknown, Ezra ii, 59. 

TEL-ME'LAH, A city spoken of with above. Identified with the 
Thelme of Ptolemy, Ezra ii, 59. 

TE'MA (perfection, admiration), Ninth son of Ishmael, after whom 
his tribe and country were named. The name is identified with 
Tcyma, on the confines of Syria, and on the road to Damascus. 
Both Dumah and Kedar are referred to the same locality. Gen. 
XXV, 15 ; Job vi, 19 ; Isa. xxi, 13, 14. 

TE'MAN (south, perfect). Grandson of Esau and phylarch of 
Edom, Gen*, xxxvi, 11, 34; Job ix, 9. His country was a portion 
of southern Edom. 

TEM'A-NI, TE'MAN-ITE. [Teman.] 

TE'MEN-I, Son of Ashur, the father of Tekoa, i Chron. iv,6. 

TEM'PLE (space marked out, sanctuary), David proposed to re- 
place the Tabernacle by a permanent temple at Jerusalem. He 
collected material, but was forbidden to build by Nathan. Solo- 
mon completed the work, with the assistance of Hiram, king of 
Tyre. The work was commenced in the fourth year of his reign, 
B. c. loii, completed b. c. 1004. Site chosen, Mount Moriah, i 
Kings vi ; 2 Chron. ii. This temple was destroyed by Nebuchad- 
nezzar, B. c. 588. A second temple was built by the returned 
Jews under the direction of Zerubbabel, which was dedicated b. 
c. 515, Ezra vi, 15, 16. Though larger than the first it was not 
so beautiful or costly. This temple was partially destroyed by 
Antiochus Epiphanes, b. c. 163, and restored by Judas Macca- 
beus. Herod the Great pulled it down and commenced the build- 
ing of a new one, b. c. 17, which after a lapse of forty-six years 
was still unfinished. It was a work of great beauty and perfec- 
tion, and was destroyed by the Romans under Titus, A. d. 70; 
verifying Mark xiii, 2. See Ills. Nos. 69-80. 

TENT (stretched), The house of nomad and pastoral peoples. It 
was made of strong cloth, principally of goat's hair, stretched up- 
on poles or supports, and firmly pegged to the ground. Gen. iv, 
20 ; xviii, i, 

TE'RAH (breath, scent), Father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran, and 
ancestor of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Midianites, Moabites, and 
Ammonites, Gen. xi, 24-32. He was of Ur of Chaldea, started 
west with Abraham, stopped in Haran, and died there at the age 
of 205 years, Gen. xi, 31. 

TER'A-PHIM (images, idols). Little images, probably of the hu- 



THE 237 

man form, kept in the household of Eastern people for purposes 
of private consultation and adoration. This species of idolatry 
or superstition was popular with the Jews from the earliest times, 
though at every revival of the true worship the teraphim were 
swept away with other idols. Gen. xxxi^ 19; i Sam. xix, 13-16; 
2 Kings xxiii, 24. 

TER'E-BINTH. [Oak.] 

TE'RESH, A eunuch of Ahasuerus, whose plot to assassinate his 
master was discovered by ^lordecai, Esth. ii, 21. 

TER'TI-US (third), Paul's amanuensis when writing his Epistle to 
the Romans, Rom. xvi, 22. 

TER-TEL'LUS (third), A Roman lawyer or orator, retained by 
the high-priest and Sanhedrim to prosecute Paul before the pro- 
curator, Felix, Acts xxiv, i. 

TE'TRARCH (governor of a fourth part), Herod, his successor 
and other petty princes, were called " tetrarchs," probably from 
some early division of the Roman conquests in Palestine into four 
parts, Matt, xiv, i; Luke iii, i. 

THAD-D^'US (the wise). Surname of Jude, the apostle, and 
another form of Lebbaeus, Mark iii, 18. 

THA'HASH (haste, silence), Son of Nahor, Gen. xxii, 24. 

THA'MAH (to blot out, suppress). His children returned from cap- 
tivity, Ezra ii, 53. 

THA'MAR, Matt, i, 3. [Tamar, 1.] 

THAM'MUZ. [Tammuz.] 

THAM'NA-THA, i Mace, ix, 50. Probably [Timnath.] 

THANK OFFERING or PEACE OFFERING, A free will 
offering of thanksgiving and vows, Lev. iii. 

THA'RA, Luke iii, 34. [Terah.] 

THAR'RA, Esth. xii, i. [Teresh.] 

THAR'SHISH. i. i Kings x, 22; xxii, 48, [Tarshish.] 2. A 
Benjamite of the family of Bilhan, i Chron. vii, 10. 

THAS'SI, Surname of Simon, Son of Mattathias, i Mace, ii, 3. 

THE'A-TRE (to see, spectacle), The place where dramatic per- 
formances are exhibited, Acts xix, 29. Used in general sense of 
"spectacle" in i Cor. iv, 9. 

THE'BES (life of the god). Classical name for No or No-Amon, 
the celebrated city of Upper Eg>-pt on the Nile. Its origin is lost 
in uncertainty. Called also Diospolis, "city of God." Its ruins 
are found on both sides of the river, Ezek. xxx, 14-16. 

THE'BEZ (muddy, eggs), Now Tubas, a town near Shechem, the 
scene of Abimelech's death, Judg. ix, Sb-55. 

THE-CO'E, I Mace, ix, 33. [Tekoa.] 

THE-LA'SAR, 2 Kings xix, 12. [Telassar.] 

THE-LER'SAR, i Esdr. v, 36. [Telharsas.I 

THE'MAN, Bar. iii, 22. [Teman.] 

THE-OD'A-TUS (given of God), Envoy of Nicanor to Judas 
Maccabeus, 2 Mace, xiv, 19. 

THE-OPHT-LUS (love of God), The person to whom Luke in- 
scribes his gospel and the Acts of the Apostles. If a real person- 
age, nothing is known of him, Luke i, 3 ; Acts i, i. 

THE'RAS, I Esdr. viii, 41. [Ahava.] 

THES'SA-LO'NI-ANS (people of Thessalonica), Two epistles of 



238 



THY 



Paul are addressed to these people. The first was written at 
Corinth, a. d. 52 or 53, soon after the author's visit to Thessalo- 
nica where he had founded a church, and where Timothy had 
been sent, who brought back favorable reports. The epistle is 
full of sound practical advice to the new converts and less doctrinal 
than most of Paul's writings. The second epistle was written 
soon after the first with a view of correcting false impressions 
concerning Christ's advent, and placing the author right before 
the world as an authorized Apostle. 

THES SA-LO-NrCA (victory over the Thessalians), Now Salonica 
at the head of the Gulf of Salonica, and capital of a sub-division 
of same name. Its original name was Therma, and it was the 
most important city of Macedonia. Paul visited it during his 
second tour and founded a powerful church there, whose members 
he addressed i« his two epistles to the Thessalonians, Acts xvii, 
2-5. See Ills. Nos. 41, 42. 

THEU'DAS (flowing over), An insurgent Jew mentioned in Gama- 
liel's speech before the council. Acts v, 35-^9. 

THIM'NA-THAH, Full form of Timnah, Josh, xix, 43. 

THIS'BE (living heap). There was a city in Boeotia of this name, 
Tob. i, 2. 

THIS'TLE, THORN, The Hebrew word so translated is one of 
a numerous class, embracing thorns, brambles, thistles, and choke- 
weeds in general. Gen. iii, 18; Prov. xxiv, 31. 

THOM'AS (twin), An apostle of whom little is known. He doubted 
Christ's resurrection, but was convinced by the actual appearance 
of Jesus, John xi, 16; xiv, 5, 6; xx, 19-29. In the Greek his 
name was Didymus. 

THRA'CI-A (fierceness). The country which occupied the territory 
now embraced in the northern part of Turkey in Europe. Its in- 
habitants were noted for their fierceness, 2 Mace, xii, 35. 

THRA-SE'AS, Father of ApoUonius, 2 Mace, iii, 5. 

THREE TAVERNS. [Taverns.] 

THRESH'! NG (thrashing), Anciently threshing was done by caus- 
ing cattle to tread the grain. Oxen were mostly employed for 
this purpose, and at times they were made to draw heavy sleds. 
The flail is also mentioned, Ruth ii, 17; Deut. xxv, 4. See Ills. 
No. 238. 

THRONE (seat, chair of state), The seat of any person in authority, 
as high-priest, i Sam.i,9 ; military chief, Jcr. i, 15, but especially 
the elevated place occupied by the king,*i Kings x, 19. 

THUM'MIM (perfection). [Urim and Thummim.] 

THUN'DER (sound), Rare in Palestine, hence chosen asastrikjng 
figure of God's displeasure, i Sam. xii, 17. It was regarded as 
the voice of Jehovah, Job xxxvii, 2-5 ; Isa. xxx, 30, 31 ; Ps. 
xxix. 

THY'A-TI'RA ^burning incense), A city of Lydia in Asia Minor, 
founded by Seleucus Nicator, much inhabited by Jews, seat of 
one of the seven churches of Asia, Acts xvi, 14; Rev. i, ix ; ii, 
18-24. See Ills. No. 83. 

TH Y'INE-WOOD (sweet smelling wood), Wood of the Thyia, a 
species of Cyprus which grow s in Barbary and is noted for its 
smell and beauty of texture. It was used in incense, and is the 
citrus of the Romans, Rev. xviii, 12. 



TIM 239 

TI-BE'RI-AS (city of Tiberius), A city of Galilee on the western 
shore of Lake Gennesaret, founded by Herod Antipas, and named 
in honor of the Emperor Tiberius. The lake is sornetimes called 
the ** Sea of Tiberias," from the city. It was once quite noted 
for its learning, but is now a miserable town called Tubariyeh, 
John vi, I, 23 ; xxi, i. See Ills. Nos. 59, 60. 

TI-BE'RI-US (son of the Tiber), Tiberius Claudius Nero, second 
emperor of Rome, a. d. 14-37. He was the step-son of Augustus, 
a great warrior but a cruel ruler. In the fifteenth year of his reign 
John commenced to baptize, and about four years after, Christ was 
crucified, Luke iii, i. He is the Caesar of I.,uke xx, 22-25 ." xxiii, 
2 ; John xix, 12. 

TIB'HATH (killing, cook). Capital of Hadadezer, king of Zobah, 
X Chron. xviii, 8. Written Betah in 2 Sam. viii, 8. 

TIB'NI (straw, hay"), Competitor of Omri for the throne of Israel 
after the death of Elah, i Kings xvi, 15-23. 

TI'DAL (great chief, who breaks the yoke), Probably Thargal. A 
chief of the clans who joined Chedorlaomer in his attack upon the 
cities of the Plain, Gen. xiv, 1-16. 

TIG'LATH-PI-LE'SER (who leads to captivity). Second of the 
Assyrian kings that came in contact with the Israelites. He first 
humiliated Pekah of Israel, then in conjunction with Ahaz made 
inroads on Syria. Israel was nearly annihilated, and Ahaz him- 
self was saddled with a heavy tribute. He appears to have been 
the predecessor of Shalmanezeron the throne, and to have reigned 
B. c. 747-728, 2 Kings xvi, 7-10; i Chron. v, 26. 

TI'GRIS (arrow). The great eastern tributary of the Euphrates. 
Between these two rivers lay Mesopotamia. In the Septuagmt 
version it stands for Hiddekel, one of the rivers of Eden, Tob. 
vi, I. 

TIK'VAH (hope, line, congregation), i. Father of Shallum and 
husband of Huldah, the prophetess, 2 Kings xxii, 14. 2. Father 
of Jahaziah, Ezra x, 15. 

TIK'VATH, 2 Chron. xxxiv, 22. [Tikvah, i.] 

TILE (thatch, covering^ A broad, thin brick, used as slate or 
shingle in Babylon and Assyria, and in towns of Palestine, Ezek. 
iv,-i. 

TIL'GATH.PIL-NE'SER, i Chron. v, 6; 2 Chron. xxviii, 20. 

[TiGLATH-PlLESER.] 

TPLON (murmuring^ Son of Shimon, of Judah, i Chron. iv, 20. 

TI-Mi^'US (honorable). Father of blind Bartimaeus, Mark x, 46. 

TIM'BREL. [Tabret.] 

TIM'NA, TIM'NAH (forbidding, image), i. Mother of Amalek, 
Gen. xxxvi, 12. 2. Duke of Edom, giving his name to a spot 
which became a landmark on the north boundary of Judah, Gen. 
xxxvi, 40-43 ; Josh, xv, 10 ; probably the same as Timnath, Tim- 
nathah, and Thammatha. 3. Another town in Judah, Josh, xv, 

TIM'NATH. [TiMNA, 2.1 

TIM'NATH-SE'RAH (image of the Sun), A city of Ephraim 
given to Joshua as a home and burial place. Identified with Tib- 
neh on the road from Gophna to Antipatris, Josh, xix, 50. Writ- 
tea Timnath-Heres ip Judg. ii, 9. 



240 TIZ 

TI'MON (honorable). One of the first seven deacons, Acts vi, i-6. 

TI-MO'THE-US (honor of God), i. An Ammonite leader de- 
feated by Judas Maccabeus, i Mace, v, 6-44. 2. Acts xvi, i ; 
xvii, I. [Timothy.] 

TIM O-THY (as above), Son of Eunice, a Jewess, by a Gentile 
father. Born in Derbe or Lystra of Lycaonia, Acts xvi, i ; 
2 Tim. i, 5. He was converted by Paul and became his almost 
constant friend and assistant, Rom. xvi, 21 ; Heb. xiii, 23. Tim- 
othy was the recipient of two of Paul's epistles, the first written 
from Macedonia to him at Ephesus, A. d. 64 : the second written 
from Rome, to him in northwestern Asia Minor, during the au- 
thor's second imprisonment, a. d. 67. Both are models of excel- 
lence and deep feeling, and show a growing anxiety for the suc- 
cess of the Church and the inculcation of sound doctrines. 

TIN, A metal found among the spoils of the Midianites, Num. 
xxxi, 22. Known to Hebrew metal workers, Ezek. xxii, 18-20. 
Tyre was the tin market of the Holy Land, which was supplied 
from Tarshish, Ezek. xxvii, 12. 

TIPH'SAH (passage, ford), The limit of Solomon's empire in the 
East. It was the Thapsacus of the Greeks, the only ford on the 
Euphrates, and identified with the modern Suriayeh, 2 Kings xv, 
16. 

TI'RAS, Youngest son of Japheth, thought to be the progenitor of 

. the Thracians, Gen. x, 2. 

TIRE (tiara, splendor), An ornamented head dress of Persian ori- 
gin. It became so fashionable among Jewish women as to be 
worthy of denunciation, Ezek. xxiv, 17-23. 

TIR'HA-KAH (inquirer), King of Ethiopia and Egypt, who be- 
came an ally of Hezekiah against Sennacherib, about b. c. 700, 2 
Kings xix, 9; Isa. xxxvii, 19. 

TIR'SHA-THA (governor). Title of the governor of Judea under 
the Persians, Neh. viii, 9 ; Ezra ii, 63. 

TIR'ZAH (benevolent, pleasant), i. Youngest daughter of Zeloph- 
ehad, Num. xxvi, 33. 2. An ancient Canaanite city, which after- 
wards became the capital of Israel until Samaria was founded by 
Omri, Josh, xii, 24; i Kings xv, 21-33 .' Cant, vi, 4. 

TISH'BITE (that makes captive), Designation of Elijah, either 
from his place of birth or residence. Associated with Thisbe of 
Naphtali, i Kings xvii, i. 

TISH'RI, First month of Jewish civil and seventh of ecclesiastical 
year, corresponding to parts of September and October. Called 
Ethanim in i Kings viii, 2. 

TITHE (tenth). The tenth of all produce of land and flocks was set 
apart as an offering to Jehovah, Lev. xxvii, 30-33; Gen. xiv, 20. 
The priesthood were thus supported and the ecclesiastical dignity 
maintained. 

TIT'TLE (morsel), Any small bit, Luke, xvi, 17. 

TI'TUS xMAN'LI-US. [Manlius.] 

TI'TUS (pleasing), A distinguished Greek who became a Christian 
convert and a companion of Paul. While stationed at Crete he 
received an epistle from Paul, written just before his Roman im- 
prisonment, 2 Tim. iv, 10; Tit. i, 4, 5. 

TI'ZITE, Designation of one of David's guardsmen. Place un- 
known, I Chron, xi, 45. 



TOP 241 

TO'AH (weapon, dart), A Levitc, ancestor of Samuel, i Chron. 

vi, 34- 
TOB (good), A district between Gilead and the desert beyond, 

where Jephthah took refuge when banished from Gilead, Judg. 

xi, 3-5. 
TOB-AD'O-NFJAH (my good God), A Levitical teacher sent 

through the country by Jehoshaphat, 2 Chron. xvii, 8. 
TO-BI'AH (God is good), i. His children returned with Zerubba- 

bel, Ezra ii, 60. 2. An Ammonite slave who joined Sanballat in 

opposing Nehemiah, Neh, ii, 10-19. 
TO-BFAS, Greek form of Tobiah and Tobijah. i. Son of Tobit, 

and the hero in his book. 2. A man of great prominence at Je- 

rusalemabout b. c. 187, and father of Hvrcanus. 
TO'BIE, I Mace, v, 13. [Tob.] 
TO-BI'JAH (Tobiah). 1. 2 Chron. xvii, 8. [Tob-adonijah.] 2. 

One of the captivity in whose presence J pshua was crowned high- 
priest, Zech. vi, 10-14, 
TO'BiT, Father of Tobias, Tob. i, i. His book was written in 

Greek; scene laid in Assyria; a didactic narrative conveying a 

good moral and presenting a minute picture of Jewish social life 

after the captivity. 
TO'CHEN (middle). An unknown town of Simeon, 1 Chron. iv, 

TO-GAR'MAH (all bone). Son of Gomer, and in a geographical 

sense connected with Armenia, Ezek. xxxviii, 15, 16; Gen, x, 3. 
TO'HU, I Sam. i, i. [Toaii.] 
TOT (wanderer). King of Hamath, who sent his son Joram or Ha- 

doram to congratulate David on his victory over Hadadezer of 

Syria, 2 Sam. viii, 9. 10, 
TO'LA (grub, scarlet), i. First born of Issachar and progenitor 

of the Tolaites, Gen. xlvi, 13. 2. Son of Puah and judge of 

Israel for twenty-three years, Judg. x, i, 2. 
TO'LAD (generation), A town of Simeon, El-tolad, i Chron. iv, 

TOL'BA-NES, i Esdr. ix, 25. [Telem.] 

TOMB (mound, pile, place where dead are burned). Caves, recesses 
dug in rocks, or built of stone, formed the places of Jewish sepul- 
ture. The " Tomb of the Kings " at Jerusalem may have been 
a system of catacombs, or a state burial place, something like 
Westminster Abbey. [Sepulchre.] 6>^ Ills. Nos. 366-368. 

TONGUES, The original unity of speech is taught in Genesis. The 
confusion of tongues and the dispersion of peoples are coincident. 
We maj-^ safely regard both these as gradual, and not abrupt, the 
divergence of nations and language being a growth rather than a 
rupture. The gift of *' new tongues," Mark xvi, 17, was a new 
endowment not of language proper, but of unity in praise and sus- 
ceptibility of grace, i Cor. xiv, 15. 

TO'PAZ (sun, fire, heat), A yellowish gem, corresponding to our 
chrysolite, Ex. xxviii, 17, which came from Cush and southern 
Arabia, Job xxviii, 19. 

TO'PHEL (ruin\ A place in Moab near Bozrah, Deut. i, i. 

TO'PHETH, Tb'PHET (drum, abomination), A part of the val- 
ley south or east of Jerusalem, desecrated by the worship of Baal 



242 TRU 

and Molech. The name is supposed to be derived from the dram 
beatings, horrid noises and abominatious connected with the 
above-named worships. [Hinnom.] 

TOR'MAH, Judg. ix, 31. [Arumah.] 

TOR'TOISE V twisted toot), Not our tortoise, but some species of 
lizard is meant in Lev. xi, 29. See Ills. No. 441. 

TO U, I Chron. xviii, 9, 10. I Toi.] 

TOWER (to shoot up). Watch towers or fortified spots were fre- 
quent as outposts on exposed places. Shepherds, keepers of 
vineyards, and guardsmen in time of war used them to protect 
themselves and detect enemies, whether brute or human. Gen. 
xxxv, 21 ; Isa. xxi, 5-11. 

TOWN-CLERK, The town crier and recorder, a magistrate whose 
functions were an enlargement of those formerly appertaining to 
the scribe, Acts xix, 35. 

TRACH 0-NI TIS (stony). Probably the Argob of the Old Testa- 
ment, lying south of Damascus, Luke iii, i. 

TRANCE I passing over, as if in death), The condition of being be- 
yond consciousness and volition; a f)rm of catalepsy. But not 
an unusual ecstatic state with the prophets when overcome by the 
presence of the Holy Spirit, Num. xxiv, 4-16; Acts x, 10 ; xi, 5. 

TRANS-FIG-U-RA'TION (formed over again, or beyond one's 
self). The reappearance of Christ in supernatural glory on a 
mountain associated with Hermon or Tabor. It was an attesta*- 
tion of the Messiahship and emblem of glorified humanity. Matt, 
xvii, 1-9 ; 2 Pet. i, 16-18. 

TRES PASS-OF FER-ING. [Sacrifice.] 

TRIBE (division), In a Roman sense the third part of the empire, 
but in the Hebrew sense any division of people and especially 
that division which sprung from the twelve sons of Jacob, the de- 
.scendants of each being called a tribe, Gen. xlviii, 5. 

TRIB'UTE (gift, tax;. Every Jew was required to pay an annual 
tribute of half a shekel for support of the Temple and the service, 
Ex. x.xx, 12-15: Matt, xvii, 25. 26. 

TRIFO-LIS (three cities), Greek name of the Phoenician city 
which Svirvcd as a commercial union of Aradus, Sidon and Tyre, 
2 Mace, xiv, I. 

TRO'AS (wounding\ A city of Mysia, and one of the most impor- 
tant in western Asia. It was near the site of ancient Troy and 
was foun:.le-l by Antigonus, and is the Turkish Stamboul or old 

. Constantinople. Paul sailed from it on his journey to Europq, 
.Acts xvi, 8-11. He also visited it on his second and third toiu-s, 

'.[ 2 Cor. ii, 12, 13; Acts xx, 5-14. See Ills. No. 501. 

TRO-GYL'LI-UM 'p^)rt of fruits\ A city and promontory on the 
Ionian coast of Asia Minor near Mycale, and an island lying near, 

TROPH I-MUS (well educated, of refined speech), A disciple of 

Paul, born at Ephesus, and going with his master to Jerusalem, 

Acts XX, 4 ; 2 Tim. iv, 20. 
TROW (trust). Old word fjr think, Luke xvii, 9. 
TRUM'PET (tube). [Cornet.J 
TRUM'PETS, Feast of, The great feast of the New Moon. 

which fell on the first of Tisri ; ushtr;d in by the blowing of 

trumpets. Num. xxix, \ ; Lev. xxiii, 24. 



UNC 243 

TRY-PHE'NA, TRY-PHO'SA (effeminate, thrice shining). Two 
Christian women at Rome, apparently sisters, Rom. xvi, 12. 

1 RY'PHON (effeminate, braggart). Surname of Diodotus, a usur- 
per of the Syrian throne, i Mace, xi, 13. See Ills. Nos. 478, 495. 

TRY-PHO'SA. LTky-phe'na.] 

TUBAL (earth, confusion). Son of Japheth, ajid supposed pro- 
genitor of the Asiatic Iberians who held commerce with Tyre, 
Gen. X, 2 ; Isa. xlvi, 19. . 

TU'BAL CAIN (earthy, a wordly possession). Son of Lamech, 
the Cainite, by Zillah. He was the inventor of the art of forging 
metals. Gen, iv, 22. 

TU'BI-E'NI, Inhabitants of Tubion, the Tob of the Old Testa- 
ment, 2 Mace, xii, 17. 

TUR'PEN-TINE TREE (terebinth tree). The terebinth wa<5 a 
species of oak, Ecclus, xxiv, 16. 

TUR'TLE, TUR'TLE DOVE (plaintive note). The name repre- 
sents the plaintive note of the bird, and was applied to a smaller 
species than the dove or pigeon. Offered in the Temple ; symbol 
of purity. Gen. xv, 9 ; Isa. lix, 11. See Ills. No. 338. 

TYCH'I-CUS (by chance), A disciple of Paul, who carried his 
Epistles to Colossus, £phesus, and to Timothy, Acts xx, 4 ; 
Ephes. vi, 21. 

TY-RAN'NUS (prince, tyrant), A rhetorician of Ephesus in whose 
school Paul taught the Gospel for two years. Acts xix, 9. 

TYRE (rock), Now ^«r, the representative Phoenician city, seat 
of its wealth and commerce. It fell to the lot of Asher, but was 
never conquered. Josh, xix, 29. Its merchandise was well known 
at Jerusalem, and both David and Solomon maintained amity 
with its kings. Tyre endured long sieges by Shalmaneser and 
Alexander, the*former of which she successfully resisted for five 
years, Ezek. xxvi, 12-21 ; Isa. xxiii, i. Its once beautiful harbor 
is now filled with sand. See Ills, Nos. 48, 481. 

TY'RUS, Form of Tyre used in the books of the Prophets and the 
Apocrypha. 



U, 



U-CAL (power), A symbolical name found with Ithiel in Prov. 

XXX, I. 

U'EL (desiring God), Son of Bani, a returned Jew, Ezra x, 34. 

UK'NAZ, I Chron. iv, 15. [Kenaz.] 

U'LA-i (strength), A river near Susa where Daniel saw his vision 

of the ram and he-goat. Identified with KerkJiah^ a tributary 

of the Tigris, Dan. viii, 2-16. 
U'LAM (porch, court), i. A descendant of Gilead, i Chron. vii, 

17. 2. Son of Eshek, in line of Saul, i Chron. viii, 39. 
XJL'LA deaf, child 1, Head of an Ashcrite family, 1 Chron. vii, 39. 
UM'MAH (covered, his people), A city of Asher, near the coast. 

Josh, xix, 30. 
UN-CLEAN' MEATS, Animals dead of themselves, which did 

16 



244 URI 

not both part the hoof and chew the cud, creeping things, certain 
classes of birds, dwellers in the water without tins and scales, and 
other subordinate animals were held unclean and unfit for food by 
the Hebrews, Lev. xi ; Deut. xiv. The regulation was partly 
sanative and partly to give national distinctiveness. 

UNCTION (anointing), Special communication of the influence of 
the Holy Spirit,to believers, i John ii, 20-27. 

UN'DER-GIRD, Trapping a ship, /. e., passing a cable several 
times around it to prevent its going to pieces. Acts xxvii, 17. 

U'NI-CORN (single homed), A beast mentioned seVerU times in 
the Old Testament. Referred to the rhinoceros and the bubalus 
or buffalo, the original not meaning a single horned animal, but 
one with erect horns. Num. xxiii, 22; Job xxxix, 9-12 ; Ps. xxii, 
21. 

UN'NI (poor, afflicted). 1. A doorkeeper in the time of David, i 
Chron. xv, 18-20. 2. Another in same office in the time of Ne- 
hemiah, Neh. xii, 9. 

U-PHAR'SIN (and they are dividing). [Mene.] ^ 

U'PHAZ, Jer. x, 9 ; Dan. x, 5. [Ophir. ] 

UR (fire, light, valley). The country of Terah and birthplace of 
Abram ; called ** Ur of the Chaldees," Gen. xi, 28; xv, 7. The 
Jews identify it with Orfah in Mesopotamia. 

UR'BAN (of the city), A Roman disciple and companion of Paul. 
Wrongly written Urbane in Rom. xvi, 9. 

U'RI (light, fire), i. Grandson of Caleb ben Hezron, of Judah, 
and one of the architects of the Tabernacle, Ex. xxxi, 2. 2. 
Father of Geber, Solomon's commissariat in Gilead, 1 Kings iv, 
19. 3. A gatekeeper of the Temple in the time of Ezra, Ezra x, 

U-RPAH (the Lord my light), i. A Hittite and commander of 
one of the thirty sections of David's army, i Chron. xi, 41. He 
was husband ot the beautiful Bathsheba whom David coveted, and 
for whose sake the lustful king was induced to commit the terrible 
crime of procuring the brave officer's death, 2 Sam. xi, xii, xxiii, 
29. 2, High-priest in the reign of Ahaz, Isa. viii, 2, probably 
the same as Urijah, 2 Kings xvi, 10-16. 3. Priest in the time of 
Ezra, Ezra viii, 33. 

U-RI'AS, iMatt. i, 6. [Uriah, i.]- 

U'Rl-EL (fire of God), i. One of the angels, 2 Esdr. iv, i. 2. 
Priests in time of David, i Chron. vi, 24; xv, 5. 3. feather of 
Maachah, wife of Rehoboam. He was of Gilead, 2 Chron. 
xiii, 2. 

U-Rl'JAH (fire of God), i. [Uriah, 2.] 2. [Uriah, ^.] A 
priest who assisted Ezra, Neh. viii, 4. 4. A prophet of Kirjath- 
jearim in time of Jehoiakim. He fled from the angry king to 
EgyP^» but was arrested, brought back and slain, Jer. xxvi, 
20-23. 

U'RLM and THUM'MIN («r7W, "light ;" M«;«wm, "perfec- 
tion " ), What these were is not known, but they were associated 
with the high-priest's breastplate and the jewels thereof, Ex. 
xxviii, 15-30. Hence in Deut. xxxiii, 8,9, used figuratively 
for the crowning glory of Levi. If not an evidence of priesthood, 
they /lenoted a right to inquire of God, and the answer returned 

'- in their presence was accepted as genuine. 



UZZ 245: 

U'SU-RY (use money), In a Bible sense legal interest. The Jews 
were not allowed to lend money on interest among themselves. 
They might collect usury (interest) from strangers. The bad 
sense of the word is comparatively a modern one, and, strange to 
say, brought about by the exactions of the Jews themselves, Deut. 
xxiii, 19, 20; Ex. xxii. 

irnrA, i Esdr. V, 30. [Akkub.] 

"UTHA-I (,my iniquity). 1. Son of Ammihud, i Chron. ix, 4. 2. 
Son of Bigvai who returned with Ezra, Ezra viii, 14, 

UZ (counsel;. Job's country. Job i, i. It lay east of Palestine, 
west of the Euphrates and contiguous to Edom or Idumea on the 
north, with which country it seems to have been incorporated at 
one time', Job i, 3-17. 

TJ'ZA-I (he). Father of Palal, who assisted Nehemiah in rebuilding 
the walls of Jerusalem, Neh. iii, 25. 

U'ZAL (wandering;. Sixth son of Joktan and founder^f an Arabian 
tribe, Gen. x, 27. 

UZ'ZA. I. [UzzAH.J 2. The garden attached to the palace of 
Manasseh, in which he was buried. It may have been so-named 
to mark the spot where Uzzah was killed, 2 Kings xxi, 18-26. 

IJZ'ZAH (strength, goat). Son of Abinadab in whose house at Kir- 
jath-jearim the ark rested for twenty years. He accompanied the 
sacred chest when it was ordered to Jerusalem by David. The 
cart on which it was transported was threatened with an upset, 
when Uzzah placed.his hand upon the ark to keep it upright. He' 
was struck with instant death, and the place called by David in 
his grief, Perez-Uzzah, ** breaking forth on Uzzah." His rash so- 
licitude was not so much rebuked as the method chosen to con- 
vey the ark, I Chron. xiii, 7-9. 

UZ'ZEN-SHE'RAH (ear of the flesh), A town founded by Sherah 
an Ephraimite, daughter of Ephraim or Beriah. Site unknown, 
1 Chron. vii, 24. 

UZ'ZI (my strength). Son of Bukki in line of high-priests, though 
it is not known that he held that office, i Chron. vi, 5, 51. 

UZ-ZrA (strength of God), One of David's guard, native of Ashta- 
roth beyond Jordan, i Chron. xi, 44. 

UZ-ZI'AH (as above), i. King of Judah, erroneously called Aza- 
riah. He was son of Amaziah, a wise, active, and pious ruler, 
B. c. 810-758. He conquered Edom and Philistia, and raised th^- 
kingdom to a high state of prosperity . Like his predecessors his suc- 
cesses made him pompous and vain, and in violation of the priestly 
office he attempted to burn his own incense on the altar in spite 
of the warnings of Azariah, his high-priest, for which rashness he 
was smitten with leprosy and died, 2 Kings xiv : 2 Chron. xxvi ; 
Ezek. XXX, 7, 8, 2. A Levitical ancestor of Samuel, i Chron. vi, 
24. 3. A priest in time of Ezra, Ezra x, 21. 4. Father of Atha- 
iah, Neh. xi, 4. 5. Father of Jehonathan, one of David's overf 
seers, i Chron. xxvii, 25. 

UZ-ZI'EL (as above). Persons mentioned in Ex. vi, 18 ; i Chron. 
iv, 42 ; vii, 7; xxv, 4; x^x, J4; J^eh, iii, 8. 



246 VOW 



V. 

VA-JEZ'A-THA (sprinkling the chamber), One of the ten sons of 
Haman, slain by the Jews in Shushan, Esth. ix, 9. 

VALE, VALLEY (hollow sweep of ground). Many Hebrew words 
are translated valley or vale, but most of them could be better 
rendered ** ravine." The ivady of the Arabs, meaning ** the bed 
of a stream," imparts a better idea of the Palestinian vdleys (with 
few exceptions) than any other word. I 

VA-Nl'AH (weapon of God), Son of Bani, Ezra x, 36. 

VASH'NI (second, tooth), Apparently the firstborn of Samuel, i 
Chron. vi, 28. But according to i Sam. viii, 2, the second son as 
the name implies. 

VASH'TI (that drinks, thread), Queen of Ahasuems, who refused 
to appear at the king's banquet and was deposed for her contum- 
acy, Esth. i. 

VEIL (sail, covering). Now quite indispensable as an article of 
dress in Mohammedan countries. But anciently and among the 
Hebrews worn limitedly as an ornament, generallj'^ by maidens in 
the presence of their betrothed, and by harlots for purposes of 
concealment. Cant, iv, i ; Gen. xxiv, 65 ; xxxviii, 14, 

VER-MIL'ION (a little worm), A brilliant red, formerly produced 
by the kertnes insect, but now principally by a pigment known as 
sulphuret of mercury, Jer. xxii, 14; Ezek. xxiii, 14. 

VETCH'ES. [Fitches.] 

VINE (wine plant), A favorite plant in the East, of many varieties, 
contributing largely to figures of Scripture, The grapes of Egypt 
were small, Gen. xl, 11, hence the surprise at those brought out 
of Palestine by the spies. Num. xiii, 23. The " Vine of Sodom" 
was a metaphor similar to "apples of Sodom," though many 

' have attempted to account for both naturally, Deut. xxxii, 32. 
See Ills. No. 301. 

VIN'E-GAR (sour wine). Sometimes a thin wine is meant. Num. 
vi, ^ ; Ruth ii, 14; at others common vinegar, Prov. x,26; xxv, 
20! The former is intended in Matt, xxvii, 48 ; Mark xv, 36. 

VrOL (to be joyful), Astringed instrument resembling the psaltery, 

Amos vi, 5. . , , . 1- N A c 

VI'PER {vivipera, bringing forth its young alive), A genus of ser- 
pents noted for the virulence of their poison ; hence symbol of 
evil. Job XX, 16; Isa. xxx, 6. 

VIS'ION (seeing). Supernatural presentation to the mind, either 
awake or asleep. A method or manner of inspiration, Isa. vi ; 
Ezek. i ; Dan. viii ; Acts xxvi, 13. 

VOPH'SI (fragment). Father of Nahbi, the Naphtalite spy, Num. 
xiii, 14. 

VOW {wish, promise, dedication). The practice of making vows is 
very ancient, Gen. xxviii, 18-22; Practice regulated by law, 
Dcut. xxiii, 21-23. The Nazaritic vow, the votive abstinence of 
Corban, the vow of extermination, were all voluntary at first, but 
once made were compulsory. At their expiration the head was 
shaved. Acts xviii, i8. 



WAS 247 

VUL'GATE (common, current). The Latin version of the Bible, 
completed about A. d. 404. 

VUL'TURE (falcon bird), A large bird of prey, pronounced un- 
clean in the Mosaic law, Lev. xi, 14; Deut. xiv, 13; Job xxviii, 
7. In all these places some smaller species of the raptorial birds 
is probably meant. See Ills. Nos. 400, 404. 



W. 



WATER (waffle"), A thin cake made of fine flour and used in offer- 
ings, Ex. xvi, 31; Lev. ii, 4. 

WA'GES (pledge, compensation), At first not a comptnsation in 
money but in kind, Gen. xxix, 15 ; xxx, 28. \\\ Egypt and in 
New Testament times a pecuniary consideration was allowed, Ex. 
ii, 9 ; Matt, xx, 2. 

WAG'ON (to bear, carry, wain), The wagon of the Hebrews was 
a cart or chariot on two wheels, the former being drawn by oxen. 
Always cnwle and but little used for want of roads,. i Sam. vi, 7 ; 
Num. vii, 3-6. See Ills. No. 419. 

WALK (roll, turn, revolve), Walk is used figuratively to denote a 
man's behavior and spiritual character, Ezek. xi, 20; Rom. 
viii, I. 

WALLS (structure). The sides of buildings and the defences of 
cities. They were of various materials, palisades, clay, cemented 
pebbles, brick, and stone. 

WAN'DER-INGS (borne around, changings). The wilderness wan- 
derings commenced at Rameses, about b. c. 1491, and continued 
for forty years to b. c. 1451. The line of march was direct from 
Suez to Sinai and thence to Kadesh on the borders of Moab, a 
period of two years. But from that point they were sent back and 
forth, on account of God's displeasure, for a period of thirty eight 
years, suflkiently long to allow the generation of idolaters and 
murmurers to pass away. Read Exodus and Numbers. See Ills. 
Nos. 107-114. 

WAR (confounding). No regular system of warfare among the He- 
brews until the time of David, who perfected a splendid military 
system. The occasion of war was any petty offence, booty, ven- 
geance, restitution, glory. Weapons crude, such as slings, arrows, 
chariots, rams, swords, spears, and clubs. Warriors were fre- 
quently mailed and otherwise protected. See Ills. Nos. 202, 203. 

WARD (guard). To put under guard or in confinement. A guard- 
room. Gen. xl, 3 ; Neh. xii, 25. 

WASHTNG (watering). As knives and forks were not used among 
the Hebrews it was necessary to have the hands clean at eating, 
otherwise it would have been an indignity to thrust them into the 
common dish. So, since sandals were a poor protection to the 
feet, these members were washed after a journey, and on entering 
the house of a stranger. These customs became a polite ceremony 
and a ritual in connection with the Sanctuary. After the saluta- 
tion the first act of hospitality was the proffer of a basin and 
water to ihe gliest for feet washing. Gen. xviii, 4; Ex. xxx, 19-21 ; 
Matt, vii, 3. 5^^ Ills. Nos. 194, 200. 



248 WIL 

WATCH (wake). The night was divided into three watches among 
the Hebrews, the " beginning of the watches," "the middle 
watch," and the "morning watch," Lam. ii, 19; Judg. vii, 19'; 
Ex. xiv, 24. They maybe computed thus: 1. From sunset to 10 
p. M. 2. From 10 p. M. to 2 a. m. 3. From 2 a. m. to sunrise. 

WA'TER OF JEALOUSY, A ritual of purification or absolution, 
when the wife was suspected of infidelity, Num. v, 11-31. 

WA'TER SPOUT, In Ps. xlii, 7, a waterfall or cataract is alluded to. 

WAVE OFFERING, Together with the " heave offering" was a 
part of the " peace offering." The right shoulder of the victim, 
considered a choice part, was "heaved" or held up in the sight 
of the Lord, and the breast was " waved " in His presence and then 
eaten by the worshipper, Ex. xxix, 24-28 ; Lev. vii, 30-34. 

WEA'SEL, In Lev. xi, 29, the mole is meant. 

WEAVING, The art of weaving was early known. Practised with 
great skill by all Eastern peoples. Gen. xli, 42 ; 2 Kings xxiii, 7. 

WED DING. [Marriage.] 

WEEK, This division of time, seven days, was known in the 
earliest times. The Jewish week commenced on Sunday, their 
Sabbath being the last day of the week. They designated the 
days by numbers, Sunday being " one of the Sabbath," Monday 
" two of the Sabbath," etc., Gen. xxix, 27. For Feast of Weeks, 
see Pentecost. 

WEIGHTS (bear, carry, balance), Before the captivity gold, silver 
and the usual representatives of money were weighed, the stands 
being kept in the Sanctuary. The shekel, maneh, talent, etc., 
therefore represented a value ascertained by weight, and not indi- 
cated by a stamp as at present, Ex. xxx, 13-24; Lev, v, 5. 

WELL(boil, spring), The existence of water either in,springs, wells, 
or cisterns, gave locations to settlements, towns, pasture ranges, 
inns, or caravansaries, in Asiatic countries. The well was a most 
important acquisition, hence the prominence of the name in He- 
brew literature. The water was drawn by a windlass or sweep, 
and in some cases steps led down to it, i Sam. xxix, i ; Judg. i, 
13-15 ; Gen. xxi, 25-31. See Ills. Nos. 213, 240. 

WHALE, The original word translated whale is very indeterminate 
and may mean "whale," "shark," "dragon," "crocodile," or 
any sea monster. Job vii, 12 ; Ezek. xxxii, 2 ; Jonah. 

WHEAT (white). Though wheat of many excellent varieties grew 
in Western Asia, the word is often used in the Bible for corn 
and the cereal products. Gen. xxx, 14; Deut. viii, 8. See Ills. 
No. 374. 

WHEEL (roll, whirl), The " rolling thing" in Isa. xvii, 13, is sup- 
posed to refer to the feathery globes of the artichoke, which are 
borne over the desert by the winds. 

WHIRL'WIND, Frequent in Arabia and on the deserts, giving rise 
to many metaphors, Job xxxvii, 9 ; Isa. xvii, 13. 

WID'OW (bere't), The widow without children might marry her 
husband's brother or nearest kinsman in order to preserve the 
family name and inheritance, Deut. xxv, 5-10. The priest could 
not marry a widow, Lev. xxi, 14. 

WIL'DER-NESS (wildness). [Wanderings, Desert.] 

WIL'LOW (willing, bending). Both water and weeping willows; are 



WOR 249 



mentioned in the Bible, Job xl, 22; Isa. xliv, 4; Ps. cxxxvii, 2. 
The •' Brook of Willows " was in the land of Moab, Isa. xv, 7, 

"WIM'PLE (flight garment, veilj. Old English word for hood or veil, 
Isa. iii, 22. In Ruth iii, 15 a kind of shawl is meant. 

WIN'DOW, The Eastern window frequently projected from the 
wall and was latticed, 2 Kings iv, 10 ; i, 2. See Ills. No. 146. 

WINE (drink). Much used as a beverage in Palestine, Dan. v, 1-4; 
John ii, 3. Manu.^acture dates from the time of Noah, Gen. ix, 
20, 21. Other fruits beside grapes were converted into wine. 
Cant, viii, 2. Wine making constituted an important industry of 
the Hebrews. Used in both fermented and unfermented states. 
The winepress consisted of two vats, an upper and nether, usually 
hewn from rock, Isa. v, 2 ; Matt, xxi, 33. 

WIN'NOW (fanning, winding\The process of cleaning grain, was 
by tossing the chaff in the air upon sheets or canvass. The refuse 
was blown away while the grain remained in the sheet. The 
threshing and winnowing floor was necessarily on high ground. 

WIS'DOM OF JESUS. TEcclesiasticus.] 

WIS'DOM OF SOLOMON, An apocryphal book, written in 
Greek about b. c. 100, at Alexandria. It contains the doctrine 
of wisdom in its intellectual and historical aspects, that is, as ap- 
plied to immortality and the conduct of rulers. 

WISE MEN. [Magi.] 

WIST, Past tense of wis, to know. 

WITCH, WIZ'ARD (knower, foreteller, diviner). One who pre- 
tended to magic arts. [Magic] 

WIT'NESS (knower). Two witnesses were required to establish a 
charge. Num. xxxv, 30, Perjury was punished. Lev. v, i, 

WOLF, The wolf of Palestine is the canis lupus, they were fierce 
and freqiient, hence an object of special dread in pastoral sections. 
Gen. xlix, 27; Ezek. xxii, 27 ; Matt, vii, 15. See Ills. No. 424. 

WOM'AN (wife man). The condition of Hebrew women was far 
more enviable than among Eastern nations of the present time. 
They were conspicuous in public celebrations, Ex. xv, 20, 21, in 
matters of morals, war, state, literature, Judg. v ; i Sam. ii, i. 
Though they participated in the labors of the field, they main- 
tained their position at the head of household affairs, Prov. xi, 
i6. As prophetesses, teachers, and organizers they eiBciently 
aided the apostles, as frequently mentioned in the writings of 
Paul. 

WOOL, Highly prized as an article of clothingby the Jews, Lev, xiii. 
47; Ezek. xxvii, 18. Garments of mixed wool and linen were 
forbidden. Lev. xix, 19. 

WORM- WOOD, A bitter plant, so called because once iLsed as a 
vermifuge. Symbolical of bitter sorrow and calamity, Deut, 
xxix, 18; Jer. ix, 15. 



250 ' ZAC 



Y. 

YEAR, The Jewish year was composed of lunations, and not 
months of thirty days. To accommodate this year to the Solar 
year of 365 days, a month was added every three years, called 
Ve-adar. 

YOKE (joining). The well known implement for coupling oxen. 
Symbol of oppression, 1 Kings xii, 4 ; Acts xv, 10. 



Z. 



ZA-A-NATM (swamp), A plain or oak, marking the encampment 
of Heber, the Kenite, when Sisera took refuge in his tent. It was 
near Kedesh of lSiaphtali,and the name still lingers in the vicinity, 
Judg. iv, II. 

ZA'A-NAN, A spot in the lowlands of Judah, probably same as 
Zenan, Micah i, 11. 

ZA'A-VAN (trembling), Son of Ezer, son of Seir, a Horite chief, 
Gen. xxxvi. 27. 

ZA'DAD (dowry), i. Son of Nathan and a member of David's 
guard, I Chron. ii, 31-37. 2. An Ephraimite, i Chron. vii, 21. 3. 
Son of Shimeath and one of the assassins of King Joash, 2 
Chron. xxiv, 26. 4. Returned Jews, Ezra x, 27, 33, 43. 

ZAB-A-DATAS (yas), i Esdr. ix, 35. [Zabad, 4.] 

ZAB-A-DiE'ANS, An Arab tribe of the desert south of Damascus, 
attacked and spoiled by Jonathan, i Mace, xii, 31. 

ZAB'BAI (flowing), i. A descendant of Bebai, Ezra x, 28. 2. 
Father of Baruch, an architect of the Temple walls, Neh. iii, 20. 

ZAB'BUD, Son of Bigvai, who returned with Ezra, Ezra viii, 14. 

ZAB'DI (dowry), i. Ancestor of Achan, Josh, vii, i. 2. Son of 
Shimhi, i Chron. viii, 17. 3. A vintner or butler of King Da- 
vid, 1 Chron. xxvii, 27. 4. Son of Asaph the minstrel, Neh. xi, 
17. Written Zaccur and Zichri, Neh. xii, 3^; i Chron. ix, 15. 

ZAB'DI-EL (dowry of God), i. Father of Jashobeam, chief of 
David's guard, i Chron. xxvii, 2. 2. A priest, son of Haggedo- 
lim, Neh. xi, 14. 3. An Arabian chieftain who put Alexander 
Balas to death, i Mace, xi, 17. 

ZA'BUD, Son of Nathan, and confidential adviser of King Solomon, 
1 Kings iv, 5. 

ZAB'U-LON, Greek form of Zebulun, Matt, iv, 13 ; Rev. vii, 8. 

ZAC'CA-I Cpure, just), His sons, to the number of 760, returned 
with Zerubbabel, Ezra ii, 9. 

ZAC-CHi^'US (pure, just), i. A tax collector near Jericho, who, 
being short of stature, climbed into a sycamore, in order to ob- 
tain a view of Jesus as he passed by. Christ became his guest 
and the curious man became a convert, Luke xix, i-io. 2. An 
officer under Judas Maccabeus, 2 Mace, x, 19. 

ZAC'CHUR (male, mindful), i. A Simeonite of the family of 



ZAR 251 

Mishma, 1 Chron. iv, 20. 2, Father of Shammua the spy of 
Reuben, Num. xiii, 4. 3. Levites mentioned in i Chron. xxv, 2 ; 
Neh. iii, 2 : x, 12; xiii, 13. 

ZACH'A-RI'AH (memory of God), Properly Zechariah. i. Son 
of Jeroboam II. Fourteenth king of Israel, b. c. 773-772, and 
the last of the house of Jehu. After a reign of six months he was 
killed in a conspiracy headed by Shallum, his successor, 2 King^ 
xiv, 29 ; XV, 8-11. 2. Father of Abi, mother of Hezekiah, 2 Kings 
xviii,2. 

ZACH'A-RI'AS (as above), i. Many priests and lay persons bore 
this name after the captivity, according to Esdras, where it occurs 
as a different writing of Zechariah. 2. Father of John the Bap- 
tist, Luke i, 5. 3. Father of Barachias, who was slain by the Jews 
between the Altar and the Temple. Zechariah, son of Jehoiada, 
2 Chron. xxiv, 20-21, is supposed to be meant, Matt, xxiii, 35. 

ZACH'A-RY, 2 Esdr. i, 40. [Zechariah, the Prophet.] 

ZA'CHER, Son of Jehiel, founder of Gibeon, i Chron. viii, 31. 

ZA'DOK (just). I. Son of Ahitub and a priest of the house of 
Eleazar in the time of David, i Chron. xii, 28 ; xxiv, 3. He 
anointed Solomon king and was rewarded by the transfer of the 
high-priesthood from Abiathar to himself, 1 Kings ii, 27-35. 2. 
Another mentioned in i Chron. vi, 12, supposed to refer to the 
above. 3. Fatherof Jerusha, wife of Uzziah, and mother of King 
Jotham, 2 Kings xv, 33. 4. Son of Baana who assisted Nehemi- 
ah in repairing the walls of Jerusalem, Neh. iii, 4, 29. 5. In 
Neh. xi, II ; i Chron. ix, 11, reference is made to Zadok i. 

ZA'HAM ( impurity). Son of Rehoboam by Abihail, 2 Chron. xi, 19. 

ZA'IR (little, tribulation), A place named in 2 Kings viii, 21, and 
supposed to refer to Zoar or Seir. 

ZA'LAPH (shadow, shaking). Father of Hanum, who assisted Ne- 
hemiah, Neh. iii, 33. 

ZAL'MON (shade, image), i. One of David's guard, 2 Sam. 
xxiii, 28. 2. A wooded eminence near Shechem, Judg. ix, 48. 

ZAL-MO'NAH (shade, sound), A desert station of the Israelites, 
close to Edom on the East, Num. xxxiii, 41. 

ZAL'MUN'NA (shadow, idol forbidden), A king of Midian captured 
and slain by Gideon, Judg. viir, 5-21. 

ZAM'BIS, I Esdr. ix, 34. [Amariah.J 

ZAM'BRI, I Mace, ii, 26. [Zimri.] 

ZA MOTH, I Esdr. ix, 28. [Zattu.] 

ZAN-ZUM MIMS (projectors of crimes), An Ammonite name for 
the Rephaim or original giants of Canaan, Deut. ii, 20. 

ZA-NO'AH (desertion). i. A town of Judah, whose father or 
\ founder was Jekuthiel, indicating that it was of Egyptian origin, 

^. or founded by Israelites directly from Egypt, i Chron. iv, 18; 
Josh. XV, 34. 2. Another town of Judah in the mountains about 
ten miles south of Hebron, Jcsh. xv, 56. 

ZAP'NATH-PA'A-NE'AH (discoverer of hidden things\ A name 
given to Joseph by Pharaoh,in honor of his interpretative powers. 
Gen, xli, 45. 

ZA PHON, A place in Gad. Unidentified, Josh, xiii, 27. 

ZA'RA Zarah, son of Judah, Matt, i, 3. 

ZAR'A-CES, Brother of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, 1 Esdr* i, 38. 



252 ZEB 

ZA'RAH (brightness, east), Zerah, son of Judah, Gen. xxxviii, 30. 

ZAR'A-FAS, In the' Apocrypha it stands for Zarahiah and Zebadi- 
ah, I Esdr. viii. 

ZA'RE-AH (hornet, leprosy), Neh. xi, 29. [Zorah, Zoreah.] 

ZA'RED, Num. xxi, 12. [Zered.] 

ZAR'E-PHATH (ambush). The Sarepta of the New Testament. 
The residence of the prophet Elijah during the great drought. It 
was dependent on Zidon, and probably near it, but its site is un- 
known, I Kings xvii, 9, 10. 

ZAR'E-TAN (perplexity). Josh, iii, 16. [Zarthan.] 

ZA'RETH-SHA'HAR, A Reubenite town. Unidentified, Josh, 
xiii, 19. 

ZAR'HITES, A branch of the tribe of Judah, descended from 
Zerah, Num. xxvi, 13. 

ZAR'TA-NAH, The place Zarthan may be meant, i Kings iv, 12. 

ZAR'THAN, A town or position near Jordan, mentioned in con- 
nection with Succoth, I Kings vii, 46. It appears in Josh iii, 16. 
In Chronicles it is written Zartanah, Zererah, Zererath, Zerera- 
thah, at least these places may be referred to the same locality. 

ZATH'O-E, T Esdr. viii, 32. IZattu.I 

ZAT'THU, Neh. x, 14. [Zattu.] 

ZAT'TU (olive tree). His family returned with Zerubbabel, Ezra 
ii,8. 

ZA'VAN, I Chron. i, 42. [Zaavan.] 

ZA'ZA (of all). Son of Jonathan, descendant of Jerahmeel, 1 Chron. 

ii, 33- 

ZEB'A-DI'AH (portion of God), i. Son of Beriah, of Benjamin, 
I Chron. viii, 15. 2. Son of Elpaal of Benjamin, i Chron. 
viii, 17. 3. Son of Jeroham of Gedor, xii, 7. 4. Brother of 
Joab, xxvii, 7. 5. Son of Michael, Ezra viii, 7. 6. A priest of 
Immer, returned from captivity, x, 20. 7. Son of Meshelemiah, 
I Chron. xxvi, 2. 8. A Levite in the reign of Jehoshaphat, 2 Chron. 
xvii, 8. 9. Son of Ishmael and prince of Judah in the above 
rcirrn, xix, 11. 

ZE'BAH (sacrifice), A king of Midian, slain by Gideon^ Judg. viii, 
5-21. 

ZE-BA'IM (victim). His sons were among the returned captives, 
Ezra ii, 57. 

ZEB'E-DEE (portion, abundance), A fisherman of Galilee and 
father of the Apostles James the Great and John, by Salome, 
Matt, iv, 21 ; xxvii, 56. 

ZE-BI'NA (flowing, selling, buying), ^pn of Nebo, a returned cap- 
tive, Ezra X, 43. i 

ZE-BOITM (deer, goats), i. One of the five cities in the plain or 
circle of the Jordan, Gen. x, 19 ; Deut. xxix, 23. 2. A valley or 
wady east of Michmash, identified with Shuk-ed-Dubba, " val- 
ley of the hyena," i Sam. xiii, 18. 

ZE-BU'DAH (endowed), DaughterofPedaiah, wife of King Josiah 
and mother of King Jehoiakim, 2 Kings xxiii, 36. 

ZE'BUL (habitation). Ruler of Shechem at the time of the contest 
between Abimelech and the native Canaanites, Judg. ix, 28-41. 

ZEB'U-LUN (dwelling, habitation), Tenth son of Jacob and sixth 
by Leah, Gen. xxx, 20; xxxv, 23. He went to Egypt with his 



ZEM 253 

father; his tribe marched in the van with Judah and Issachar 
during the wanderings ; numbered 57,000 fighting men at Sinai, 
and 60,500 at Shittim; allotted that portion cf Palestine lying 
north of Esdraelon, stretching from Acre to Jordan; received the 
praise of Deborah for bravery in the struggle with Sisera, Judg., 
V, 18; and though no mention is made of the fact, probably went 
out of existence during the inpourings and conquests T)f the Assyr- 
ian hordes. The name is often written Zebulon. 

ZECH'A-RI'AH (mem.ory of God), i. Eleventh in order of the 
minor prophets. He is called the son of Berechiah in the pro- 
phecy, but of Iddo in Ezra v, i. He was doubtless born in Baby- 
lon, excercised the office of both priest and prophet, came up to 
Jerusalem with Zerubbabel, and entered with zeal into the project 
of rebuilding the Temple and the city. His prophecy abounds in 
hopeful visions of the restored Hebrew state, in others of dark and 
doubtful import, and in still others of great directness referring to 
the coming of Christ. 2. Prophetic counsellor of King Uzziah, 
whose death appears to have been the beginning of the long series 
of calamities which befell Judah, 2 Chron. xxvi, 5-16. 3. Son of 
Jehoiada in the reign of Joash, king of Judah, 2 Chron. xxiv, 20. 
He is supposed to be the same referred to in Matt, xxiii, 35. 4. 
Twenty-five other personages of the Bible, mostly in Chronicles, 
Ezra, and Nehemiah, bore this name. 

ZF/DAD (his side), A landmark on north boimdary of the Holy 
Land referred to by Moses and Ezekiel, Num. xxxiv, 8; Ezek. 
xlvii, 15. Referred to Sudud at the northeast extremity of Anti- 
Libanus. 

ZED'E-CHI'AS, 1 Esdr. i, 46. [Zedekiah.] 

ZED'E-KI'AH (justice of God), i. Last king of Judah ; son of 
Josiah ; reigned b. c. 599-588. His original name was Mattaniah; 
changed to Zedekiah by Nebuchadnezzar, to whom he paid tri-' 
bute during his reign. He allied with Egypt and thus invited the 
Assyrian king who destroyed Jerusalem, b. c. 588, and made the 
captivity complete, 2 Kings xxiv, 17 to xxv, 7. 2. A prophet and 
head of the college in the reign of Ahab, i Kings xxii, 2. 3. Son 
of Hananiah, one of the princes of Judah in the time of Jeremiah, 
Jer. xxxvi, 12. 4. Son of Maaseiah, a false prophet of Babylon, 
Jer. xxix, 21, 22. 

ZEEB (wolf). [Oreb.] 

ZE'LAH (rib, side), A city of Benjamin containing the family tomb 
of Kish, father of Saul, Josh, xviii, 28 ; 2 Sam. xxi, 14. 

ZE'LEK (noise of lapping), An Ammonite and one of David's 
guard. 2 Sam. xxiii, 37. 

ZE-LO'PHE-HAD (shade of fear). Son of Hepher of Manasseh. 
He died in the wilderness leaving only daughters, on whose appli- 
cation for their father's inheritance the law regulating inheritances 
was changed by divine direction. Num. xiv, 35; xxvi, 33; xxvii, 
i-ii. 

ZE-LO'TES (zealous). An epithet applied to the Apostle Simon to 

■ distinguish him from Simon Peter, Luke vi, 15. | Simon.] 

ZEL'ZAH (noontide), A place on the boundary of Benjamin, close 
to the sepulchre of Rachel, i Sam. x, 2. 

ZEM'A-RA'IM (wool, pith), A town of Benjamin, perhaps identi- 
cal with Mount Zemaraim, Josh, xviii, 22. 



254 ZER 

ZEM'A-RITE, A Hamitic tribe of whose location nothing is 
knvown, Gen. x, i8. 

ZE-?vir'RA (song, vine, palm), Son of Becher, of Benjamin, x 
Chron. vii, 8. 

ZE'NAN (target, weapon), A town in the lowland of Judah, pro- 
bably same as Zaanan, Josh, xv, 37. 

ZE'NAS (living), A Christian lawyer and teacher, probably of 
Rome, mentioned in Tit. iii, 13. 

ZEPH'A-NFAH (God my secret), i. Ninth in order of the twelve 
minor prophets , descendant of king Hezekiah ; contemporary 
with king Josiah, b. c. 641-610. He denounced Judah, Nineveh, 
and the surrounding nations, and recorded some cheerful promises 
of Gospel blessings. 2. Son of Maasiah and priest in reign of 
Zedekiah. Twice he was sent by the king to Jeremiah to know 
the fate of the besieged city. After the capture of the city 
he was slain at Riblah, Jer. xxi, i ; xxix, 25 ; Iii, 24-27. 3. Father 
of Josiah 2, Zech. vi, 10. 

ZE'PATH (who beholds). [Hormah.] 

ZEPH'A-THAH, The valley southwest of Jerusalem in which Asa 
joined battle with the Ethiopians, 2 Chron. xiv, 10. 

ZE'PHO (who sees), Grandson of Esau and duke of Edom, Gen. 
xxxvi, II. Written Zephi in i Chron. i, 36. 

ZE'PHON (as above\ Ziphion the son of Gad and founder of the 
Zcphonites, Num. xxvi, 15. 

ZER (perplexity), A fortified town of Naphtali, referred to a po- 
sition near to Lake Gennesaret, Josh, xix, 35. 

ZE'RAH (east, brightness), i. Grandson of Esau and duke of 
Edom, Gen. xxxvi, 13. 2. Zarah, son of Judah and Tamar, and 
twin brother of Pharez. His descendants were known as "Zar- 
hites, Ezarhites, and Izrahites, Gen. xxxviii, 30 ; Num xxvi, 20. 
' 3. Son of Simeon, i Chron. iv, 24; written Zohar, in Gen. xlvi, 
10. 4. An Ethiopian who invaded Judah and was defeated by 
Asa. Probably Usarken I, second king of Egypt under 22nd dy- 
nasty, 2 Chron. xiv, 9-13. 

ZER-A-HTAH (brightness of God\ Son of Uzzi, Ezra vii, 4. 

ZE'RED (strange descent), A brook or wady entering Dead Sea 
near southeast corner, Deut. ii, 13, 14. Writen Zarcd in Num. 
xxi, 12. 

ZER'E-DA (ambush\ Native place of Jeroboam, in Mount 
Ephraim, i Kings xi, 26. 

ZE-RED'A-THAH, 2 Chron. iv, 17. [Zarthan.] 

ZER'E-RATH, Judg. vii, 22. (Zakthan.] 

ZE'RESH (misery, strange). Wife of Haman, the Agagite, Esth. 
V, 10-14. 

ZE'RETH (perplexity), Son of Ashur, the founder of Tekoa, i 
Chron. iv, 7. 

ZE'RI, Son of Jeduthun in the reign of David, i Chron. xxv, 3. 

ZE'ROR (root, that binds). Ancestor of Kish the father of Saul, i 
Sam. ix, i. 

ZE-RU'AH (leprous, hornet). Mother of Jeroboam, son of Nebat, 
I Kings xi, 26. 

ZE-RUB'BA-BEL (bom at Babylon), Son of Salathiel, of the line 
of David. Born at Babylon ; commissioned governor of Judea 



ZIL 255 

I by the Persian king, Cynis ; and led the first colony of captives 
back to Jerusalem, b. c. 536 ; laid the foundations of the new tem- 
ple and began the work of reconstruction, which was intermitted 
for the time by reason of the bitter opposition of the Samaritans 
and petty officers of Persia then in Palestine. In the New Testa- 
ment the name appears in the Greek form of Zorobabel, Ezra i, 
II ; ii-v ; Neh. xii, 47. 

ZER'U-I'AH (tribulation of God), Mother of the three leading 
heroes of David's guard, Abishai, Joab, and Asahel, i Chron, ii, 

13-17- 

ZE'THAM, A Levite, son of Laadan, i Chron. xxiii, 8. 

ZE'THAN, Son of Bilhan, of Benjamin, i Chron. vii, 10. 

ZE'THAR (who beholds). One of the seven eunuchs of Ahasuerus, 
Esth. i, 10. 

ZI'A (sweat, swelling), A Gadite dwelling at Bashan, i Chron. v, 
13. 

ZI'BA (army, strength), A steward of Saul to whom David was in- 
duced to give the lands of Mephibosheth, but restored them on 
learning of his deceit, 2 Sam. ix, 2-10; xvi, 1-4. 

ZIB'I-A (God dwells, deer, goat), A Benjamite, son of Shaharaim, 

1 Chron. viii, 9. 

ZIB'I-AH (as above). Native of Beersheba, and mother of King 
Josiah, 2 Kings xii, i. 

ZIB'E-ON (iniquity that dwells), A Hivite or Horite whose grand- 
daughter became the wife of Esau, Gen. xxxvi, 2-29. 

ZICH'RI (who remembers). Persons of this name are mentioned in 
Ex. vi, 21 ; I Chron. viii, 19, 23, 27 ; ix, 15 ; xxvi, 25 ; xxvii, 16 ; 

2 Chron. xvii, 16 ; xxiii, i ; xxviii, 7; Neh. xi, 9 ; xii, 17. 
ZID'DIM (huntings, destructions), A fortified town of Naphtali, 

Josh^ xix, 35. 

ZI'DON or SI'DON (hunting, fishing, venison). An ancient and 
wealthy city of Phoenicia, on the Mediterranean coast, about 
twent}'^ miles north of Tyre. It was the *' first born "of Canaan 
and for a time overshadowed Tyre, the Phoenicians and ancient 
Canaanites being known as Zidonians. It secured a new lease of 
prosperity during Shalmaneser's siege of Tyre, but this was cut 
short when it revolted from Persia and was destroyed, b. c. 351. 
It is the most northern city mentioned in connection with Christ's 
journeyings, Gen. x, 15; Josh, xi, 8; Luke vi, 17; Matt, xi, 21. 
See Ills. Nos. 102, 143. 

ZIF (brightness). Second month of Hebrew civil year, correspond- . 
ing to parts of April and May, i Kings vi, i. 

ZI'HA (whitene&s, brightness), 1. A family of Nethinim returned 
from captivity, Ezra ii, 43. 2. Chief of th^ Nethinim in Ophel, 
Neh. xi, 20, 

ZIK'LAG (measure pressed down), A town of Judah afterwards al- . 
lotted to Simeon. It was a rendezvous of David when outlawed 
by Saul, and was then in the hands of the Philistines. Precise 
position not known. Josh, xix, 5; i Sam. xxvii, 6; xxxi, 14-26. 

ZIL'LAH (shadow, tinkling). Gen. iv, 19. [Lamech.] 

ZIL'PAH (distillation), A Syrian given by Laban to his daughter. 
. Leah as maid, and by Leah to Jacob as concubine. She became 
the mother of Gad and Asher, Gen. xxix, 24; xxx, 9-13. 



256 



ZIZ 



ZIL'THAI (shadow, talk), i. A Benjamite, i Chron. viii, 20. 2. A 
captain who deserted to David at Ziklag, i Chron. xii, 20. 

ZIM'MAH (thought, wickedness), Persons mentioned in i Chron. 
vi, 20, 42; 2 Chron. xxix, 12. 

ZIM'RAN (song, vine), Eldest son of Keturah, Gen. xxv, 2. 

ZIM'Rl (my field, my vine), i. Son of Salu, a chieftain of Simeon, 
slain by Phinehas with the Midianite princess Cozbi, Num. xxv, 
14. 2. Fifth king of Israel, b. c. 929. He rebelled against Elah 
and took possession of the throne, but the army declared Omri 
king, who marched against Zimri, drove him into the palace at 
Tirzah, which he set on fire and perished in the flames, after a 
reign of seven days, i Kings xvi, 9-20. 

ZIN (.buckler, coldness), That part of the wilderness bounded on 
the north and east by the Dead Sea and valley of Akabah, stretch- 
. ing westward and southward through a great portion of Edom, 
embracing Kadesh, Num. xiii, 21; xx, i. ^ 

ZI'NA (shining). Second son of Shimei, i Chron. xxiii,io. 

ZrON (monument, sepulchre), A celebrated mount in Jeritsaleim, 
the highest and southernmost in the city. It was the original hill 
of the Jebusites, 2 Sam. v, 7 ; i Kings viii, i. Zion came to re- 
present Mount Moriah and the Temple, then the whole city, and 
finally the church of God on earth and in heaven, Ps. ii, 6; Isa. 
i, 8 ; Rev. xiv, i. 

ZI'OR (ship of the watcher), A town in the mountains of Judah, 
near Hebron, Josh, xv, 54. 

ZIPH (mouth, falsehood), i. An unkown town of south Judah, 
Josh. XV, 24. 2. Another town of Judah in the mountains, 
in whose fastnesses David hid himself It was about three 
miles south of Hebron, and a hill there is yet called Tell Zif^ 
Josh. XV, 55; I Sam.'xxiii, 14-24. 3. Son of Jehaleleel, i Chron. 
iv, 16. 

ZI'PHAH, Brother of above, i Chron. iv, 16. 

ZIPH'IMS, Poetical form of Ziphites, Ps. liv. 

ZIPHTTES, Inhabitants of the town and surroundings of Ziph, i 
Sam. xxiii, 19. 

ZIPH'I-ON, Gen. xlvi, 16. [Zephon.] 

ZIPH'RON (false song, rejoicing), A point somewhere on the north 
boundary of the Promised Land, Num. xxxiv, 9. 

ZIP'POR (bird, crown, desert). Father of Balak, king of Moab, 
Num. xxii, 2-16. 

ZIP'PO-RAH (beauty, trumpet). Daughter of Reuel or Jethro, 
•priest of Midian, wife of Moses and mother of Gershom and Eli- 
ezer, Ex. ii, 21 ; iv,25. 

ZITH'RI (to hide, demolished). Son of Uzziel, Ex, vi, 22. In Ex. 
vi, 21, Zithri should t)e Zichri. 

ZIZ (flower, branch, lock of hair). The cliff or pass of Ziz was that 
by which the Moabitesand Ammonites made their way up from 
the shores of the Dead Sea to the wilder ne.ss of Judah, near Te- 
koa. It is now a favorite pass of the Arabs called Ain Judy, 2 
Chron. XX, 16. 

ZrZA (shining). 1. Son of Shiphi, a Simeonite chief in the reign 
of Hezekiah,! Chron. iv, 37. 2. Sonof Rehoboam by Maachah, 
2 Chron. xi, 20. 



ZUP 25_7 

ZO'AN (molion), An ancient city of Lower Egypt, the Tanis of the 
Greeks, now Tan. It stood on the eastern bank of the Tanitic 
arm of the Nile, gave its name to the surrounding country^ and 
was the scene of the first exploits of Moses, Num. xiii, 22 ; Isa. 
xix, 13; Ps. Ixxviii, 42, 43. 

ZOAR I little). One of the most ancient cities of Canaan, mentioned 
with Sodom, Gomorrah, etc. Originally called Bela, Gen. xiv, 

2, 8. It was spared from destruction in order to afford a dwelling 
place for Lot. Moses could see it from Mt. Pisgah, Deut. xxxiv, 

3. Isaiah and Jeremiah mention it, Isa. xv, 5 ; Jer. xlviii, 34. It. 
was doubtless near Sodom, in the plain or circle of the Jordan, 
and hence probably somewhere near the head of the Dead Sea. 

ZO BA, ZO'BAH (army, warring\ A portion of Syria forming a 
separate kingdom in the time of Saul, David and Solomon. It 
lay east of Coele Syria, and may have extended as far east as the 
Euphrates. Petty kings ruled it at first. Hadadezer united the 
principalities, and during the reigns of David and Solomon, Zo- 
bah was at almost perpetual war with the Jews. Its capital was 
Hamath, and at one time Damascus was tributary to it, i Sam. 
xiv, 47 ; 2 Sam. viii, 3 ; 2 Chron. viii, 3. 

ZO-BE BAH (as above). Son of Coz, of Judah, 1 Chron. iv, 8. 

ZO'HAR (white, bright), i. Father of Ephron the Hittite, Gen. 
xxiii, 8. 2. A son of Simeon, Gen. xlvi, lo; called Zerah in 1 
Chron. iv, 24. 

ZO'HE-LETH (that creeps, slides, or draws), A large stone or rock 
near the well En-Rogel, in the valley southeast of Jerusalem. 
Some make it the " rolling stone," " serpent stone," or "stone 
of the conduit." The adherents of Adonijah assembled near it, 
I Kings i, 9. 

ZOHE TH (separation). Son of Ishi, of Judah, i Chron. iv, 20. 

ZO'PHAH (viol, honeycomb). Son of Helem, of Asher, i Chron. 

vii, 35- 
ZO'PHAI, I Chron. vi, 36. [Zuph.] 
ZO'PHAR (crown). One of the three friends of Job ; Job ii, 11 ; 

xi, I. 
ZO PHIM (watchhouse). The place on the top of Pisgah where 

Balaam took his second view of the encampment of Israel, Num. 

xxiii, 14. ^ 

ZO'RAH (leprosy, hornet), A town of Dan, called also Zoreah, 

Josh, xix, 41 ; 2 Chron. xi, 12. It was the residence of Manoah, 

and the birthplace of Samson. Written Zareah in Neh. xi, 29. 

Now called Surah, in the hills north of Bethshemesh. 
ZO'RATH-ITES, Inhabitants of Zorah, i Chron. iv, 2. 
ZO'RE-AH, Josh, xv, 33. [Zorah.] 
ZO'RITES, A Judahite family descended from Salma, i Chron. li, 

54. 
ZO-ROB'A-BEL, Greek form of Zerubbabel, Matt, i, 12, 13; Luke 

iii, 27. 
ZU'AR (little). Father of Nethanes, chief of Issachar at time of 

Exode, Num. i, 8 ; ii, 5. 
ZUPH (roof, that beholds). i. A district or range of country-- in 

Benjamin to which Saul came after passing Shalisha and Shalim. 

It is not identified, i Sam. ix, 5. 2. A Levite, ancestor of Elkanah 



258 



zuz 



and Samuel, after whom the above district was named, i Sam. i, 

1. Written Zophai in i Chron. vi, 26. 

ZUR (stone, rock), i. Father of Cozbi and one of the five princes 
of Midian slain by the Israelites when Balaam fell, Num. xxxi, 8. 

2. Son of Jehiel, founder of Gibeon, i Chron. viii, 30. 
ZU'RI-EL (rock of God), Son of Abihail and chief of the Merarite 

Levites at time of Exode, Num. iii, 35. 
ZU'RI-SHAD'DAJ (God is my rock). Father of Sheiumiel, chief 

of Simeon at time of Exode, Num. i, 6 , ii, 12. 
ZU'ZIMS (lintels, criminals). Identified with Zan-Zummim, the 

original inhabitants of Ammon, a remnant of whom Chedorla- 

omer exterminated when on his way to attack the cities of the 

Plain, Gen. xiv, 5. 



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